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CONTENTS 


A Dictionary of Numismatic Names, tiieir Official and Popular Designations. 

By Albert R. Frey 

Introduction .............. v 

Bibliography .............. vii 

Abbreviations used in Numismatic Works ....... x 

Dictionary .............. 1 

Geographical Index ......... . . 267 

Paper Money Index ........ .311 





INTRODUCTION 


The purport of the present book is a twofold one. The beginner 
will find in it definitions of such terms as he will encounter during his 
perusal of numismatic works in both English and foreign languages. 
The advanced student and collector will have his labors facilitated by 
the large number of citations of authorities which have been consulted 
in the preparation of this volume. The author has frequently had the 
experience of discovering that the same coin is alluded to by one or 
more writers under entirely different names, and what is still more per- 
plexing is the fact that these designations naturally fall far apart in any 
alphabetical arrangement. Notable examples are Cuarto and Quarto, 
Double and Moneta Duplex, Levant Dollar, Maria Theresa Thaler and 
Tallero del Levante, Glass Coins and Monnaies de Verre, Black Far- 
thing and Denier Noir, etc. To obviate these duplications extensive 
cross references have been introduced. 

The divisions and multiples of a standard are usually to be found 
under the name of the particular coin which constitutes the monetary 
unit; the only exceptions to this rule are where the larger or smaller 
denomination has so incorporated itself into numismatic history as to 
merit a separate description. Thus the terms Quarter Dollar, Medio 
Real, etc., are to be found under the substantive and not the adjective, 
whereas in the case of Tetradrachm, Quadrupla, etc., the opposite rule 
has been adopted, and these names are retained. 

This is not a work on the metrology of coins, and weights are only 
introduced where they affect the name of a denomination due to its en - 
larged or reduced size. Many of the Oriental monetary systems are 
based on the weights and quantities of certain seeds, and to cite these 
moneys of account would exceed the scope of the present volume. The 
ancient Indian weights for gold and silver are described in detail by 
Prinsep, in his Useful Tables (i, 212) ; R. C. Temple has enumerated 
the Malayan weights in the Indian Antiquary (April, 1913) ; the Chinese 
metrology is treated by J. A. Decourdemanche, in the Traite des Mon- 
naies, Mesures et. Poids anciens et modernes de l’lnde et de la Chine, 
Paris, 1913 ; and the Greek and Roman standards comprise pages 222 
to 225 inclusive of G. F. Hill’s Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 


VI 


Introduction 


The popular slang names, as well as the unusual substances em- 
ployed in coinage have been enumerated; these features, will be of 
special interest to the beginner. 

Special obligations are due to the officers of The American Numis- 
matic Society for their assistance and counsel. Mr. Edward T. Newell 
the President, Mr. Howland Wood the Curator, Mr. John Reilly, Jr., 
the Treasurer, and Mr. Sydney P. Noe the Secretary and Librarian, 
have all made valuable suggestions, corrections, and additions. 

Among other contributors should be mentioned Mrs. Agnes Bald- 
win Brett who has supplied notes on the ancient coins ; Mr. J. de 
Lagerberg who has revised the Scandinavian nomenclature ; and Mr. 
Dennis Mclnerney who has kindly made the Gaelic translations. Credit 
must also be given for assistance in general to Messrs. William F. Beller, 
Bernard J. Nangle, A. D. Savage, Elliott Smith, and Moritz Wormser. 

The difficulties attending the execution of a work of this magnitude 
are enormous, hence, its imperfections will not, it is to be hoped, be 
judged too severely. A French author has said: “ La numismatique 
est. line maitresse dangereuse pour l’amateur, et toujours adoree, bien 
que cruelle, pour ses fervents disciples; ” and if the present volume 
will make the numismatic paths more accessible, and the stepping- 
stones somewhat easier, the writer will feel that his labor has not been 
in vain. 


A. R. F. 


LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CITED 


Akerman, Tradesmen’s Tokens. 1849. 

Appel’s Repertorium. 1820-29. 

Atkins, Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire. 1889. 
Atkins, Tradesmen’s Tokens of the Eighteenth Century. 1892. 

Babelon, Les origines de la monnaie. 

Babelon, Traite des monnaies grecques et romaines. 1901-04. 

Bahrfeld, Das Munzwesen der Mark Brandenburg. 1895. 

Batty, Copper Coinage of Great Britain. 1868-98. 

Betts, American Colonial History Illustrated by Medals. 1894. 

Blanchet, Nouveau manuel de numismatique. 1890. 

Bohl, Die Trierischen Munzen. 1823-57. 

Breton, Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada. 1894. 

British Museum Catalogues. 1873-1903. 

Campos, Numismatica Indo-Portuguesa. 1901. 

Cappe, Beschreibung der Mainzer Munzen. 1856. 

Cappe, Die Mittelalter-Munzen von Munster, etc. 1850. 

Cappe, Die Munzen der deutschen Kaiser, etc. 1848-57. 

Cappe, Beschreibung der Colnischen Munzen. 1853. 

Chalmers, History of Currency in the British Colonies. 1893. 

Chaudoir, Apergu sur les monnaies russes. 1836. 

Chestret, Numismatique de la Principaute de Liege. 1890-1900. 

Chijs, van der, Les monnaies des Pays-Bas. 1851-66. 

Cinagli, Le Moneta dei Papi. 1848. 

Codrington, Manual of Musalman Numismatics. 1904. 

Cohen, Description des monnaies romaines. 1859-68. 

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Attica. 

Crosby, Early Coins of America. 1875. 

Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India. 1891. 

Dannenberg, Munzgeschichte Pommerns im Mittelalter. 1893-98. 

Davids, On the Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon. 1877. 

De la Torre, Description des monnaies espagnoles. 1852. 

Du Cange, Glossarium. 1875. 

Elliot, Coins of Southern India. 1886. 

Engel et Serrure, Traite de numismatique du moyen age. 1897-99. 


Principal Authorities Cited 


viii 

■ Fernandes, Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal. 1856. 

Florez, Medallas de . . . . Espana. 1757-73. 

Fonrobert, Die Jules Fonrobert’sche Sammlung iiberseeischer Miinzen. 1878. 

Frey, The Dated European Coinage Prior to 1501. 1914. 

Friedensburg und Seger, Schlesiens Miinzen und Medaillen der neueren Zeit. 1901. 
Friedlander, Die Miinzen der Ostgoten und Vandalen. 1844-49. 

Gaedecbens, Hamburger Miinzen und Medaillen. 1843-74. 

Gaillard, Recherches sur les monnaies des comtes de Flandre. 1857. 

'Haller, Schweizerisches Miinz- und Medaillenkabinet. 1780, ’81. 

■ Head, Historia Nuinorum. 1911. 

Heiss, Monedas Hispano-Cristianos. 1865-69. 

Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899. 

Hoffmann, Les monnaies royales de France. 1878. 

Hultscb, Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae. 1864-66. 

Inn und Knyphausen, Miinzen und Medaillen Kabinet. 1872-77. 

Joseph, Goldmiinzen des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts. 1882. 

Joseph und Fellner, Die Miinzen von Frankfurt a M. 1896. 

Jungk, Die Bremischen Miinzen. 1875. 

Kelly, Le Cambiste Universel. The Universal Cambist. 1823-35. 

Kohler, Vollstandiges Ducaten-Cabinet. 1759, ’60. 

Lacroix, Numismatique annamite. 1900. 

Lampridius, Alexander Severus. 

Lane-Poole, The Coins of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan. 1892. 

Langlois, Numismatique de l’Armenie. 1855. 

Langlois, Essai de classification des suites monetaires de la Georgie. 1860. 

Lelewel, Numismatique du moyen age. 1835. 

Lenormant, La monnaie dans l’antiquite. 1878, ’79. 

Lockhart, A Guide to the Inscriptions on the Coins of the Farther East. 1898. 
Lockhart, The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. 1915. 

Loon, Beschryving der nederlandsche Historipenningen. 1723-35. 

Madai, Vollstandiges Thaler-Cabinet. 1765-74. 

Madden, History of the Jewish Coinage. 1864. 

Mailliet, Monnaies obsidionales. 1870. 

Marsden, Numismata Orientalia Illustrata. 1823-25. 

Mateer, Coinage of Travancore. In the Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 
1894. 

Meili, Das brasilianische Geldwesen. 1875-1905. 

Meili, Portugiesische Miinzen. 1890. 

Millies, Recherches sur les monnaies des indigenes de 1‘Archipel Indien et de la Pen- 
insule Malaie. 1871. 

■ Millingen, Considerations sur la numismatique de l’ancienne Italie. 1841-44. 
.Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine. 1865-75. 


Principal Authorities Cited 


]X 


'Munro, Coins of Japan. 1904. 

Nahuys, Histoire numismatique du royaume de Hollande. 1858. 

Netscher en Van der Chijs, De Munten van Nederlandsch-Indie. 1863. 

Neumann, Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfermunzen. 1858-72. 

■Noback, Mtinz, Mass, und Gewichts-verhaltnisse. 1850. 

‘Papadopoli, Le monete di Venezia. 1893-1912. 

■ Pichler, Repertorium der steierischen Miinzkunde. 1865-67. 

Poey d’Avant, Monnaies feudales de France. 1860. 

Pollux, Onomasticon. 

Prinsep, Useful Tables. 1858. 

Promis, Le monete dei reali di Savoia. 1841. 

Promis, Monete del Piemonte. 1852-70. 

•Raczinski, Le medaillier de Pologne. 1838-45. 

• Ramsden, Chinese Early Barter and Uninscribed Money. 1912. 

■ Reinach, Les monnaies juives. 1888. 

• Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Britain. 1840. 

• Sabatier, Description generate des monnaies byzantines. 

• Sambon, Les monnaies antiques de l’ltalie. 1903. 

' Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte. 1847. 

Saulcy, Numismatiques des croisades. 1847. 

Saurmasche Munzsammlung deutscher, schweizerischer und polnischer Gepriige von 
etwa dem Beginn der Groschenzeit bis zur Kipperperiode. 1892. 

■ Schlumberger, Numismatique de l’Orient latin. 1878. 

Schroeder, Annam, Etudes numismatiques. 1905. 

■ Schubert, Collection de monnaies et medailles russes. 1843-57. 

Schulthess-Rechberg, Thaler Cabinet. 1840-67. 

Spink, Numismatic Circular. 

Stevenson, A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889. 

Teixeira de Aragao, Descrippao das moedas de Portugal. 1875-80. 

Terrien de Lacouperie, Catalogue of Chinese Coins. 1892. 

Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dehli. 1871. 

' Thomas, Essays on Indian Antiquities. 1858. 

Thurston, History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company. 1890. 

• Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States. 1911. 

-Verkade, Muntboek. 1848. 

Wood, The Coinage of the West Indies, and the Sou Marque. 1914. 

Zanetti, Monete d’ltalia. 1786. 

• Zay, Histoire monetaire des colonies franpaises. 1892. 


ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NUMISMATIC WORKS 


a. b. c. Fair condition (French, assez bien 
conservd). 

a. d. To the right (French, a droite; 

Italian, a destra). 

Adv. Obverse (Latin, adverso). 

AE. Copper or bronze (Latin, aes, cop- 

per). 

a. g. To the left (French, a gauche). 

AR. Silver (Latin, argentum), 

a. s. To the left (Italian, a sinistra). 

AV. Gold (Latin, auruin). 

B. In good condition (French, belle; 
Italian, buono). 

Br. Bronze; brass. 

C 1 . In good condition. 

C 2 . In medium condition. 

C 8 . In poor condition. 

C. S. Counterstamped. 

D. Obverse (Italian, dritto). 

D. Baler. 

d. Pence (Latin, denarius), 

desgl. The same; ditto (German, des- 

gleichen). 

E. F. Extremely fine. 

El. Eleetrum. 

Es. Specimen (Italian, esemplare). 

F. In fine condition. 

FDC. In mint state (French, tieur de 

coin). 

four. Plated (French, fourrde). 

fr. In poor condition (French, fruste). 

G. In good condition. 

G. B. Large bronze (Italian, gran bronzo). 

g. e. In good condition (German, gut 

erhalten). 

geh. With a ring attached (German, 

gehenkelt). 

gel. Perforated; with a hole (German, 

gelocht). 

Gj. Ingood condition (Swedish, Gjuten). 

Gr. Grammes. 

IIs. Obverse (German, Hauptseite). 

Ins. Inscription. 

L. Left. 

Lait. Tin (French, Laiton). 

Lb. Small bronze (Swedish, Liten brons). 

Leg. Legend. 

M. In medium condition. 

M. Billon (Italian, mistura). 

M. B. Medium bronze. 


Med. 

Medal. 

MM. 

Mint mark; marque monetaire. 

m. m. 

Millimeters. 

Mon. 

Monogram. 

Mzz. 

Mint mark (German, Munzzeichen). 

n. 1. 

To the left (German, nacli links). 

No. 

Number. 

n. r. 

To the right (German, nacli reehts). 

0. 

Gold (Italian, oro). 

Obv. 

Obverse. 

P. 

Lead (Latin, plumbum). 

P. B. 

Small bronze (Italian, piccolo 
(bronzo). 

Pee. 

Piece. 

Perf. 

Perforated; with a hole. 

Pfg. 

Pfennig. 

PI. 

Lead (Latin, plumbum). 

R, 

Right. 

R. 

Reverse. 

R. 

Rare. 

Rev. 

Reverse. 

Rgsdlr. 

Rigsdaler. 

R . R. 

Very rare. 

R. R. R. 

Exceedingly rare. 

Rs. 

Reverse (German, Ruckseite). 

S. 

Scarce. 

scbl. erh. 

In poor condition (German, schlecht 
erhalten). 

sell. 

Fine (German, schon). 

In very good condition (German, 

s. g. e. 


sehr gut erhalten). 

Sli. 

Shilling. 

Stb. 

Large bronze (Swedish, Stor brons). 

Stg. 

Standing. 

St.-gl. 

In proof condition (German, Stem- 
pelglanz). 

T. B. 

Very good (French, trfes belle). 

Thlr. 

Thaler. 

Tr. 

Perforated; with a hole (French, 
troude). 

U. 

Unique (Italian, unico). 

Unc. 

Uncirculated. 

Yal. 

V alue. 

Y ar. 

Variety; variant. 

V. F. 

Very line. 

vorz. erh. 

Extremely fine (German, vorziiglich 
erhalten). 

Wt. 

Weight. 


z. g. e. In medium condition (German, 
ziemlich gut erhalten). 


Abacis 


Abu-Cinco 


A 


Abacis. A silver coin mentioned by 
Teixeira de Aragao (iii) and claimed to 
have been formerly in use both in Portu- 
guese India and in the Portuguese posses- 
sions in East Africa. 

Abanque. See Abenge. 

Abassi. See Abbasi. 

Abaze. See Abbasi. 

Abbasi. A Persian silver coin which 
takes its name from Shah Abbas I (A. II. 
996-1038=1587-1629). It was divided 
into two Mahmudis, or four Shahis, or ten 
Bisti. 

In the Georgian series the Abbasi was 
introduced in the reign of Theimouraz II 
(1744—1762), and had a value of ten Bisti. 
The half Abbasi, called Chaouri or Scliauri, 
Langlois (No. 67), Fonrobert (4288, 4303) 
appeared in 1779 under Erecle (Hercules) 
II. 

With the Russian occupation of Georgia 
under Alexander I, beginning in 1801, this 
coin received the name of Abaze or Rial, 
and the currency was made to harmonize 
with that of Russia, as follows : 1 Abaze= 
200 Thetri=10 Kopecks. The Kopeck was 
again divided into tenths, one of which Avas 
called Phoul or Pul ; plural Plnili. 

The modern Persian coinage retains this 
piece under the name of Abassi, and the 
half is called Senar. In the Afghan coin- 
age the Abaze is computed at one-third of 
the Rial. 

Abbey-Pieces. A name given to both 
coins and tokens that were issued by the 
great monastic establishments. Some of 
these pieces Avere not coins in the modern 
sense, but were intended as Tesserae 
Sacrae for use of pilgrims and monks who 
travelled from one religious house to an- 
other. 

Others, however, were legitimate coins, 
and the issues of the abbatial mint of St. 
Martin at Tours Avere noted during the 
Middle Ages. 


Abbesses as well as abbots enjoyed the 
privilege of striking coins. The most no- 
table are those of the Frauenmiinster in 
Zurich, and the abbeys of Quedlinburg, 
Herford, Essen, and Thorn in Brabant. 

Abendmahl Pfennige. See Communion 
Tokens. 

Abenge. Du Cange mentions this as 
being a small coin, the name of which is 
found in an agreement dated 1320 between 
Philip Y of France and the Bishop of 
Tournay. An ordinance of 1330 mentions 
“deux soulz uz deniers et une abanque 
Parisis, ” which is probably the same coin. 

Abidi. A name given to the half Rupee 
of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when 
he adopted his new system of reckoning, 
based on the Muludi, i.e., dating from the 
birth of the Prophet. The coin is so called 
after the fourth Imam, Zainul-abidin, or 
Abid Bimar. 

Aboudjidid. The name given to certain 
cotton fabrics used for currency in Abys- 
sinia ; in some localities it is luioAvn as 
Stamma. 

Abraemos. A gold coin said to have 
been struck by the Portuguese for then- 
possessions in India. See Teixeira de 
Aragao (iii). 

Abschlag. A term used by German 
numismatists to indicate a restrike from 
an original die. The later impression fre- 
quently occurs in an entirely different 
metal, e.g., Dukaten-Abschlage in silver, 
etc. 

Absolutionsthaler. The name given to 
a medallic Thaler struck by Henry IV of 
France in 1595, after his reconciliation 
with the Pope. On the obverse of this coin 
is a portrait of Clement VIII, and on the 
reverse his own bust. 

Abu-Cinco. An Egyptian denomination 
to indicate the silver piece of five Francs. 


[ 1 ] 


Abukash 


Adha-ani 


Abukash, or Abukesh. Zanetti (i. 450) 
states that this was the name given to the 
Thaler of the Low Countries in the Levant 
during the seventeenth century. A simi- 
lar designation, Aslani, meaning a lion, 
was used in the Ottoman Empire to desig- 
nate this coin, the allusion being, of course, 
to the prominent figure of a lion on the 
obverse. 

Abu-Mafta. The last word in Egyptian 
means a cannon, and this name was applied 
to the Spanish Piastre in Egypt, because 
the Pillars of Hercules on the reverse were 
mistaken for cannon. 

Abuqueip, or Griscio. According to 
Kelly, this was a current silver coin of 
Egypt of the value of twenty Medini. 

Abu-tera. The name given in Egypt to 
the Levant Dollar ( q.v .). It appears to be 
an abbreviation of Theresa. 

Accolated or Accolled. See Jugate. 

Achaean League Coinage. About B.C. 
370 several cities on the southern side of 
the Corinthian Gulf banded together as a 
means of defence against Macedonian ag- 
gression, and the coins issued by them are 
usually referred to by the above name. 

The monogram of the League was AX, 
which is frequently found on the coins. 

The League increased in power circa B.C. 
280, and eventually included all of the 
Peloponnesian cities, some of which, how- 
ever, also struck independently. It ceased 
B.C. 146 with the constitution of the Ro- 
man province. 

Achesoun or Atkinson. The name some- 
times given to the Plack of the first coinage 
of James VI of Scotland. It was so called 
on account of Thomas Atkinson, who was 
master of the Edinburgh mint from 1581 
to 1611. 

Achtbruderthaler. The name given to 
a series of Thaler struck in Sachsen- 
Weimar circa 1605-1620, with eight busts 
of the princes, four on each side. They 
were all sons of Duke Johann Ernst. 
Conf. Madai (1478, 1479), who cites a 
variety with all the eight portraits on 
one side. 

Achtehalber, means actually “eight 
halves’’ or four, but popularly “eight less 
one half,” or seven and a half. The term 
was used in Prussia for the piece of two 


and a half Silbergroschen which was equal 
to seven and a half Schillinge. 

Achtelthaler. The name given to a 
piece of three Groschen or the one-eighth 
of the Ortsthaler. It was common to Sax- 
ony, Brunswick, and other German States 
in the seventeenth century. See Ort. 

Acht en Twintig. See Guilder. 

Achter. A name given to the Marien- 
groschen formerly issued in Brunswick, 
Hanover, Westphalia, etc., because they 
were equal to eight Pfennige instead of the 
customary twelve Pfennige. 

Achterwiel. A popular Dutch name for 
the current silver coin of two and one-half 
Gulden. 

Achtzehner. See Ort. 

Achtzehngroscher. See Tympf. 

Ackey. An English colonial silver coin 
issued by the African Company on the 
Gold Coast in 1796 and 1818. There is a 
corresponding half Ackey. 

The name is a native term, used as a 
monetary standard, denoting twenty grains 
of gold dust. See Takoe. 

Acrimontana. A general name for coins 
struck at the mint of Agramont. These 
pieces were current in Catalonia under 
James I, king of Aragon (1213-1276), and 
in France under Louis XIV. See Blanchet 
(i, 165). 

Adarkonim. Another name for the 
Daric (q.v.). 

Adelheidsdenare. A name given to a 
variety of Deniers which have been found 
in great quantities in Saxony, though the 
exact localities where they were struck 
have never been determined. 

These coins have on one side a cross and 
the name otto, and on the reverse a figure 
of a church and the inscription ateahlht, 
or similar, whence the designation. Some 
authorities attribute these to Otto I, king 
of Germany (936-962) and his queen, Ade- 
laide or Adelheid, while others ascribe them 
to Otto III during his minority. 

Adha. A name given to the half Moliur 
of Nepal, struck by the Malla Rajas in the 
seventeenth century. See Fonrobert (2324 
et seq.). See Suka. 

Adha-ani. The one-sixteenth silver Mo- 
hur introduced by the Gorkhas in the coin- 
age of Nepal ; it must not be confused with 


[ 2 ] 


Adhada 


Affonso de Ouro 


the Adhani, i.e., the one thirty-second of 
the gold Mohur. See Suka. 

Adhada. A money of account of Cutch 
and Kathiawar, and equal to the one 
ninety-sixth part of the Kori (q.v.). 

Adheeda. Another name for the silver 
eight-anna piece of Nepal. See Mehnder- 
Mulie, 

Adhelah. A copper coin of Hindustan 
and equal to one-half of the Dam (q.v.). 

Adlea or Adli. A billon coin, plated 
with gold, issued by Yussuf Pascha in 
Tripoli in 1827. It was forced upon the 
people as the equivalent of a Spanish Dol- 
lar, but only a few days after its introduc- 
tion the value of this coin depreciated 
over ninety per cent, and it was one of the 
factors that led to the revolution of 1832, 
which resulted in Yussuf ’s abdication. 

Adler-pfennig, Schilling, etc. The popu- 
lar name for any coin having the figure 
of a double eagle prominently displayed; 
e. g., the numerous issues for Aix-la-Clia- 
pelle, the Thaler, Groschen, and Schillinge 
of Bentheim, etc. 

Adli. A silver coin of Dehli introduced 
by Muhammad III Ibn Tughlag, A.H. 725 
(A.D. 1324). Its weight was 140 grains, 
and it was a substitute for the old 
Tankahor Rupee of his predecessors which 
weighed 175 grains. It was discontinued 
about A.H. 730 and the old standard re- 
stored. See Thomas (Nos. 180, 181). Also 
a piece of fifty Tankahs used in Hindustan. 
See Tankah. 

Adi Gutkah. A gold coin of Akbar, 
Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at nine 
Rupees. See Sihansah. 

Adolfsd’or. The name given to the gold 
coin of ten Thaler issued by Adolf Fredrik, 
King of Sweden (1751-1771). 

Aerosi Nummi. The name given by the 
Romans to billon coins (q.v.). 

Aes, or more properly As. A Latin word 
of probably Arian origin, meaning both 
pure copper and a mixture of tin and cop- 
per. The term served afterwards in Rome 
as a generic word for every variety of 
money. 

The earliest types of the Aes are called 
the Aes Rude or Aes Infectum, i.e., un- 
wrought copper. There was no monetary 
unit and the weight formed the basis of 
all exchanges. 


Aes Grave (heavy bronze) ; also called 
the Aes Libralis (i.e., pound of bronze), 
was the first Roman monetary unit. The 
basis was the As, which in its earliest form 
weighed an Oscan — Latin pound of twelve 
ounces, derived from a standard originally 
brought to Italy by the Phocaeans. It is of 
a lenticular shape and the obverse bears 
the portrait of Janus bifrons and the figure 
1 as an indication of the value. The re- 
verse has the prow of a galley, probably 
indicative of the maritime power of Rome, 
which had been greatly developed by the 
Decemviri (B.C. 452-450), to which period 
these coins are usually assigned. The best 
and latest authorities, however, place them 
a century later. 

The divisions of the As are the 


Deunx or Iabus, 11 ounces 

Dextans or Decunx, 10 “ 

Dodrans or Dodras, 9 “ 

lies or Bessis, 8 “ 

Septunx, 7 “ 

Semis, Semissis, or Sexcunx, 0 “ 

Quincunx, Quicunx, or Cingus, 5 “ 

Triens, Triente, or Trias, 4 “ 

Quadrans, Quadrant, or Teruncia, 3 “ 

Sextans, Sextante, or Sextas, 2 “ 

Sescunx, 1 % “ 

Uncia, 1 “ 

Semuncia % “ 


The multiples are the Dupondius, Tri- 
pondius, and Decussis ; all of these are de- 
scribed under their respective names. 

The As was reduced in weight as follows : 

Primitive Libral, B.C. 450 Twelve ounces 

Semilibral, B.C. 3.38 Six ounces 

Sextantal, B.C. 268 Two ounces 

Uncial, B.C. 217 One ounce 

Semi-Uncial, B.C. 89 Half of an ounce 

Aes Rude. The name given to the prim- 
itive and shapeless pieces of bronze used 
by the Romans as money previous to the 
Aes Signatum (q.v.). 

Aes Signatum. The second type of the 
Aes, so called because rude stamps or marks 
are to be found on it, signifying the weight 
and an approximate value. These are of 
oblong, square, and oval shapes. They are 
generally supposed to have originated in 
the reign of Servius Tullius (B.C. 578- 
535), but are more likely of the 5th and 
4th centuries B.C. 

Aetolian League. See League Coinage. 

Affonsim. See Grosso Affonsim. 

Affonso de Ouro. Another name for the 
earliest type of Cruzado (q.v.), issued by 
Alfonso V of Portugal (1438-1481), and 
so called in honor of the ruler. 


[ 3 ] 


Afrikanische Pfennige 


Albertin 


Afrikanische Pfennige. See Schiffs Du- 
katen. 

Aftaby. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor 
of Hindustan, of the value of ten Rupees. 
See Sihansah. 

Aggio or Agio. A term used more in 
banking than in numismatics to indicate the 
fluctuations of exchange rates, i. e., the 
actual value of a coin as compared with its 
current exchange value. 

Agnel (plural Agneaux). A French 
gold coin first issued under Philip IV in 
January, 1310. It is the French form of 
the Agnus Dei (q.v.), with similar designs 
and inscriptions. The Agnel was struck in 
France until the period of Charles VI 
(1380-1422). See Denier d’Or, Gouden 

Lam, and Mouton. 

Agnus Dei. A silver coin of Castile 
issued by John I (1379-1390) and struck at 
Toledo, Burgos, and Seville. The obverse 
shows the Paschal Lamb, and on the reverse 
is a large crown. The inscription reads : 
“Agnus Dei Qui Tolis Pecate Mundi 
Misere Nobis,” referring to the words in 
the Gospel of St. John (i: 29). See Agnel. 

Agod. The name given to the half Talari 
piece of Abyssinia. See Ber. 

Agontano. See Anconitano. 

Agostaro. See Augustalis. 

Aguglino. The popular name for the 
Aquilino (q.v.). 

Aguila de Oro. The name given to a 
variety of the Dobla de los Excelentes, or 
double Excelente, issued in the reign of 
Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516). It 
lias on the reverse the armorial shields of 
Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Sicily sup- 
ported by an eagle with wings extended. 

Ahmadi or Ahmedi. The name given 
to the gold Mohur of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- 
tan, when he adopted his new system of 
reckoning, based on the Muludi, dating 
from the birth of the Prophet. 

Airgead. A Gaelic word meaning sil- 
ver; but Simon, in his Essay on the Coins 
of Ireland, doubts that it was ever ap- 
plied to coins of this metal. Bonn Airgead, 
or Airgid, means a silver medal. See Bonn. 

Akahi Dala. The name of the silver 
coins issued for the Hawaiian Islands 
under Kalakaua I. They are all dated 


1883 and represent the value of a silver 
dollar of the United States. 

Akcheh, or Othmany. A small Turkish 
silver coin, the only piece issued by Ur- 
khan, the son of Othman I, when he in- 
augurated the Ottoman coinage, A.H. 729. 

When the Ghrush was introduced, A.H. 
1099, it was divided into fifty Akchehs, 
but the relation of the two coins constantly 
altered. Lane-Poole states, Num. Chroni- 
cle, 3d Series (ii : 175-176), that “at first 
50 Akchehs went to the Ghrush, then 40, 
sometimes as many as 80, and finally, in 
A.H. 1138, as many as 120 Akchehs went 
to the new Turkish unit. This last figure, 
however, is perhaps explained by the fact 
that another small silver coin, the Para, 
had come into existence . . . and eventu- 
ally usurped the place of the Akcheh.” 
See Para. 

In the Tunis currency this coin had the 
same value as the Asper, i.e., the fourth 
part of the Kharub. 

Akhtar. A name given to the copper 
five-cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, 
in 1792, after the adoption of his new 
system of reckoning. This system was be- 
gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, 
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. 
The name is the Arabic designation of the 
word “Star.” 

Alamgiri. A small copper coin for- 
merly current in the Deccan principality, 
it was valued at one sixty-fourth of the 
Chandor Rupee. 

Albansgulden. A name given to the 
gold coins issued by the Knights of St. 
Alban at Mainz, who received the privi- 
lege of striking coins from the Emperor 
Maximilian I in 1518. The number was 
limited and they were distributed to the 
members of the Order on St. Martin’s Day 
(November 11), and are consequently 
sometimes referred to as Martinsgulden. 
They bear on one side a figure of St. Alban 
holding his head in his hand. 

Alberetto, or Albero, meaning a tree, 
was the popular name for the copper 
Baiocco struck by the Roman Republic in 
1797. The obverse has the lictor’s fasces 
surmounted by a Phrygian cap, which 
bear a fanciful resemblance to a tree. 

Albertin. A gold coin issued for Bra- 
bant, Tournay, Flanders, etc., which ob- 


[ 1 ] 


Albertusthaler 


Alicorno 


tains its name from Albert, Archduke of 
Austria (1598-1621), who was governor of 
the Netherlands. The obverse bears his 
bust, together with that of his consort 
Elizabeth, and on the reverse is the cross of 
Burgundy, in the angles of which are dis- 
posed the figures of the date. 

Albertusthaler. A silver coin struck 
for the Low Countries by Albert, Archduke 
of Austria, and of the same design as the 
Albertin ( q.v .). From the Burgundy cross 
on the reverse these pieces are also called 
Kreuzthaler and Burgunderthaler. Their 
value was three Gulden or fifty Patards. 

The coin was copied in Holstein, Bruns- 
wick, Brandenburg, etc. Those of Freder- 
ick II bear the inscription nach dem pvs 
der albertvs thaler, and those of Fred- 
erick William II, struck in 1797, read, ad 
normam talerorum alberti. Correspond- 
ing smaller silver coins of the same design 
as the Albertusthaler were called respect- 
ively Albertusgulden and Albertusgros- 
clien. 

Albulo, or Albulo del San Pietro. A 

base silver coin of Lucca issued during the 
Republican rule (1369-1805). It has, on 
the reverse, a figure of St. Peter holding 
the keys. The name is the Italian equiva- 
lent for the Albus. 

Albus. A billon coin current in Ger- 
many and the Low Countries in the four- 
teenth and fifteenth centuries. It was com- 
mon in Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Hessen, and 
the Palatinate, and gradually replaced the 
older Turnosgroschen. 

The name Grossus Albus, or Weiss- 
groschen was given to these coins on ac- 
count of their white appearance, due to the 
silver of which they were composed, and 
which compared favorably with other coins 
of the same era. 

An even earlier coin was the Denarius 
Albus, or Weisspfennig. It is frequently 
mentioned in records of the Middle Ages, 
and owes its name to its white, shiny ap- 
pearance. Both of these coins are more or 
less synonymous with the French Blanc, 
the Spanish Blanco, the Italian Bianco, 
and the Witten Pennine of the Low Coun- 
tries. 

The later issues of the Albus, however, 
hardly deserved the name, as gradually 
more and more copper was added to their 


material, and their color naturally became 
darker. See Raderalbus, and Reichsalbus. 

Alderman. An English slang term for 
a half crown. An alderman as chief mag- 
istrate is half a king in his own ward, and 
the half crown is a sort of half king. 

Ale-silver. Blount, in his Law Diction- 
ary, 1691, states that this is the name of 
“a Rent or Tribute yearly paid to the 
Lord Maior of London, by those that sell 
Ale within the City.” 

Alexander. A gold coin of ten Lei, 
issued for Bulgaria under King Alexander 
I. 

Alexanders. A general name in modern 
parlance for the coins of Alexander the 
Great and those bearing the type of this 
monarch’s coinage. The designation for 
these pieces in ancient times was Alexan- 
dreioi. See Babelon, Traite (i, 482). 

Alexandreion. A silver coin of four 
Draehmai struck circa B.C. 315-310 by 
Ptolemy I, king of Egypt. 

Alexandrian Coinage. The coinage 
struck under the Roman emperors at Alex- 
andria in Egypt. 

Alexandrine Coinage. The coinage 
bearing the types of Alexander the Great. 
Struck at many mints in European Greece, 
Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, and North 
Africa from B.C. 336 down to the Roman 
occupation. This coinage, while invariably 
using the types of Alexander the Great, 
sometimes substituted for his name the 
name of a ruling king, such as Philip III, 
Lysimachus, Seleucus, Antiochus, and 
others. 

Alfonsino. A silver coin of the Carlino 
type issued by Alfonso I of Aragon, while 
ruler of Naples and Sicily (1442-1468). 

The Alfonsino d’Oro of the same king 
was a large gold coin, also known by the 
name of Ducatone d’Oro. 

Alfonso. A term used to indicate the 
Spanish gold coin of twenty-five Pesetas, 
it having been originally issued under 
Alfonso XII, and the portrait of this mon- 
arch is on the obverse. 

Alicorno. A silver coin of Ferrara, 
issued by Duke Hercules I (1471-1505), 
which receives this name from the figure 
of a unicorn on one side. Its value is de- 
termined in an ordinance of 1492 as being 
equal to twelve Quattrini. 


[ 5 ] 


Alliance Coins 

Alliance Coins. A name given to cer- 
tain coins of Greece and Asia Minor, which 
were issued by a joint agreement between 
two or more cities. See Head (Introduc. § 

17). 

Among the earliest types of Alliance 
pieces are those of the federal coinage of 
Rhodes, Cnidus, Samos, and Ephesus, B.C. 
394-387. Each bore the type of its city on 
the reverse ; and on the obverse a figure of 
the infant Heracles strangling the snakes, 
and the legend STN (for o-ugga/cxov). 

Almonds used as money. See Badam. 

Alms Money. See Peter’s Pence. 

Aloethaler. In 1701 an aloe, which had 
been introduced to Germany a few years 
previously, blossomed for the first time, 
and in commemoration thereof the Dukes 
Rudolph August and Anton Ulrich of 
Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel struck a Tha- 
ler. This coin has on one side a figure of 
the plant in bloom, with an appropriate 
description. 

Alpaka. An alloy of copper, zinc, and 
nickel, and used in the composition of the 
twenty Heller piece of Austria of 1916. 

Altilik. A base silver coin of Turkey in 
the series of Metalliks; its value is five 
Piastres. 

Altininck. See Altyn. 

Altmishlik, or Double Zolota. A silver 
coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value 
of one and one-half Piastres, or sixty 
Paras. Its weight varies from 300 to 420 
grains. The name is derived from Altmish, 
i.e., sixty. See Utuzlik. 

Altun. This word in Turkish signifies 
gold, and after the conquest of Constanti- 
nople, Muhammad II, in A.H. 833, issued 
a gold coin named Sultany Altun, which, 
for brevity’s sake, was called Altun. 

It was patterned after the Sequin, and, 
according to Lane-Poole, Num. Chronicle, 
3d Series (ii. 167-168), “was known by 
various other names, according to the pre- 
dominant foreign commercial influence; — 
under western influence it was called 
Flury (florin) ; under Persian, Sliahy; and 
after the Conquest of Egypt, the name 
Ashrafy, or Sherify, which had been given 
to the improved coinage of El-Ashraf Bar- 
sabay, was transferred to the issues of the 
Constantinopolitan mint. ” 

[ 


Amoles 

Altyn, sometimes called Altininck, was 
a base silver coin of Russia of the value of 
three Kopecks or six Dengi, first issued in 
1704. The date on the reverse is in Slav- 
onic characters, and three dots or bosses 
are usually found upon this side of the 
coin, indicative of the value. The coinage 
of these pieces was discontinued in 1736. 

Aluminium, or Aluminum. A grayish- 
white metal resembling silver in color but 
of much lighter specific gravity. It is used 
extensively for tokens and medals, but the 
employment of it for actual coins has 
proved rather unsatisfactory. 

For British East Africa and Uganda 
aluminium Cents and half Cents have been 
issued, and a one-tenth Penny was struck 
for Nigeria in 1907 in the same metal. It 
has also been employed as a money of 
necessity by Germany in 1916-1917. 

Ambrosino. A name given to both a 
gold and a silver coin of Milan, struck 
under the first Republic (1250-1310), 'and 
retained by the Sforzas to the end of the 
fifteenth century. 

They obtain their name from St. Am- 
brosius, the patron saint of the city, who 
is generally represented standing, but 
sometimes on horseback, with a whip in 
his hand, which is supposed to have refer- 
ence to Christ’s driving the money- 
changers out of the temple. See Cahier, 
Characteristiques des Saints dans l’ Art 
Populaire (ii. 429), and Jameson, Sacred 
and Legendary Art (i. 395). 

Amedeo d’Oro. The popular name for 
the gold Lira, of the value of ten Seudi, 
issued by Victor Amedeus I of Savoy at 
the Turin mint in 1633. See Beato Amedeo. 

Amoles. A name given to the salt money 
of Abyssinia which was used as a circu- 
lating medium for smaller monetary trans- 
actions to the west of Gondar. This 
currency appears to have been in the form 
of blocks of rock-salt, about eight inches 
long by one and one-half inches in breadth, 
and of a value of from two to three pence 
each. It is described by Foville, Les Mon- 
naies de I’Ethiopie, and is mentioned as 
early as 1625 in the works of Don Alonzo 
Mendez, patriarch of Abyssinia, who trav- 
ersed the country, and says: “The boun- 
dary between the kingdoms of Daucali and 
Tygre is a plain, four days’ journey in 
length and one in breadth, which they call 

] 


Amulets 


Angel 


the country of salt, for there is found all 
that they use in Ethiopia, instead of 
money; being bricks almost a span long 
and four fingers thick and broad, and won- 
derfully white, fine and hard, and there 
is never any miss of it, though they carry 
away never so much ; and this quantity is 
so great that we met a caravan of it, 
wherein we believed there could be no less 
than 600 beasts of burden, camels, mules, 
and asses, of which the camels carry 600 
of those bricks, and the asses 140 or 150, 
and these continually going and coming.” 

For the purchasing powers of the Arnole, 
or Emol, as it is sometimes called, see an 
interesting contribution by A. Thomson 
D’Abbadie to the Numismatic Chronicle 
(Vol. II. 1839-1840). See also Wakea and 
Salt, infra. 

Amulets. The name given to certain 
coins or medals that are supposed to have 
talismanic qualities attached to them, such 
as warding off evil, disease, accidents, etc. 
There are a large number of Chinese and 
Korean pieces known as Amulet coins. 

Ana, Ani. See Anna. 

Ana Ichi Sen. See Kagami Ya Sen. 

Anandaramen. A gold coin of Travan- 
eore of double the weight of the Fanam. 
This coin appears to have been struck un- 
der Rama Raja (1758-1798). See Elliot 
(pp. 138-139). 

Anchor Pieces. The name given to a 
series of silver coins struck in 1822 under 
George IV of England for general use in 
the AVest Indies, Canada, and Mauritius. 
The issue consisted of a half, quarter, 
eighth, and sixteenth of a dollar ; on the 
reverse is an anchor, crowned, between 
the figures of value and the inscription : 
coloniar britan monet. See Breton (857- 
860). 

Anchors. Hesychius states that the 
Cypriotes called their Triobols “anchors.” 
As no ancient money of Cyprus bears the 
type of an anchor, Six has believed that 
we should conclude that the coins called 
Anchors were something very different 
from ordinary money ; Babelon, on the 
other hand, thinks there were very ancient 
pieces of a primitive epoch, and of small 
size, which were anchor-shaped, having 
flukes or recurving arms; for it is impos- 


sible that the anchor of any vessel, how- 
ever small, should have had only the value 
of a triobol, as Hesychius tells us. 

Anconitano, or Agontano. The name 
frequently used to describe a variety of 
Grosso struck at Ancona in the thirteenth 
century, and of the value of twelve De- 
narii. In 1476 Sixtus IV reduced the 
value of this coin from ten to eight Quat- 
trini, and in 1498 Pope Alexander VI 
issued an ordinance making the Anconi- 
tano one-third of the Carlino in weight and 
equal to two and one-half Bolognini in 
value. 

Andreas Ducat. A gold coin of Russia, 
of the value of two gold Rubles, struck 
under a ukase of February 14, 1718, and 
continued until 1730. These coins bear 
the figure of the Saint on a cross, copied 
from the design on the Order of St. An- 
drew, which was instituted by Peter I in 
1698. 

Andreas Thaler. A silver coin issued by 
Ernst V of Hohnstein (1508-1552), which 
receives its name from the figure of the 
Saint on the reverse, and the inscription 

SANTVS ANDREAS. 

The coins of the Dukes of Brunswick- 
Liinebnrg, which are also called Andreas 
Thaler, take this name from the mines at 
Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains from 
which the silver was obtained for coining 
them. See also under St. Andrew and St. 
An dries, infra. 

Smaller coins of similar design are 
known as Andreas Gulden, Andreas Pfen- 
nige, etc. 

Anepigrafa. An Italian term for a coin 
which has no legend, as, e.g., certain types 
of the half Bezzo, which have only figures 
and no inscription whatever. 

Anepigraphic Coins. A general term 
for coins without inscriptions. See Mon- 
naies Muettes. 

Ange d’Or. A large French gold coin 
first struck under Philip VI of Valois 
(1328-1350). It receives its name from the 
crowned angel on the obverse, who is rep- 
resented seated under a canopy, his feet 
over a dragon, holding in one hand a long 
cross and in the other a shield with the 
fleurs de lis. 

Angel. An English gold coin, first 
struck by Edward IV in 1470. It received 
[7] 


Angelet 


Ani 


its name from the design on the obverse, 
which represents the archangel Michael, 
standing with his left foot upon a dragon, 
and piercing him through the mouth witli 
a spear. 

On the reverse is a ship, and the original 
inscription reads, per crucem tuam salva 
nos christe redemptor (“By thy cross 
save us O Christ, our Redeemer”). The 
Angel succeeded the Noble {q.v.), and was 
not coined after 1634. 

This coin was the one used for “touch- 
ing for the King’s Evil,” probably on ac- 
count of its religious inscriptions. See 
Touchpiece. Tyler, in his History of Scot- 
land, 1864 (ii, 390), cites an Inventory of 
Jewels of the year 1488 in which are men- 
tioned “Twa hundredth four score and V 
angelis, ” and Shakespeare, in The Merry 
Wives of Windsor (i, 3), speaks of “a 
legion of angels.” 

Angelet. A half- Angel. It was of simi- 
lar type as the preceding and the original 
reverse inscription was o crux ave sees 
unica (“Hail, 0 Cross, our only hope”). 
In the time of Elizabeth the motto had been 
changed to an abbreviated form of a 

DOMINO FACTUM EST ISTUD ET EST MIRA- 

bile in oculis nostris (“This is the Lord’s 
doing and it is marvellous in our eyes”). 
The Angelet was discontinued in 1619. 

Angelot. A gold coin of the Anglo- 
Gallic series corresponding to the Angelet 
( q.v .), and as the latter constituted half of 
an Angel, so the Angelot was valued at 
fifteen Sols or about two-thirds of a Salute 
{q.v.). 

It was first struck by Henry A I of Eng- 
land about 1427, with the usual obverse of 
St. Michael slaying the dragon. The type 
is found on coins of Thorn in Brabant, 
issued by the Abbess Margaret of Breder- 
ode (1531-1577) and also occurs on speci- 
mens issued by Henri II of Brederode 
(1556-1568), struck at Vianen in Luxem- 
burg. 

Under Louis XI of France (1461-1485) 
a series of Angelots were issued to com- 
memorate the foundation of the Order of 
St. Michael. See Hoffmann (7-10). 

Angevin. See Monnaies Angevines. 

Anglo-American Money. The general 
name given to the coins of the American 
settlements struck by English rulers from 
the time of Elizabeth until 1776. 


Anglo- Gallic Coins are such as were 
issued bv the English rulers and princes in 
their French territories. The earliest 
specimens are the Deniers of Henry II, 
which must have been struck previous to 
1168, in which year Aquitaine was given 
by Henry to his son, Richard I. 

The last of the series of Anglo-Gallic 
coins are the Tournay Groats of Henry 
VIII, issued in 1513. 

Angroigne. A billon coin of Burgundy 
issued by Philip the Good (1419-1467) and 
struck at the mint at Auxonne. It has on 
the reverse a cross with lions and fleurs de 
lis in the opposite angles, and the inscrip- 
tion : anserna de avxone. See Blanchet 
(i, 394). 

Angster. A small base silver coin struck 
in various Cantons of Switzerland, but 
specially in Luzerne, Schwyz, Appenzell, 
Zug, Zurich, Scliaffhausen, and St. Gallen. 
They are mentioned as early as 1424, and 
in a Munzbuck, printed at Nuremburg by 
Georg AVachter in 1530, the value of the 
Angster is stated to be one-fourth of the 
Kreuzer. They occur in the coinage as 
late as the middle of the nineteenth cen- 
tury, and retained this value. 

The etymology of the name is dubious. 
Du Cange (i) states that it is a corrup- 
tion of Angesicht, i.e., face or visage. An- 
other authority derives the name from an 
individual named Angst, the master of a 
mint in Switzerland. 

Ang-tuk. A silver piece struck in Nepal 
for currency in Tibet, by the Newar King 
-Taya Bhupatindra Malla Deva in the year 
816 of the Newar Era, corresponding to 
A.D. 1696. The name Ang-tuk means 
“number six,” and it is given to the coin 
on account of the last figure in the date. 
The Tibetans call it Pa-nying Tang-ka, or 
“old Nepalese” coinage. It is also known 
as the Dung-tang, i.e., “Spear Tang-ka,” 
or Dung-tse, i.e., “Spear-point,” from the 
trident emblem of the Newar kings, which 
is minted on the reverse. It is called a 
Mohar in Nepal. See Tang-ka, and Conf. 
AValsh, Coinage of Tibet, in Memoirs 
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1907 (ii), and 
AVood, in American Journal of Numis- 
matics, 1912. 

Ani. A gold coin of Nepal of the value 
of one-sixteenth of a Mohur. See Suka, 
and Anna. 


[M 


Animals 


Aplus 


Animals, especially sheep ancl cattle, 
were used as basis of exchange in ancient 
times. In Homer oxen are frequently 
mentioned as the commodity by which 
other things were valued. The armor of 
Diomedes was said to be worth nine oxen, 
while that of Glaucus was valued at a 
hundred. Iliad (vi). In the same work it 
is stated that the first prize given to the 
wrestlers at the Grecian games was worth 
twelve oxen. See Kugildi. 

Anna. A copper coin of India, the six- 
teenth part of a Rupee. It is subdivided 
into four Pice or twelve Pies. 

It is referred to early in the eighteenth 
century by A. Hamilton, in A New Ac- 
count of the East Indies, 1727 (ii, App. 8), 
who states that “in Bengal their accounts 
are kept in Pice, twelve to an Annoe, six- 
teen Annoes to a Rupee.” 

Annapolis Coinage. See Chalmers. 

Annengroschen. The name given to a 
series of silver coins issued in Brunswick, 
Hanover, and Hildesheim at the begin- 
ning of the sixteenth century. They have 
a figure of St. Anne standing, who is hold- 
ing the Christ child on one arm and the 
infant Mary on the other. 

Annenpfennig. A copper token struck 
at Annaberg, Saxony, with the inscrip- 
tion HILF HEILIGE ANNA. 

Annoe. An old form of writing Anna 

( q-v •)• 

Annulet Coinage. A name given to 
certain issues in gold and silver of the 
period of Henry V and Henry VI of Eng- 
land, on account of the annulet which was 
one of the distinguishing characteristics 
of the money of these reigns. 

Annunciata. The popular name for a 
coin of the Gonzaga family, princes of 
Guastalla, which bears on the obverse the 
annunciation to the Virgin. It was equal 
to fourteen Soldi and was issued to the end 
of the sixteenth century. 

The type was copied in 1745 on the 
Quadruplo d’Oro of Charles Emanuel 
III, king of Sardinia. 

Anselmino. A name given to the double 
Giulio issued in Mantua under Vincenzo 
I. Gonzaga (1587-1613). It was a silver 
coin of the value of twenty Soldi and re- 

[ • 


ceived this name from the figure of St. 
Anselm on the obverse. See Selmino. 

Antoninianus, also called Argenteus An- 
tonin ianus, and Aurelianus, is a Roman 
double Denarius which takes its name from 
M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla (211- 
217), who introduced it. This coin was 
distinguished from the Denarius by the 
fact that the Emperor’s head bore a 
radiated crown, and there is a crescent 
under the head of the Empress. It was 
originally of moderately good silver, but 
gradually depreciated until at the time of 
Gallienus it was barely more than a sil- 
vered copper coin. It was abolished about 
the period of Constantine the Great. The 
original weight of this coin was 5.45 
grammes, or about eighty grains. 

Ant’s Nose Coins. A name given to 
certain small copper pellet-like shaped 
money of China, convex on one side and 
fiat, op the other. They are generally con- 
ceded to have been in use about B.C. 650- 
GOO, and the designation “Ant’s Nose 
Money” is due, perhaps, to the ancient 
practice of burying “valuable ants” with 
the dead. ‘ ‘ Ghost ’s Face or Head Money ’ ’ 
is also an appellation given to them, no 
doubt on account of their likeness to the 
features of a spectre of the nether world. 
Their latest cognomen is that of “Metallic 
Cowries” in imitation of cowry shells, 
whose shape they are supposed to follow 
and which were known to be used as a 
currency medium in ancient China. 

The most common variety is that sup- 
posed to be inscribed with the weight value 
Pan Liang, or half Tael. For a detailed 
account see Ramsden, Numismatic and 
Philatelic Journal of Japan, 1914 (iii, 4, 
5), and Spink (xxiii, p. 564). 

Anvoire. Du Cange states that this was 
a kind of tribute of twenty-eight Deniers 
to be used for the church which the Bishop 
of Beauvais exacted from newly married 
couples. 

Aparas. According to Teixeira de 
A.ragao (iii) this was a Portuguese silver 
coin struck for their possessions in India. 
The word means to cut off, or to divide, 
and the coins consisted of pieces cut from 
the Piastre and counterstamped. 

Aplus. The Assyrian equivalent for the 
Greek Obol (q.v.). 

] 


Apollina 


Arenkopf 


Apollina. The popular name used in 
Sicily for the gold coins of Syracuse of the 
period of Agathocles (B.C. 317-310), 

which bore on the obverse the head of 
Apollo. 

Apostel Thaler. A silver medallic Tha- 
ler of the Holy Roman Empire, bearing no 
date but issued under Rudolf II (1576- 
1612). It is from designs by Christian 
Maler, and obtains its name from the 
figure of the Savior surrounded by the 
symbols of the twelve apostles. 

Appelgulden. A nickname given to the 
gold Gulden of the city of Cologne, issued 
in the latter part of the fifteenth century 
Cappe (No. 1244), on account of the im- 
perial globe on the reverse, which was fre- 
quently mistaken for an apple. 

The name was adopted throughout the 
Rhine Provinces and was used in the con- 
temporary archives. Conf. Paul Joseph 
( passim ) . 

Appoints. See Assignat. 

Apuliense. The name given to a small 
silver coin struck by William II (1166- 
1189) for Brindisi, Palermo, etc. The re- 
verse has usually a palm-tree and the in- 
scription apvliensis. Some varieties are 
concave. The value was equal to a Ducato 
d’Argento, and divisions of three, six, and 
twelve were issued called respectively 
Tercia or Terzo, Sesto, and Dodicesimo. 

Aqdscheh. A silver coin of Egypt, in- 
troduced by Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143), 
and corresponding to the Asper, or one- 
third of the Para. 

Aquilino. A silver coin, which, as its 
name indicates, hears a large eagle on the 
obverse, and is common to a number of 
Italian States. 

It was issued at Padua during the Re- 
publican period (1200-1318), and from its 
size was generally known as the Grosso 
Aquilino. At Treviso it was struck by 
Enrico II di Gorizia (1319-1323) ; at Man- 
tua by the Gonzaga family in the latter 
part of the fourteenth century ; and at 
Aquila under Joanna II of Durazzo (1414- 
1435) and her successors. The last-named 
coin was also called Celia or Trentino and 
had a value of half a Paolo. It bore an 
eagle with outstretched wings, which re- 
ceived the popular name of Uccello, i.e., a 
bird, and this in turn was corrupted to 
Celia. 


Arbaa. A name given to certain base 
gold coins of Egypt of the value of four 
Piastres or one-half of the Kairie. 

Arbol de Valencia. The billon Deniers 
issued by John I of Aragon (1387-1395), 
for Valencia, are so called. See Engel and 
Serrure (iii. 1346). 

Arcadian League. See League Coinage. 

Archaic Coinage. A general name for 
the earliest types of the Greek coins struck 
from circa B.C. 700 to B.C. 480. In this 
period “there is a gradual development 
from extreme rudeness of execution to 
more clearly defined forms characterised by 
stiffness and angularity of style.” This is 
the first of the art periods according to 
Head’s classification, and the figures on 
the coins usually consist of animals, heads 
of animals, and human heads in profile. 

Archer. A name sometimes given to 
both the Persian gold Daric and the silver 
Siglos, as these coins bear the figure of a 
bowman on the obverse. The term xo^oxat 
from an archer, is also used to define these 
coins, and they were known by this latter 
name. 

Ardha. An Indian word meaning half, 
and used in conjunction with denomina- 
tions such as Kakini, Pana, etc. See Pana. 

Ardit. A corruption of Ilardi or Hardit 

( q-v .). 

Ardite. A small copper coin of Barce- 
lona struck by Philip III (1598-1621) and 
by his successors until the middle of the 
eighteenth century. It probably obtained 
its name from the fact that on the earliest 
types the portrait of the king separated the 
two letters A.R. (Aragoniae Rex). 

Ardpanchio. A silver coin of Cuteh 
and Kathiawar of the value of two and a 
half Koris. See Panchia. 

Arends-Rijksdaalder. A silver Thaler 
issued by the United Provinces, Friesland, 
etc., in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. The name is obtained from the em- 
blem of the two eagles upon the obverse. 
The smaller denominations, the Arends- 
Groot and the Arends-Schelling have the 
same design. The Thaler was equal to 
sixty Groten. 

Arenkopf, or Amekopf. A name given 
to the half Pfennig of Goslar, on account of 
the eagle’s head appearing on the same. 


[ 10 ] 


Argenteolus 


Arsura 


These diminutive base silver coins were 
issued originally in the fifteenth century ; 
they are also alluded to by the names of 
Scherf ( q.v .) and Goslar. 

Argenteolus. See Argenteus. 

Argenteus. Another name for the De- 
narius, revived by Diocletian and struck 
96 to the pound of silver. It was also 
called Argenteus minutulus or Argenteo- 
lus, and continued to be struck until the 
time of Julian II the Apostate. 

Argenteus. See Talari. 

Argenteus Antoninianus. See Antoni- 
nianus. 

Argenteus Aurelianus. See Antonini- 
anus. 

Argenteus Minutulus. So called in con- 
tradistinction to the larger Argenteus An- 
toninianus. See Argenteus. 

Argentino. A gold coin of the Argen- 
tine Republic, introduced in 1880, and of 
the value of five Pesos. 

Argent le Roy, i.e., the King’s silver. 
When this term was used in connection 
with coins issued in Prance during the 
Middle Ages it implied that the metal was 
23 karats fine. In a document of 1378 the 
Grosso of Charles Y of Prance is called 
Argento le Roy, probably on account of 
the purity of the metal. 

Argento. In the fifteenth century this 
name was applied to silver coins struck 
by the Popes at Avignon and Carpentrasso. 

Argenton, or Maillechort. The name 
given to a mixture of nickel, copper, and 
zinc which constituted the basis of the 
Swiss coins of 1850. See Nickel. 

Argentum Dei. See Earnest. 

Argentum Oscense. See Denarius Os- 
censis. 

Argentum Nigrum. See Billon. 

Argurion. A Greek word meaning “a 
piece of silver,” and so used in the Gospel 
of St. Matthew (xvii: 27, xxvi : 15). See 
Pieces of Silver. 

Arlabaso. See Rollbatzen. 

Armellino. A silver coin of the value of 
half a Carlino, issued by Ferdinand I of 
Aragon, as king of Naples and Sicily (1458- 
1494). It obtains its name from the figure 
of an ermine on the reverse. 


The type was copied by his successors, 
Alfonso II and Ferdinand II, and also by 
Francesco Maria I, Duke of Urbino ( 1508 - 
1513). The ermine being mistaken for a 
fox ( volpe ), the coin received the nick- 
name of Volpetta. 

Arnaldes, or Arnaudin. The name given 
to a small base silver coin struck at Agen 
in Aquitaine, and supposed to obtain its 
name from Arnaldo I of Bonneville, who 
was bishop of Agen in the eleventh cen- 
tury. Poey d’Avant (ii, 143) ascribes its 
origin to Arnaldo de Rovinhan, bishop of 
Agen and the first to coin money there in 
1217. The same authority (p. 145) cites 
an account of the year 1252 in which Ar- 
naldeses are mentioned as being of slightly 
less weight than the Italian coins of the 
same period. 

Amekopf. See Arenkopf. 

Arnoldus. The ducat of Arnould, Count 
of Egmont and Duke of Gueldres (1423- 
1472) is so called. 

Arrhes. A French expression meaning 
money given for the binding of a bargain 
and corresponding to Earnest (q.v.). 

In the American Journal of Numismat- 
ics (xli. 31), there is an extensive descrip- 
tion of the Arrhae, or “tokens of spous- 
age,” called by the French Denier s pour 
epouser. 

Arrow Head Money. Arrow heads of 
stone or metal have been used by various 
primitive people as objects of barter. Al- 
though they may be considered as prim- 
itive money they cannot be classed as 
coins. The American Indians and the Jap- 
anese used stone arrow heads for purposes 
of exchange and the Chinese used bronze 
arrow points. Chinese numismatists have 
sometimes included these in their works. 
See Ramsden. There is, however, a specific 
instance of an inscribed bronze arrow 
point in the Korean series known as Chun 
Pei (q.v.). 

Arsum. A name applied to any coinage 
of base metal resembling billon. Du Cange 
states that the etymology is from an old 
French word, ards, meaning black. 

Arsura. The trial of money by fire, after 
it was coined. — Blount, Law Dictionary, 
1670. 


[ 11 ] 


Artesienne 


Asper 


Artesienne. A general name for the 
coins, especially Mai lies, struck at Artois, 
toward the latter part of the eleventh cen- 
tury. The type was copied in Lille, Ant- 
werp, Brussels, etc. See Blanch et (i, 444, 
449), who refers to them by the names of 
Artescense and Atrebatensis. 

Artig, plural Artiger. A small silver 
coin, the fractional part of a Schilling, 
issued by the bishops of Dorpat and the 
archbishops of Riga early in the sixteenth 
century. They also belong to the currency 
of the Order of Livonia. 

Artilucco, or Artiluk. A silver coin of 
the Republic of Ragusa issued from 1627 
to 1701. It had a value of three Grossetti, 
and was copied from the Polish Drei- 
groscher (q.v.). 

The name appears to be taken from the 
Turkish word altilulc, i.e., six-fold, because 
its equivalent in the Ottoman Empire was 
six Para. For a detailed account of this 
coinage see Resetar, in the Monatsblatt der 
Niim. Gesell. in Wien (viii, 18-21). 

Aruzzeh, or Taiminah, is a quarter of 
a Habbeh or one-fortieth of a Danik, or 
one forty-eighth of a Danik (q.v.) of 
Khwarizm. 

Aryandic Coinage. The name given to 
a series of silver coins struck by Aryandes, 
a satrap of Egypt, in imitation of the royal 
Persian coinage. Darius, from the ac- 
count by Herodotus (iv, 165-167), would 
appear to have been angry with Aryandes 
for issuing silver of excessive purity. No 
coins are extant which can be attributed to 
this satrap, and Hill suggests that “lie 
coined sigli with the royal types which 
should only have been issued by the royal 
mint, and that this was the real reason of 
his fall.” See Head (p. 845). 

As. See Aes Grave. 

Asadi Ghrush. The name given by the 
Turks to the Austrian Thaler, and the Rix 
Daler of the Low Countries, which were 
the principal large silver coins current in 
the Ottoman Empire prior to the reign of 
Soleiman 1 1, who introduced the Ghrush, 
or Piastre, in imitation of these coins. 

Marsden, however (i. 373), quotes Me- 
ninski, that the Utuzlik, or Zolota, a 
smaller coin, was “Thalerus Hollandicus 
Horeno Rhenensi aequivalens. ” 


The confusion is probably due to the fact 
that the Piastre and the Utuzlik are of 
nearly the same size. 

Ascanische Pfennige. A variety of 
bracteates issued by the Dukes of Anhalt, 
who established a mint at Ascania, or As- 
caria, now Aschersleben, in the eleventh 
century. They are very difficult to class- 
ify, being without inscriptions and corre- 
sponding to the Monnaies Muettes (q.v.). 

Aschera. The name given to the quarter 
Piastre in the Egyptian series. It is a base 
silver coin of the value of ten Paras. The 
name for the half Piastre of the same issue 
is Aschreneah. Both coins were introduced 
ATI. 1255 or A.D. 1839. 

As’ek. According to R. C. Temple, in 
the Indian Antiquary, 1898 (p. 14), this 
name is given to a rough silver casting, 
used by the Lao tribes in the northern part 
of Siam. It is valued at three Rupees, 
though it contains only about one Rupee’s 
worth of silver. 

Ashrafi, or Sherify. A Persian word 
meaning “noble,” and applied to a gold 
coin issued by the Sufi, or Safi, dynasty. 
It corresponds in approximate size and 
weight to the Dinar and Sequin. The 
triple Ashrafi, occasionally struck, received 
the name of Muhr- Ashrafi. See Altun. 

Ashrafi. A small silver coin struck by 
the Emirs of El Harrar, a province of 
Abyssinia. About twenty-two of these 
were computed to a Dollar, though the 
value fluctuated under the different emirs, 
ft was formerly a gold coin. 

In the modern Abyssian coinage it is a 
money of account, three being equal to a 
Talari. 

Asht. A silver coin of India and equal 
to one-eighth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. 

Aslani. See Abukash. 

Asmani, or Usmani. A name given to 
the copper forty-cash piece of Mysore, by 
Tipu Sultan, in 1789, after the adoption 
of his new system of reckoning. This sys- 
tem was begun in 1786, and based on the 
Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the 
Prophet. The coin is so called after 
’Usman-ibn- ’Affan, the third khalifa. See 
Mushtari. 

Asper, or Aspre. A billon coin of the 
value of one-third of a Para formerly cur- 


[ 12 ] 


Asprione 


Augustalis 


rent in Turkey and Asia Minor. It weighs 
from two to three grains. 

The name appears to he derived from the 
atrapo?, of the modern Greeks, being 
“white” money, as distinguished from the 
copper. 

In the Tunis currency the Asper is divi- 
ded into twelve Bourbes. 

The name is also given to a silver coin 
current in Rhodes in the fourteenth cen- 
tury and later. It was issued by the 
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and is 
the same as the Denier of "Western Europe. 
There is a series of them struck at Tre- 
bizond, under the Commenes, from Manuel 
I (1238-1263) to Alexis IV (1417-1447), 
and they were copied in Georgia under 
Georgi VIII (1452-1469). 

In 1492 it was computed in Venice at 20 
Tornesi, and in 1677 it was coined in the 
Republic of Genoa for the Levantine trade. 

Asprione. Du Cange cites ordinances 
which indicate that this was a name given 
to the Soldo d’Oro struck at the mint of 
Ravenna. 

Assarion. The Greek diminutive form 
of the Latin word As ( q.v .). 

Assarius. The fourth part of the Foil is 
(q.v.). It was introduced by Diocletian, 
and corresponds to the Dekanummion of 
the Byzantine Empire. 

Assignat. The name given to a species 
of paper money first issued in France pur- 
suant to an order of the National Assem- 
bly of April 19, 1790. The Republic issued 
them in denominations from 10,000 Livres 
to 5 Livres, as well as a smaller currency 
called Appoints as low as ten Sous. 

As there was an inadequate gold or sil- 
ver redemption fund their value soon de- 
preciated to one-sixth of their original 
worth. By an order of the Directorate of 
February 19, 1795, they were abolished, 
and the holders were permitted to exchange 
them for a new variety of paper money 
called the Mandat. This also became 
worthless in a short time. 

Essays of Assignats for 100, 50, 25, and 
5 Livres struck in white metal and copper 
were issued in 1791. 

Assis. The Roman As (q.v.). 

Assis, plural Asses. A base silver coin 
of the value of six Kreuzer issued in Basle, 


Strasburg, and Luxemburg during the 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 

In the Luxemburg coinage it represents 
a Sol or Sou, and a necessity piece of 72 
Asses was issued during the siege of Lux- 
emburg by the French, in 1795. See Mail- 
liet (73, i). 

Alia. A copper coin struck for the Por- 
tuguese Indies at Diu, with a correspond- 
ing half. The issue appears to have been 
begun under Joseph 1 about 1750 and was 
continued until 1851. The reverses usually 
exhibit a cross with the four figures of the 
date in the angles. The value of the Atia 
was fifteen Reis or twenty Bazaruccos. 

Atkinson. See Achesoun. 

Atmah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- 
peror of Hindustan, equal to one-fourth of 
the Sihansah (q.v.). 

Atrebatensis. See Artesienne. 

Atribuo. See Judenpfennige. 

Atsida, plural Atsidor or Atsidorna. An 
expression used by Swedish numismatists 
to signify the obverse of a coin or medal. 
It is a compound word meaning “the side 
toward the person.” See Fransida. 

Alt. A Siamese copper coin, the sixty- 
fourth part of the Tical (q.v.). In the 
former Cambodian coinage the Att repre- 
sented the one four-hundredth of the Tical. 

Attesaal. In the constitution of Erik 
VII of Denmark, 1269, this monetary de- 
nomination is mentioned, and Du Cange 
states that it was current for a Tremissis, 
or third part of a Solidus. 

Aubonne. The name given to a variety 
of Ecu struck for Lorraine and Bar, by 
Monsieur d ’Aubonne, the director of the 
mint from 1724 to 1728. See De Saulcy, 
(PI. xxxii). 

Auferstehungstbaler, i.e., Resurrection 
Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer Bundes- 
thaler. 

Augslups Polleten. See Polleten. 

Augustalis. A gold coin issued by the 
Emperor Frederick II as king of the Two 
Sicilies. They were struck at Brindisi from 
1197 to 1220, and were valued at one and 
a quarter gold Gulden. The design on 
these pieces is copied from the Roman 


[ 13 ] 


August d’Or 

Aurei ; the Emperor ’s head is laureated, 
and he is clothed in Roman costume, from 
which fact they derive their name. Italian 
numismatists refer to this coin by the 
name of Agostaro. 

August d’Or. A gold coin of Saxony, 
struck originally by the electors and later 
by the king. It was a variety of the Pis- 
tole or five-Thaler gold piece. The 
Ephraim d’Or, a type issued by Frederick 
the Great, at Leipzig, from 1756 to 1758 
was greatly inferior and contained only 
about one-third the quantity of gold of 
the regular Pistoles. . See Ephraimiten. 

Augustas, or Augustari. A name given 
to such coins as bear the figure of the 
bishops of Augsburg, i.e., Augusta Vin- 
delicorun. These ecclesiastics struck coins 
after 1402. See Blanchet (ii, 92). 

Aur. The Icelandic equivalent for the 
Scandinavian Ore ( q.v .). 

Aurelianus. See Antoninianus. 

Aureola, plural Aurelii. An ordinance 
of the mint of Venice of 1178 reads fu 
stampata moneta d’argento nominata 
Aurelii. The value of these coins was com- 
puted at two Soldi, but no specimens are 
known to exist. 

Aureus. The best known of the Roman 
gold coins. It succeeded the Scripulum, 
and appeared toward the end of the Re- 
public, when Sulla in B.C. 87, Pompey in 
B.C. 81, and Julius Ceesar in B.C. 46, 
issued a military gold coinage. This series 
forms part of the Nummi Castrenses (q.v.). 

The regular coinage of the Aurei began 
under Julius Caesar, and their value was 
twenty-five Denarii. The weight of the 
Aureus gradually declined, and it was 
finally abolished when Constantine the 
Great established the Solidus. 

Under Augustus quadruple Aurei called 
Quaterniones were issued. 

Originally the Aureus was struck at the 
proportion of 42 to the Roman pound 
(327.45 grammes) but its weight gradu- 
ally tended to diminish, the reduction being 
approximately as follows : 

In the time of Augustus the Aureus was 
one forty-second of a pound, i.e., 120.3 
grains ; in the time of Nero, one forty-fifth 
of a pound, i.e., 113.5 grains; in the time 
of Caracalla, one-fiftieth of a pound, i.e., 
101.05 grains; in the time of Gallienus, 


Axe Money 

one sixtieth to one-seventieth of a pound, 
i.e., 84 to 72 grains. 

Aureus Regalis. See Royal d’Or. 

Aurum. The Latin generic term for 
money. 

Aurum ad Obrussam. See Obryzum. 

Aurum Excoctum. See Excoctum and 
Obryzum. 

Ausbeutemiinzen. The name given to 
both gold and silver coins and implying the 
product of a local mine. The earliest speci- 
men is probably the Saxon Ausbeutethaler 
of St. Katharinenberg, dated 1505. 

The various Dukes of Brunswick resorted 
to this practice extensively, and it was 
common in other German states as well as 
in France, Scandinavia, etc. 

The Ausbeutethaler frequently bear 
views of the mines or allusions to the place 
of striking. In many cases they have dis- 
tinctive mottoes, e.g., das land die fruchte 
bringt., etc. The Isargold Dukaten and 
the Rheingold Dukaten struck from the 
product of washings in these rivers are 
also classed with the Ausbeutemiinzen. 

A third variety are such pieces as bear a 
motto invoking a blessing on the mining 
operations. These are known as Bergse- 
gensthaler and occur for Mansfeld, the 
Harz Mountains, etc. 

Auswurf Miinzen. See Maundy Money. 

Autonomous Coins. A name given to 
coins struck by such cities and territories as 
required no external authority to issue 
them. They are common in the Greek 
series and to some extent in the Roman ; 
but the provinces of the latter empire 
were usually restricted to the extent that 
they were permitted to strike only in cop- 
per. 

Avers, from the Latin adversus, i.e., 
facing. The same as obverse {q.v.). The 
term is used as early as the year 1715 in 
the catalogue of an auction sale of coins 
held at Gotha in Saxony. See Berliner 
Munzbldtter (No. 141). 

Awpenny. See Half-Penny. 

Axe Money. The common name for a 
rude copper currency used by the Mexican 
Indians. The native name is Sicca, or Sic- 
capili {q.v.). The shape of these pieces 
resembles an axe, about twenty by forty 
millimetres. 


[ 14 ] 


Aydans 


Azzalino 


Aydans. A variety of base silver de- 
niers issued in Flanders during the fif- 
teenth century. Du Cange cites an ordi- 
nance of 1450 shewing that they were 
struck at Liege and that twenty were com- 
puted to the Florin. 


Azzalino. The name given to a Testone 
issued by the Paleologi at Casale durin 
the fourteenth century. The word is 
corruption of acciarino, meaning a steel 
for striking fire, this device occurring on 
the coin. For a similar emblem, see Bri- 
quet. 


[ 15 ] 


p CfQ 


Bacca di Allemagna 


Bahram 


B 


Bacca di Allemagna. According to Pro- 
mis (ii. 66), this term was used in Pied- 
mont for a com of two Soldi. In 1548 a 
Scudo of Savoy was equal to 22) / 2 Bacca. 

Bacchanalian Coins. A name given to 
the issues of Jahangir, Emperor of Hin- 
dustan, which bear on one side the ruler 
seated with a goblet of wine before him. 
These pieces appeared in 1612 and later. 

Bacquette. Another name for Baquette 
(q.v.). 

Badam, or Padens. The name given to 
the almond of Persia which was used as 
money in some parts of India and on the 
Malabar Coast. Stavorninus, in his Voy- 
ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in 
writing of the coinage current at Surat, 
says: “In the same way as cowries are 
made use of in Bengal, as the lowest me- 
dium of exchange, almonds, which are 
called badams, are employed for that pur- 
pose here; the comparative value whereof 
is, as may easily be conceived, more liable 
to variation than any other respective me- 
dium.” 

J. A. de Mandelslo, who was in Gujarat 
about 1638, published an account of his 
voyages in 1669, and says of the natives 
that “they also make use of almonds where- 
of thirty-six make a Peyse” (? Paisa). 

Bar Pfennige. A nickname given to the 
small silver and billon coins of the Swiss 
Cantons of Berne and St. Gallen, which 
have a figure of a bear. This privilege 
was granted them by Frederick III in 1475. 
See Blanchet (ii. 263). 

Baetzner. A base silver coin of Stras- 
burg current in the sixteenth century and 
later. It was equivalent to eight Deniers, 
or the sixth part of a Dick-Pfennig, and 
multiples called Dreibaetzner, or one half 
of the Dick-Pfennig were also issued. 

In the Luzerne coinage the Baetzner was 
equal to four Kreuzer, and silver denomi- 
nations of Zehnbaetzner were struck from 
about 1750 to 1812. 

[ 1 


Bagarone, or Bagaroto. The popular 
name for a variety of the mezzo Bolog- 
nino, issued in Bologna, Ferrara, and Mo- 
dena, during the fifteenth century and 
later. In 1507 it was current in Parma 
at one fourth of the Quattrino. 

Bagattino, from bagata, a trifle. A small 
copper and billon coin of Venice, which 
appeared originally about the reign of the 
Doge Francesco Foscari (1423-1457), and 
was in use for about two centuries. 

It was also extensively employed at 
Friuli, Sebenico, Spalato, Zara, Rovigo and 
other Venetian colonies. At Verona it ap- 
pears with a date as early as 1516. 

The Bagattino was the Venetian unit in 
copper, and it was usually computed at 
one half of the Soldo. 

Baggiane, or Bagiane. A coin issued by 
the mint of Mirandola early in the seven- 
teenth century and of the value of four 
Soldi. An ordinance of 1693 mentions 
Baggiane of Modena. 

Bagni ( ?plural of Bagno). There is a 
reference in Promis (i. 316) to an order 
of the year 1717 which prohibits the cir- 
culation of coins called Bagni in the Duchy 
of Savoy. 

Bahar. According to Noback (p. 82), a 
money of account was formerly used at 
Bantam, on the island of Java, which is 
based on a decimal system, as follows : 

1 Bahar = 10 Utas 

= 100 Catties 
= 1000 Laxsans 
= 10000 Peecoes 

The smallest of these, the Peccoe, was 
computed at 30 to the Spanish Dollar, 
though the value fluctuated. 

Bahloli. See Buhloli. 

Bahram, or Behram. A name given to 
the copper five cash piece of Mysore, by 
Tipu Sultan, in 1790, after the adoption 
of his new system of reckoning. This sys- 
tem was begun in 1786, and was based on 
the Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of 
the Prophet. The name of the coin is the 
Persian designation of the planet Mars. 

1 ] 


Baiarda 


Bamboo Money 


Baiarda. A coin of the value of two 
Bolognini struck in Modena from 1551 to 
1553. It was a variety of the Murajola 
(q.v.). 

Baiocco, or Bajocco. A coin formerly 
in use in the Papal States. It was orig- 
inally struck in base silver and later in 
copper, and it obtains its name from its 
brown color, the Italian for a bay or brown 
tint being bajo. But Cinagli states that 
the name is probably derived from Bayeux, 
a town of France (old name, Bajocae), 
where there was at one time a mint. 

The Baiocco was the tenth part of the 
Paolo, and the one hundredth part of a 
Scudo, and it was subdivided into five 
Quattrini. 

In 1712 Pope Clement XI issued a sil- 
ver coin of 80 Baiocci, and in 1796 Pius VI 
struck a 60 Baiocci piece at Bologna in 
copper. Among the obsidional pieces Mail- 
liet cites copper coins of two and one half 
and five Baiocci struck during the French 
occupation of Civita-Vecchia, 1796-1797; 
five, two and one half, and one half Baiocci 
for San-Severino, 1797 ; and five Baiocci 
for Tivoli in 1797. See Ducato. 

The Baiocco is mentioned by Andrew 
Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 
1547 (179), who says, “In, bras they liaue 
Kateryns and byokes and denares. ” 

Baioccone. The name given to a cop- 
per coin of the value of five Baiocci struck 
for the Papal States during the pontifi- 
cate of Pius IX. 

Baiochella. A billon coin issued by Six- 
tus V (1585-1590), for Rome, Fano, Mont- 
alto, Ancona, etc., and in use during the 
early part of the seventeenth century. 
The name is a diminutive of Baiocco. 

Baiochetto. A small silver coin issued by 
the Farnesi Family for Castro, Piacenza, 
etc., during the sixteenth century. Those 
of Pietro Luigi Farnese (1545-1547) are 
quite common and usually bear the figure 
of Saint Savinus on the reverse. 

Baiotta. Promis (ii. 174) states that 
pursuant to an order of February 17, 1717, 
a tax was levied in Piedmont consisting 
of a Baiotta, i.e., five Soldi. This would 
make it a variety of the Ducatone, but no 
such coin is known at the present time. 


Baisa. In a report of the United States 
Consulate at Maskat, Oman, dated March 
23, 1911, it is stated that the only Oman 
coin is the copper Baisa or ‘ ‘ Maskat Pice. ’ ’ 
“It is used in retail transactions and can 
usually be exchanged in small quantities at 
the rate of twelve Baisas for one Anna of 
Indian currency.” 

Bajoire. A name given to coins on 
which occur two or more profile portraits, 
one superimposed and more or less obscur- 
ing the one underneath. Notable examples 
are the English Crown of William and 
Mary; the Lafayette Dollar, etc. See Ju- 
gate. 

Bakiri, or Bakhri. A name given to the 
quarter Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, 
in 1786, when he adopted his new system 
of reckoning, based on the Muludi, i.e., 
dating from the birth of the Prophet. The 
coin is so called after Muhammad Bakir, 
the fifth Imam. 

Bakla Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal of 
the value of two Mohurs. See Suka. 

Balance Half Merk. See Merk. 

Balastraca. A name given to the Span- 
ish Peseta stamped with the figure 400 in 
a rectangle to indicate its altered value in- 
to Reis. There are corresponding halves 
and quarters, stamped respectively 200 and 
100. This practice was extensively carried 
on by private persons in the province of 
Rio Grande do Sul. See Meili (ii. 355). 

Balboa. The unit of the gold standard 
of Panama, divided into one hundred 
Centesimos and of the same value as the 
money of the United States. It is named 
after the explorer, but up to the present 
time has not been struck, the largest coin 
of Panama being the Peso, or half Balboa. 

Baldacchino. An Italian word meaning 
a canopy, and sometimes used to describe 
the Pavilion d’Or (q.v.). 

Baliardus. Du Cange cites a manuscript 
of the thirteenth century of the Diocese 
of Bourges which reads, “Henricus de 
Soliaco cantor Bituricensis qui dedit de- 
cern libras Baliardorum ad emendos reddi- 
tus.” It is probably the same as the 
Baviardus (q.v.). 

Balssonaya. See Bossonaya. 

Bamboo Money. An elongated, nar- 
row, tablet-like shaped money supposed to 


[ D] 


Banco 


Barbarian Coins 


have been derived from ancient metal 
checks said to have been current in the city 
of Tsi-an fu, the capital of Shantung, as 
far back as A.D. 1275, hut as time went 
on, its circulation was not limited to this 
locality. They are now found in nearly 
all parts of China, although they appear 
to be most popular in the Yang-tse regions. 
This subsidiary money was issued by small 
banks, exchange houses, contractors of la- 
bor, etc., to serve as a medium of small 
exchange according to the values indicated 
on them. Besides the value, the names of 
the issuers, as well as the address of their 
business place, is found on a great many 
of them. 

Their field of circulation was, as a rule, 
purely local, although no few extended 
over the limits to which they were first 
intended. Some, on the other hand, served 
as checks, to be redeemed for cash on pre- 
sentation. Others were intended to be 
used as tallies for calculating the amount 
of a journey, a day’s work, or some other 
such purpose. The values inscribed on 
them are stated, in the majority of cases, 
in cash, and range from 1 Kwan (1000- 
cash) down to 1 cash denomination. Their 
sizes also vary, from six inches down to a 
little over one inch. The inscription is 
usually in relief, burnt with a stamping 
iron, and countermarks are sometimes 
added afterwards to prevent fraud. See 
Wooden Money. 

Banco. The system of banco currency 
was instituted in the sixteenth century in 
Italy, when the banks sought relief from 
failure by application to the government 
for authority to reduce the weight of the 
Ducat, Zecchino, etc. The practice of a 
government to profit by the variation of 
weight and fineness of metal is of frequent 
occurrence. 

The Mark Banco was a money of ac- 
count introduced by the Bank of Ham- 
burg which insisted on payments by its 
depositors of bars of fine silver, but liquid- 
ated its transactions with so-called Banco 
Thaler, i.e,, with silver coins containing 
more or less alloy. 

Frederick the Great issued a silver 
Banco Thaler in 1765 upon the institution 
of the Royal Bank. At the present day 
the terms Banco Thaler, Banco Daler, etc., 


are usually applied to paper money issued 
by a national government. 

The Skilling Banco was a copper coin 
introduced in Sweden in 1819 for Avesta 
and in 1832 for Stockholm. It was last 
struck in 1855. 

Banderuola. Another name for the Du- 
catone struck by Odoardo Farnese (1622- 
1646) at Piacenza. It has on one side the 
figure of St. Anthony holding a banner. 

Bankje. A Dutch term popularly used 
for paper money in general. 

Bank Note. A term used to describe a 
promissory note issued by a bank, and 
made payable in coin to the bearer on de- 
mand. It is a circulating medium author- 
ized by law. 

Formerly bank notes, or bank bills, as 
they were sometimes called, were made 
payable to a particular individual and the 
date was limited. 

Bank of England Dollar. See Dollar. 

Bank of Ireland Dollar. See Dollar. 

Bankportugaloser. See Portugaloser. 

Bankschelling, also known as Escalin au 
Lion. A silver coin of West Friesland is- 
sued in 1676 and later. It bears the in- 
scription VI STVIVERS BANKGELT. 

Banngeld. The popular name for fines 
paid to the local exchequer or court during 
the Middle Ages in many parts of Ger- 
many. 

Ban Sen. The Japanese for numbered 
sen. The pieces have numbers on the back 
and are found in the Eiraku, Genwa and 
Kwanei series. 

Banu. A copper coin of Roumania 
adopted in 1867 when this country based 
its monetary system on the Latin Union. 
One hundred Bani are equal to one Leu, 
and ten Lei are equal to one Alexander. 

Baptismal Thaler. See Tauf Thaler. 

Baquette. The name given to a Liard 
struck by Louis XIII for Bearn in 1642 
and later. It is a small copper coin on 
the obverse side of which the field is di- 
vided into four compartments with crowned 
Ls and cows in the opposite corners. See 
Yacquette. 

Barbarian Coins. A general designa- 
tion for pieces struck from circa B.C. 400 
to A.D. 300 in imitation of Greek and Ro- 


[ 18 ] 


Barbarin 


Bar Money 


m an types. To this class may be assigned 
the imitations of Athenian coins towards 
the end of the fifth century B.C. ; the imi- 
tations of the coins of Philip II, of Mace- 
donia, the Gaulish coinage, the imitations 
of the latter for Britain, and finally imita- 
tions of Roman Imperial Issues. See Hill 
(pp. 9-10). 

Barbarin. A base silver coin of the 
Abbey of Saint Martial in Bretagne, is- 
sued at the beginning of the twelfth cen- 
tury. It obtains its name from the bearded 
face of the saint on the obverse. See Le- 
mocia. 

Barbarina. The name given to a silver 
coin of Mantua of the value of ten Soldi, 
which bears the figure of St. Barbara, the 
patron of the city. It was originally 
struck by Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga (1550- 
1587) and was copied in Guastalla. 

A variety of this coin, but smaller, was 
issued at the beginning of the seventeenth 
century, and was computed at one Grosso. 
It was known as the Barbarina Nuova, or 
Barbarina col Girasole, from the sun-flower 
in the design. 

Barbary Ducat. The popular name for 
the Zecchino in some of the West Indian 
Islands where it was introduced in the 
latter part of the seventeenth century. See 
Chalmers (p. 397). 

Wavell Smith, the Secretary of the Lee- 
ward Islands, in a pamphlet entitled Two 
Letters to Mr. Wood, 1740, states that 
these coins were “dipt of five grains of 
their weight” and adds the following note: 

“When I first discovered the introduc- 
tion of these Barbary ducats in my office 
at St. Kitt’s, I soon put a stop to their 
currency by refusing them in my office ; 
and afterwards talking with some gentle- 
men, they were desirous to give them a 
common name. Upon which I reply ’d: — 
‘Christen them as sons after their fathers’ 
name : so let them be called Toby ’s and 
Jerry’s,’ for they were introduced by a 
rich man at Nevis, Tobias Wall, and Jere- 
miah Brown, another very rich man at St. 
Christopher. ’ ’ 

Barberine. A general name for the 
piece of five Soldi struck at Avignon in 
1637 by Pope Urban VIII, whose family 
name was Barberini. 


Barbonaccio. The name given to the 
Barbone of Lucca after its value had been 
reduced from twelve to nine Soldi. 

Barbone. A silver coin of the Republic 
of Lucca issued in the second half of the 
fifteenth century and continued to the 
middle of the eighteenth. The name is 
derived from the bearded face of Christ 
on the obverse, which is usually accom- 
panied by the inscription sanctvs wltvs. 
Its value was twelve Soldi. 

Barbuda. A billon coin of Portugal is- 
sued in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) 
and struck at Lisbon, Porto, Miranda, and 
Tuy. There is a corresponding half. On 
both types the ruler is depicted as crowned 
with a vizor over his face, and on the re- 
verse is a cross surcharged with a shield. 
The Barbuda had a value of three Din- 
heiros. 

Bar Cent. The name given to a United 
States copper trial or experimental piece 
supposed to have been struck about 1776, 
according to a proposed, plan for a decimal 
coinage. 

It takes its name from the thirteen lat- 
eral bars which cover one entire side of 
the coin. 

Bareheaded Noble. See Noble. 

Bargellino. This word means “pertain- 
ing to a sheriff,” and the name was be- 
stowed on a piece of six Denarii issued in 
1316 by Lando di Agubbio, the Sheriff 
(Bargello) of Florence. 

Bari-firi. The unit of weight in the 
Soudan, and corresponding to 18 grammes. 
It is worth 14 Miscals, and each Miscal is 
divided into 27 Banans, the latter being 
a native seed. See Spink (ii. 841). 

Barile. A silver coin of Florence struck 
early in the sixteenth century and adopted 
by Alessandro Medici (1533-1536), the 
first Duke. It has a figure of St. John the 
Baptist on one side and a lily on the re- 
verse. The original value was twelve Sols 
and six Deniers. It was copied in the 
Duchy of Urbino. 

The name is said to have been bestowed 
on this coin because its value represented 
the duty or tax on a barrel of wine. 

Bar Money. A name generally applied 
to bars of metal which are stamped with 


[ 10 ] 


Barrinha 


Bauri 


some value, and were formerly used as 
currency. See Bonk, and Tang. 

Caesar, De Bello Gallico (v. 12) uses the 
phrase “utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis 
ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo, 
i.e., “They (the Britons), use either cop- 
per or iron rods (that have been) weighed 
by a fixed weight, for coined money.” 

Barrinha. A gold coin of bar form 
struck under Maria II of Portugal for 
Mozambique. Its value was two and one 
half Maticaes or sixty-six Cruzados. There 
was a corresponding half for one and one 
quarter Maticaes. 

Bartgroschen. See Judenkopfgroschen. 

Basel. Holinshed, Chronicles, 1577 (ii. 
67), states that in “the same yeare [i.e., 
in 1158], also the King altered his coine, 
abrogating certeine peeces called basels. ” 
See Ending (i. 170). 

Bassanaya. See Bossonaya. 

Bastardo. A tin coin introduced by 
Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- 
acca in 1510. See Caixa. 

Bastiao. The colloquial name for a 
variety of the silver Xeraphin struck at 
Goa in 1659. It received this designation 
from the figure of St. Sebastian on the 
obverse. Its value was three hundred Eeis 
or five Tailgas. 

Bat. The Siamese name for the Tical 
{q.v.). 

Bath Metal. According to Ure, Dic- 
tionary of Chemistry, this is an alloy con- 
sisting of three or four ounces of zinc to 
one pound of copper. It is said to have 
been used in the manufacture of the Rosa 
Americana coins. 

Battezone. A broad silver Grosso of 
Florence, issued in 1503-4. It is of the 
type of the Carl i no (q.v.) and the baptism 
of Christ by St. John is represented on 
the obverse. The name of the coin is from 
the Italian battezzare, to baptize. 

Batzen, or more properly in the singu- 
lar, Batz or Batze, was the name origin- 
ally given to a silver coin of the size of 
the Groschen, which was introduced in 
Berne, early in the sixteenth century, when 
the Plappart was abolished. It was copied 
in the other Swiss cantons, as well as in 
Bavaria, Isny, Strasburg, Nordlingen, 


Augsburg, etc. According to the best au- 
thorities the name seems to be derived 
from the figure of the bear, the armorial 
device of the canton of Berne. The old 
German name for this animal was Betz, 
later Batz. The etymology from the Ital- 
ian pezza, a piece, is erroneous, as these 
coins never originated in Italy, but were 
copied in that country. See Rollbatzen. 

The original value of the Batzen was 
four Kreuzer, therefore 18 Batzen made 
the Thaler of 72 Kreuzer. It appears to 
have retained this ratio for a long time, 
because in Adam Berg’s Miinzbuch, pub- 
lished in 1597, as low as 17 Batzen are 
given as the equivalent of a Thaler. 

In the modern Swiss coinage prior to 
the introduction of the Latin Union sys- 
tem, the Batzen was one tenth of the Franc, 
and equal to ten Rappen. 

Baubee. See Bawbee. 

Baudequin. A French word meaning a 
tent or canopy, and sometimes applied to 
the Pavilion d’Or (q.v.). 

Bauerngroschen, i.e., Peasant’s Gros- 
chen. A name given to the silver Groschen 
of Goslar on account of their poor execu- 
tion. These coins bore the figures of Judas 
with a staff and Simon holding a saw, and 
they were supposed to bear a resemblance 
to two peasants. The Bauerngroschen 
were originally struck about the middle of 
the fifteenth century, and were of the value 
of twelve Pfennig. 

Bauern Thaler. The common designa- 
tion for a small brass token bearing the 
inscription wer mich last stehen dem 
wirds vbel gehen, and on the reverse, 

BEHALT MIR NICH DAS RATE ICH DICH. 

The object of these pieces was the fol- 
lowing : whenever it was necessary to con- 
voke an important convention of peasants 
living at some distance apart, the head of 
the community despatched a message to 
the nearest farmer with this token and a 
summons. The latter in his turn was ex- 
pected to notify his nearest neighbor, and 
each recipient pursued the same course 
until all had been informed. 

These tokens were common in Westpha- 
lia during the eighteenth century. 

Bauri. Another name for the Burrie 
(q.v.). 


Baviardus 


Beichtthaler 


Baviardus, or Bauviardus. A coin of 
the thirteenth century cited by Du Cange. 
It is a term relating to payments probably 
made in Berri in 1203 and 1227, and may 
be the same as the Baliardus {q.v.). 

Bawbee. A Scotch billon coin first 
struck in the reign of James Y and dis- 
continued under William III. 

The early varieties, issued at the Edin- 
burgh or Stirling mints, were of the value 
of one and one half pence, but in the 
reign of Charles II the value was raised 
to sixpence. 

The name by some is derived from bas 
piece or bas billon; others think it takes 
its name from Alexander Orrok, Lord of 
Sillebawbye, who is said to have been the 
first to strike these coins. 

Marston in The Malcontent, 1604 (In- 
duction), speaks of a wager “that was not 
worth five ban-bees,” and the coin is also 
mentioned by Beaumont and Fletcher, in 
Wit at S ever all Weapons, 1647 (v. 2). 

Bay Shillings. See Pine Tree Coins. 

Bazarucco. A coin struck by the Portu- 
guese in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
centuries, and current in their possessions 
at Chaul, Goa, Bassein, Diu, and in the 
vicinity of Bombay. Specimens occur in 
copper, lead, and billon. 

In the early Goa coinage of about 1510, 
the Bazarucco, also called Leal, was equal 
to two Reis. Later it became the fifteenth 
part of a Vintem; but the value fluctuated. 
Multiples exist as high as twenty. 

The coin bears on one side the armorial 
shield of Portugal, which is sometimes 
found with the letters D and B to the left 
and right, to indicate the mints at Diu 
and Bassein. The reverse designs vary ; 
some specimens have a St. Andrew’s cross 
with a central horizontal bar, others a 
sphere, and others again a cross with the 
four figures of the date in the angles. See 
Roda. 

Jacob Canter Vissclier, in his Letters 
from Malabar, Madras, 1862 (p. 82), de- 
scribes a base coin struck at Cochin which 
he calls Boeserokken, consisting of an alloy 
of lead and tin, with the arms of the Dutch 
East India Company on one side. Sixty 
of them are equal to a Cochin Fanam. 

The name of this coin is frequently cor- 
rupted to Buzerook, and the nickname 


Tinney is also given to it, in allusion to 
its composition. 

Beads used as money. See Borjookes, 
and Kharf. 

Bean. An English slang term for a 
Sovereign or Guinea, and for money when 
used in the plural. 

William Harrison Ainsworth, in Lis 
novel, Rookwood, 1834 (iii. 9) has the fol- 
lowing passage : ‘ ‘ Zoroaster took long odds 
that the match was off ; offering a bean to 
half a quid (in other words, a guinea to 
a half guinea), that Sybil would be the 
bride. ’ ’ 

Bean Money. See Clio Gin. 

Beard Money. See Borodovaya. 

Beato Amedeo, i.e., .Blessed Amedeus. 
A name given to a silver coin of the value 
of nine Fiorini struck at the mints of 
Turin and Vercelli in 1616 by Duke 
Charles Emanuel I. It bears a bust of the 
Duke in armor and a figure of St. Ame- 
deus. 

Beato Luigi. A silver coin of Mantua 
issued by Vincenzo II. Gonzaga (1626- 
1627) in honor of Luigi Gonzaga. Its 
value was half a Scudo. 

Beaver Skins. See Hudson Bay Tokens. 

Bees. See Bezzo. 

Bedidlik. A gold coin of the modern 
Egyptian series of the value of one hun- 
dred Piastres. It was introduced A. II. 
1255 or A.D. 1839. 

Beghina. Du Cange cites this as being 
a small coin mentioned in the Facto Ton- 
grensi of 1403. 

Begrabniss Thaler. See Mortuary 
Pieces. 

Beguinette. A name given to a variety 
of the Maille Blanche {q.v.) struck by 
Guillaume de Nancy, a moneyer of Robert, 
Count of Bar, from 1370-1374. See Blan- 
chet (i. 475). 

Behram. See Bahrain. 

Beichlingscher Thaler. A Thaler of Po- 
land, issued under August IT in 1702. The 
obverse bears the cross of the Danebrog 
surrounded by four crowned monograms. 

Beichtthaler, meaning “Confession Tha- 
ler, ’ ’ was the name bestowed on a medallic 
Thaler issued by Johann Georg II of Sax- 


[21 ] 


Bekah 


Bertha Thaler 


ony in 1663. The obverse represents the 
Elector standing at a table, and the coin 
received its name from the fact that he is 
supposed to have handed one of these pieces 
to the church every time that he went to 
confession. 

Bekah. An early Jewish weight stand- 
ard ; it was equal to one half of the Shekel. 
See Exodus (xxxviii. 26). 

Bell Dollar. See Glockenthaler. 

Bell Money. The name given to a vari- 
ety of early Chinese metallic currency on 
account of its resemblance to a bell. These 
coins average from 50 to 100 millimetres 
in height. They are described in detail 
by Ramsden (pp. 13-15). 

Bender. A slang name for the English 
sixpence ; it probably owes its origin to the 
fact that it is easily bent. Dickens in 
Sketches by Boz says “Niver mind the loss 
of two bob and a bender;” and Thackeray 
in The Newcomes (xi) has “By cock and 
pye it is not worth a bender.” 

Benduqi. A gold coin of Morocco which 
appears to have been originally issued in 
the reign of Muley Soleiman (A.H. 1207- 
1238). 

Benediktspfennige, or Benediktuspfen- 

nige. A series of religious medalets the 
origin of which can probably be traced to 
masses said in cloisters. See Kohler, Miinz- 
belustigungen (vi. 105). 

Bener Dener. This term occurs in the 
laws of William I as given by Ingulphus, 
and according to Turner, History of the 
Anglo Saxons (ii. 135), it signifies “better 
pennies.” Ruding (i. 110) observes that 
the word bener is omitted in all the later 
editions of these laws, and adds that “pos- 
sibly the word may be nothing more than 
the following one, dener, mis-spelled.” 

Benggolo. A leaden coin of Celebes, 
supposed to have been issued by the ruler 
Abdoullah de Tallo. See Millies (p. 178), 
Fonrobert (No. 904). 

Ber. The Amharic word for the Abys- 
sinian Talari (q.v.), of Menelik. The word 
primarily means silver, and thence silver 
money. The value expressed on the Talari 
is Amd Ber, i.e., one Ber. The half has 


Yaber Agod, i.e., half Ber; the quarter 
Yaber Roob or Rub, i.e., quarter Ber; and 
the eighth Yaber Tenan, Temun, or Tou- 
mon. 

Berenicii. See Ptolomaici. 

Bergsegensthaler. See Ausbeutemiinzen. 

Berling. A small base silver coin of 
Goslar of the value of one quarter Pfennig 
or one half Arenkopf {q.v.). 

Berlinga. A silver coin of Filippo Maria 
Visconti, Duke of Milan (1412-1447). The 
obverse bears an equestrian figure of the 
Duke and the reverse has St. Ambrosius 
on a throne. It is a variety of the Grosso. 

Bemardin. A name given to the Denier 
issued at the mint of Anduse during the 
thirteenth century. These coins are char- 
acterized by a large letter B on the ob- 
verse which is supposed to stand for Ber- 
nard, a local ruler, although this name was 
borne by the Seigneurs of Anduse from 
1024 until 1243. See Blanchet (i. 19). 

Berner or Perner, were diminutive base 
silver coins current in Tyrol from the 
thirteenth to the sixteenth century. They 
were copied from the Deniers of Verona, 
called in German, Bern, which must not 
be confused with the Swiss town Berne 
or Bern. Four Berner were equal to 
one Vierer, and twenty Berner were equal 
to one Kreuzer, or Zwainziger. See Frey 
(No. 72). 

Bernhardsgroschen. A silver coin of 
Hildesheim which appeared in 1490 and 
which has on the reverse a half length 
figure of St. Bernard with a cross and 
mitre and the inscription sac berwardv p. 
See Frey (No. 345). 

The concluding letter of the inscription 
is taken to be the abbreviation of Patronus. 
Cappe, in his introduction shows that the 
choice of this saint was an error, and that 
the blunder occurred in the year 1298, 
when a new seal was ordered for the city. 
The patron saint of the city is Godehard, 
and he appears with his bishop’s title S’. 
God : Episc. in the earliest seal and arch- 
ives. He further states that the last ap- 
pearance of St. Bernard on the Hildesheim 
coins occurs in the year 1552. 

Bertha Thaler. A broad medallic Thaler 
of the Canton of Solothurn which shows 


[ 22 ] 


Bes 

on the obverse St. Ursus, the martyr, re- 
ceiving' a model of the cathedral from the 
kneeling queen Bertha of Burgundy. The 
date, A.D. 932, when this is supposed to 
have happened, is added. 

Bes, or Bessis. The two-thirds of the 
As of a weight of eight ounces. See Aes 
Grave. 

Besa. A copper coin issued for Italian 
Somaliland; it represents the value of the 
one hundredth part of a silver Rupee, and 
there are multiples of two Bese and four 
Bese. 

These pieces were first struck at Rome, 
from Giorgi’s models, and they were au- 
thorized by a royal decree of January 28, 
1909. 

In the Abyssinian coinage the one fifth 
of the Gersh, or one hundredth part of 
the Talari, is a copper coin called Besa. 

Besante. A Venetian copper coin struck 
by the Doges Girolamo Priuli (1559-1567) 
and Pietro Loredano (1567-1570), for Ni- 
cosia, in Cyprus. See Solidus. 

Besh. A copper coin of modern Turkey 
of the value of eight Paras or one fifth of 
the Piastre. 

Beshlik. Originally this was a silver 
coin of the Ottoman Empire of the value 
of five Paras, and weighing from 20 to 40 
grains. 

In the modern silver currency of Turkey 
the Beshlik represents four and three quar- 
ter Piastres, and in the series of Metalliks, 
two and one half Piastres. 

The Beshlik of Egypt was originally a 
copper coin of the value of five Aspers or 
Medins; under Mahmud II (A.II. 1223- 
1255) it was made of billon. The issues 
for Tunis and Tripoli are billon and worth 
five Paras. 

Besorg. Mandelslo in his Voyage and 
Travels to the East Indies, 1669 (p. 8), 
under date of 1638 states that at Gombroon 
the native currency is a copper coin called 
the Besorg, ‘ ‘ whereof six make a Peys, and 
ten Peys make a Shahi, which is worth 
about fivepence English.” This is prob- 
ably the same as the Bazarucco ( q.v .). 

Betpfennige. See Weihemiinzen. 

Bettlerthaler, or Martinsthaler. A gen- 
eral name used to describe such coins as 
bear a figure of St. Martin and the beggar. 

[ ^ 


Bianchetto 

They occur in the series of Mainz, Erfurt, 
Magdeburg, Schwarzburg, etc., and in the 
coinage of Lucca where they receive the 
name of San Martino (q.v.). 

Beutel, meaning a purse, was a former 
Turkish money of account. The Keser, or 
Beutel of silver, was computed at 500 
Ghrush or Piastres. The Kitze or Cliise, 
i.e., the Beutel of gold, was valued at 30,000 
Piastres. 

The corresponding French equivalents 
are Bourse d ’argent and Bourse d’or. 

In Egypt the Beutel was equal to 25,000 
Medini, or 75,000 Aspers. 

Beutgroschen, meaning Groschen made 
of booty, was a name given to certain vari- 
eties of silver coins struck in 1542 by the 
Elector Johann Frederick of Sachsen and 
the Landgrave Philip of Hessen. They 
were minted from captured silverware and 
bore the portraits of the two rulers with 
the inscription bevt. g. v. wolfbvt. 

Bezant. See Solidus. 

Bezemstuiver. The name given to a 
small silver coin issued in Friesland, Over- 
ysel, Utrecht, etc., from about 1620 to 
1770. It had on the obverse a figure re- 
sembling the fasces, to indicate the union 
of the Provinces, and hence the French 
equivalent, Soil au Faisceau. 

Bezzo. A small Venetian silver coin in- 
troduced about the period of the Doge 
Andrea Gritti (1523-1538), and continued 
until the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. The type usually represents a flori- 
ated cross on one side and the lion of St. 
Mark on the other. 

The name is supposed to be derived from 
the Illyrian word bees, meaning a small 
piece of money. 

Bezzone. A copper coin of the value 
of six Bagattini struck in Venice by the 
Doge Marino Grimani in 1604. 

Bia. A former money of account in 
Siam, based on the cowrie shells of which 
it was equal to 200. The copper Pai (q.v.) 
was computed at 200 Bia. 

Bianchetto. A billon coin of Casale in 
the Marquisate of Monteferrato, of the 
value of one twelfth of a Grosso. It was 
introduced by Teodoro II, Palaeologo 
(1381-1418), and continued in use for 
3] 


Bianco 


Bissolo 


about a century. See Maglia. The type 
was imitated at many mints in Savoy and 
Piedmont. 

Bianco. An Italian coin of base silver 
corresponding to the German Albus and 
the French Blanc. It appeared probably 
before the fifteenth century and was issued 
at Bologna, Venice, the Duchy of Mantua, 
etc. For an extended account see Papod- 
opoli, Del Piccolo e del Bianco, 1887. 

Biancone. A base silver coin originally 
issued at Monteferrato in 1528 of the value 
of ten Soldi. It was copied in Modena, 
Bologna, and Reggio, and in 1558 it was 
computed at 13y 2 Baiocchi in Perugia. 

Biche. A copper coin struck by the 
French at Pondichery for Mahe on the 
Malabar Coast. It corresponds to the Pice 
and is the fifteenth part of a Fanam ( q.v .). 
There are divisions of halves and quarters. 
See Zay (p. 289). 

Bigati. A name given to certain issues 
of the Roman Denarius on account of the 
figures of Diana, Victory, etc., in a biga 
(i.e., a two-horse chariot) which appear 
on the reverse. They are referred to by 
Pliny, Historia Nat. (lxxxiii. c. 12). See 
Quadrigati. 

Biglione. The Italian name for Billon 
(q.v.). 

Bilibres Formae were extraordinarily 
large gold medallions of two pounds 
weight, said by Lampridius (Sev. Alex., 
39) to have been struck by Elagabalus. 
Another name for these medallions is For- 
mae Centenariae, as two pounds exactly 
equal one hundred Aurei. No specimens 
have survived. 

Bi-lingual Coins are common to all peri- 
ods. When Rome controlled portions of 
Asia Minor the pro-consuls issued coins 
with both Latin and Greek inscriptions. 
In the Baetrian and Indo-Scythian series 
occur Greek and native Indian characters ; 
on the Sicilian coins of the Middle Ages 
are Latin and Arabic legends, etc. 

In a number of modern coinages it is 
now common to find inscriptions in more 
than one language ; these are coins for 
over-sea Colonial possessions, e.g., China, 
India, etc. The coinage of the Manchu 
dynasty of China is bi-lingual. 


Bilie. A slang French term for copper 
coins in general ; it is probably from Billon 
(q.v.). 

Billon. A base metal usually obtained 
by mixing silver and copper. 

The designation is now generally applied 
to any coin ostensibly called silver, but 
containing in reality more than fifty per 
cent of copper. If the proportion of cop- 
per is more than seventy-five per cent, the 
composition is called black billon, argen- 
tum nigrum, or moneta argentosa. Lastly, 
if the coin is of copper, and is only thinly 
washed with silver, as in the case of some 
of the Scheidemiinzen (q.v.) it is called 
Weisskupfer, i.e., white copper. See Potin. 
The Encyclopaedia Britannica in an early 
edition of 1797 states that gold under 
twelve carats fine is called billon of gold. 

Ruding (i. 210) mentions the Turonenses 
nigri, that is, the black money of Tours, 
which was brought to England in the four- 
teenth century and prohibited. 

Billon Groat. See Blanc. 

Binauriae Formae were gold medallions, 
equal in weight to two Aurei, said by Lam- 
pridius (Sev. Alex., 39) to have been is- 
sued by Elagabalus. None have come 
down to us. 

Biniones, or medallions of the weight of 
two Aurei, struck by Gallienus. 

Binsat. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor 
of Hindustan, equal to one fifth of the 
Siliansah (q.v.). 

Bir-ghrush. See Piastre. 

Birthday Thaler. See Geburtstagstlia- 
ler. 

Bishop’s Money. See Salding. 

Bissolo. A base silver coin of the Duchy 
of Milan issued by Giovanni Maria Vis- 
conti (1402-1412), and retained in the 
coinage of Estore and Giancarlo Visconti. 
It had a value of one eighteenth of the 
Soldo. 

The obverse of this piece usually bears 
a floriated cross or a bust of St. Ambrosius ; 
the reverse has a crowned serpent or viper 
( biscia ), the arms of the Visconti family, 
from which design the coin obtains its 
name. 


[ 24 ] 


Bissona 


Black Farthing 


Bissona. A silver coin struck by Louis 
XII of Prance for Milan (1500-1512), with 
a value of three Soldi. It has on the ob- 
verse the arms of France between two 
crowned vipers or serpents. See Bissolo. 

Bisti. A Persian copper coin of the Sufi 
or Safi Dynasty which appeared about the 
reign of Shall Abbas I (A.H. 996-1038= 
1587-1629). It bore a proportion of two 
and one-half to the Shahi, or five Bisti 
equal to two Shahi, and was also equal 
to four Kashbegis. 

In the Georgian series this coin can be 
traced to the reign of Queen Rusudan 
(A.D. 1227-1247), and there is a corre- 
sponding half, called Nim-Bisti. See Lang- 
lois and Fonrobert (4249 et seq.). 

Bit. The central portion of the Spanish 
Peso or Colonato, which was cut out and 
counterstamped for use in British Guiana 
and a number of the West Indian islands. 

The word is also sometimes written 
Bitt, and is generally used as an equiva- 
lent for the Spanish silver Real. The 
value of the Bit itself was generally un- 
altered, but their number as an equivalent 
for the Spanish Dollar was increased or 
lowered. For details as to these fluctua- 
tions, see Caldecott in British Numismatic 
Journal (i. 294), and Wood in American 
Journal of Numismatics (xlviii. 89). 

The name was used in an abbreviated 
form on a brass token issued by Herman 
Gossling in 1771, for the island of St. 
Eustatius. There are two varieties, marked 
1 Bt. and y 2 Bt. 

The Bit, when used in computation in 
the Danish West Indies, is reckoned at the 
one-fifth of the copper cent of that country. 

The last coinage of the islands before 
their purchase by the United States had 
their values expressed thus: 50 bit - 10 
cents on the dime-size silver, 25 bit on 
the nickel, and 10, 5, and 2 y 2 bit on the 
bronze. See Daler. 

Bit. A popular name in many of the 
western parts of the United States to in- 
dicate the value of twelve and one-half 
cents. As, however, no coin of this de- 
nomination was ever struck, the expression 
“two bits,” i.e., the quarter dollar, was 
much more common. 


In Cressy (Chap. 1) one of Bret Harte’s 
Californian tales, a boy is paid “two bits” 
for giving some lessons. 

In some parts of California the Dime or 
ten-cent piece is called a “short bit.” 

Bit and Bung are slang terms used by 
thieves in referring respectively to money 
and a purse. The old English dramatists, 
Thomas Dekker and Robert Greene, refer 
to these terms. Dekker in his Jests to 
make Merie, 1607 (repr. Grosart, ii. 328), 
says, “If they . . . once knew where the 
bung and the bit is . . . your purse and 
the money;” and in the same writer’s 
Belman of London, 1608 (repr. iii. 122), 
we find a passage, “To learne . . . what 
store of Bit he hath in his bag.” Greene 
in A Defense of Conny -catching, 1592 
(Works, xi. 44) states, “Some . . . would 
venter all the byte in their boung at dice. ’ ’ 

Bita Sen. The Japanese name for bad 
or counterfeit coins. See Shima Sen. 

Bitt. See Bit. 

Bizante. See Solidus. 

Bizzichini. Promis (ii. 180) quotes a 
document of the district of Cortona, dated 
August 17, 1727, in which are mentioned 
coins called Bizzichini, which are valued at 
a trifle over seven Soldi. 

Black Billon. See Billon. 

Black Dogs. A cant name in Queen 
Anne’s time for bad shillings or other 
base silver coin. Ashton, in The Reign of 
Queen Anne (ii. 225) mentions “The Art 
of making Black Dogs, which are Shillings 
or other pieces of Money, made only of 
Pewter double Wash’d.” 

See also Swift, Drapier’s Letters (iii.) ; 
and Crosby (p. 203). 

Black Dogs. This name was given to 
the Cayenne Sous when introduced in the 
English islands in the West Indies. 

Black Farthing. A name given to the 
Scotch Farthing issued in the reign of 
James III (1460-1488). There appear to 
be two varieties. One has on Ohv. i. rex 
scotorvm, with Rev. villa edinbvrg and a 
saltire cross in a circle. The other variety 
has the crowned initials I. R. on the ob- 
verse, and a crowned saltire cross on the 
reverse. 


[ 25 ] 


Black Mail 


Blanc 


Black Mail. Wharton, Law Lexicon, 
1864, states that this is “a certain rent of 
money, coin, or other thing, anciently paid 
to persons upon or near the borders, who 
were men of influence, and allied with cer- 
tain robbers and brigands for protection 
from the devastations of the latter; ren- 
dered illegal by 43 Eliz. c. 13. Also rent 
paid in cattle, otherwise called neat-gild.” 

Black Money. A general term for coins 
ostensibly issued for silver, but which actu- 
ally contain a large proportion of base 
metal alloy, the latter soon giving them a 
dark appearance. See Billon and Korten. 

The principal coins thus debased were 
the silver pennies, and from the twelfth 
to the fourteenth centuries there is fre- 
quent mention of the Denier Noir of 
France, the Schwarze Pfennige of the Ger- 
man States, and the Swarte or Zwarte Pen- 
ninge which originated in Brabant and the 
Low Countries. They are also found in the 
coinage of Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, and 
in the Anglo-Gallic series. 

In the reign of Richard II Ruding (i. 
457) states that “among other expedients 
to procure money, a writ was issued for 
the discovering of black money, and other 
subterraneous treasure hidden of old in 
the county of Southampton, in whosesoever 
hands it might be, and to seize it to the 
King’s use. He afterwards claimed black 
money to the amount of 150 pounds of 
full weight, which had been found in that 
county, as belonging to him in right of 
his crown.” 

As early as 1331 an ordinance was passed 
“that all manner of black money which 
had been commonly current in the King’s 
realm, should be utterly excluded.” 

Blacksmith Half Crown. A name given 
to a rudely struck half-crown of Charles I, 
which was issued at Kilkenny in 1642. 
Coins to the amount of £4000 were struck 
under an ordinance of “The Confederated 
Catholics. ’ ’ 

Blacksmith Half Groat. A variety of 
half groat issued in the reign of Charles I, 
which received its name from the barbarous 
workmanship. Hawkins states that the 
Blacksmith Half Crowns of the same pe- 
riod, also very rude in design, “are now 
generally considered to be Irish.” See 
British Numismatic Journal (xi. 317). 


Blacksmith Tokens. A series of tokens 
of copper and brass issued about 1820 and 
usually classified with the Canadian 
“doubtful” series. The majority of them 
are said to have been made in Montreal by 
a blacksmith, from which fact the series 
has received its name. For a detailed ac- 
count see Wood, Canadian Blacksmith Cop- 
pers, 1910. 

Black Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. 

Blaffert, or Plappart, is a base silver 
coin of the value of three Kreuzer or six 
Rappen, introduced in Switzerland in the 
fifteenth century, and a variety of St. Gal- 
len dated 1424 (Frey No. 21), is the 
earliest coin known bearing Arabic numer- 
als with a Christian era. 

The type was soon copied in Germany. 
The Hohlblaffert of Liibeck bears an eagle, 
that of Mecklenburg a bull’s head, that of 
Liineburg a lion, etc. All of the preced- 
ing were valued at two Pfennige. In the 
Rhine Provinces the Blaffert was variously 
computed at three Stuber or four Albus. 
It was gradually abolished in the sixteenth 
century, the Batzen taking its place. 

An amusing story occurs in Calm’s Miinz 
und Geldgeschichte der im Grossherzogtum 
Baden Vereinigten Gebiete, 1911 (p. 274), 
relating to a quarrel between the munici- 
palities of Constance and Berne because a 
nobleman of the former town ridiculed 
these coins by the name of Kuhplapperte, 
i.e., “cow plapparts. ” 

Blamiiser. A silver coin of Munster, 
Cleve, Liege, Dortmund, etc. It is re- 
ferred to in an ordinance of Bishop Chris- 
topher Bernhard of Munster dated May 4, 
1658, as a Schilling of Brabant or Blau- 
miiser “to be current at three Schillinge 
and five Pfennige.” In Liege it was com- 
puted at two Groschen and in Cleve at 
three Groschen. 

The name in Southern Germany was 
variously written Blomuser and Blomeiser, 
and it is mentioned by Grimmelshausen, in 
Simplicius Simplicissimus, 1669. 

Blanc, or Blanque, also called Gros 
Blanc, is the name of a silver coin which 
was struck in France in the fourteenth 
century, contemporaneously with the Gros 
Tournois. Originally it was of very pure 
silver from which circumstance it probably 


[ 26 ] 


Blanca 


Blanquillo 


received its name, but the later issues de- 
teriorated in fineness. It was divided into 
Deniers, the quantity of the latter, how- 
ever, varied. The general type was that - 
of the Gros, the long cross being a con- 
spicuous feature, and the inscription ben- 
edictum sit nomen domini, etc., was re- 
tained for a long period. The later issues 
were characterized by various symbols, 
such as a sun, star, lily, etc., giving rise 
to distinctive titles, all of which will he 
found under the word Gros, infra. 

The Blanque appears in the Anglo-Gallic 
coinage issued by Henry VI of England. 
It was a billon groat, silvered over to hide 
the baseness of the metal. There existed 
large and small varieties, known respec- 
tively as the Grand Blanque or Gros 
Blanque and the Petit Blanque. 

The Blanque was struck in France as 
late as 1791, in which year the Caisse-de 
Bonne Foi at Paris issued a piece of six 
Blancs in copper. 

Blanca, or Blanco. A Spanish coin of 
inferior silver issued from the fourteenth 
to the sixteenth centuries. It receives its 
name from its white, shiny appearance, 
and corresponds to the German Albus and 
the French Blanc. 

The Blanca Agnus Dei appeared origin- 
ally in the reign of Juan I (1379-1390), 
and obtains its designation from the Pas- 
chal Lamb on the obverse. It was struck at 
Toledo, Burgos, etc. See De La Torre (No. 
6430). 

Blanc a la Couronne. A French silver 
coin of the value of twelve Deniers Parisis 
issued by John II (1350-1364). It re- 
ceives this name from the large crown 
which is a conspicuous feature, and is also 
known as the Gros Blanque a la Couronne. 

Blanc a la Patte d’Oie. A nickname 
given to a variety of Blanc issued in 
France in 1357. It had a poorly executed 
figure of the fleurs de lis, which was sup- 
posed to bear some resemblance to the foot 
of a goose. 

Blanc a la Queue. This was struck by 
John II of France in 1355 to take the place 
of the Blanc a la Couronne ( q.v .). 

Blanc a l’Ecu. A silver coin of Charles 
VII of France. It was of large size and 
bore a shield of fleurs de lis. 


Blanc a 1’Etoile. A variety of the Blanc 
with a star in the centre. See Gros 
Blanque a 1’Etoile. 

Blanc aux Trois Fleurs. A variety of 
Denier coined in France in 1359, but only 
in use for a short period. 

Blanc de Donne. A type of silver Gros 
struck by Charles V of France. It bore a 
letter K crowned, and was intended, as its 
name implies, for presentation purposes 
on special occasions. 

Blanc Guenar. See Guenar. 

Blancha. Du Cange cites an edition of 
Giacomo d’Aragona (1213-1276) which 
mentions solidos de blancha moneta; and 
lie quotes from an ordinance of 1381 the 
term “Blanchees, ” being the quantity of 
any article that could be purchased for a 
Blanco. 

Blanco. The Spanish equivalent of the 
Blanc or Blanque. The Blancos Burgales 
were pieces of two Deniers struck about 
1258 by Alfonso X of Castile and Leon, 
and ninety were equal to a gold Maravedi. 

Bland Dollar. The popular name for 
the silver dollar issued in the United States 
from 1878 to 1904 inclusive. It owes its 
origin to the Bland-Allison Act of Feb- 
ruary 28, 1878, which provided for a mini- 
mum monthly silver coinage of two mil- 
lion dollars, and established this coin of 
412% grains troy as legal tender. 

The Act takes its name from Congress- 
man Richard Bland of Missouri, and Sen- 
ator William B. Allison of Iowa. 

Blank. A coin of the Netherlands, of 
inferior silver, issued during the sixteenth 
century. It was originally of the value of 
half a Stuiver, but its value fluctuated 
greatly. The name was probably derived 
from its white, shiny appearance when 
newly struck. 

Blank. See Planchet. 

Blankeel. See Blanquillo. 

Blanque. See Blanc. 

Blanquillo, or Muzuna, sometimes in- 
correctly referred to as Blankeel. A for- 
mer base silver coin of Morocco, the name 
of which is a diminutive of blanca, given 
to it on account of its white, shiny appear- 
ance. It was divided into twenty-four 
Falus. The issue terminated in the latter 
part of the eighteenth century. See Mu- 
zuna. 


[ 27 ] 


Blaumiiser Bolette 


Blaumiiser. See Blamiiser. 

Blech, meaning “tin,” is a German 
slang term for money in general. 

Blechmiinzen, i.e., tin coins, is a com- 
mon German name for the Braeteates 
(q.v.). 

Blesensis, or Blesianis. A general name 
for the Deniers struck by the Counts of 
Blois, beginning with those of Thibaud IV, 
called the Impostor (922-978). They gen- 
erally bear the head of a wolf, which in 
Celtic is called blez. 

Blob. A popular name for the copper 
coin of five cents struck for Ceylon in 1909 
and 1910. See Spink (xviii. 12602). 

Blomiiser. See Blamiiser. 

Bluebacks. A nickname for certain is- 
sues of the paper money of the Confeder- 
ate States, in contradistinction to the 
Greenbacks of the North. 

Blue William. Another nickname for 
the preceding and used in various parts 
of the Southern States of the United States 
at the time. The name is a play upon the 
words bill and Bill, the latter being a 
familiar term for the name William. 

Blunt. An English slang term for money 
available at once. It was in use at the be- 
ginning of the nineteenth century. Dick- 
ens, in Oliver Twist, says, “I must have 
some blunt from you to-night. ’ ’ 

Blutpfennig. The popular name for a 
new or red Pfennig in allusion to its ruddy 
color. 

Berthold Auerbach, in his Dichtungen 
(i. 14) has the line: 

“Ich habe keinen Blutpfennig.” 

Bluzger, or Blutzger. A base silver coin 
issued in the Bishopric of Chur in the Can- 
ton of Graubiinden from the middle of the 
sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and also at Haldenstein during the 
same period. The early types have a fig- 
ure of the cross and Madonna, and the 
later issues have armorial bearings. 

Constantin von Buttlar, Abbot of Fulda 
(1714-1726) copied them. 

They are computed at seventy to the 
Gulden. 

Blyen. See Bolette. 

Bo. A square coin of Annam usually 
assigned to circa B.C. 475-221. See Schroe- 


der (p. 46), and Lacroix, Numismatique 
Annamite, 1900 (p. 52). 

Boars’ Feet. See Hams. 

Bob. The common nickname for an 
English Shilling. J. II. Vaux, in his Flash 
Dictionary, 1812, has “Bob or Bobstick, 
a Shilling,” and Dickens uses the term in 
the Pickwick Papers. 

In the Athenaeum, 1864 (558), is a state- 
ment to the effect that the nickname is sup- 
posed to have originated in Sir Robert 
Walpole’s time. See Magpie. 

Bocksthaler. The name given to a var- 
iety of silver coins struck in the bishopric 
of Chur, which have as a device a stand- 
ing ram (Bock), the armorial shield of this 
district. 

The name, Bockspfennige, or Bockler, is 
similarly applied to coins of Schaffhausen, 
which have a running ram as a design. 

Boddiferus. Du Cange gives citations 
showing that this name was given to some 
early base silver coins of Liege, of which 
36 were equal to a Florin. 

Bodle. A Scotch copper coin, some- 
times known as the half-plack or two pence 
Scotch. It appeared in the latter part of 
the sixteenth century, and was last coined 
in 1697. 

The name is said to be a corruption of 
Bothwell, a mintmaster, but no documen- 
tary evidence to this effect is cited. 

Its value in England was considerably 
lower, as is indicated by R. Holme, in his 
Armoury, 1688 (iii. 2), who says, “A 
Bodle, three of them make a half-penny 
English.” 

Bockler. See Bocksthaler. 

Bohmen. The name given to the popu- 
lar Groschen of Prague by the natives of 
Silesia. It is probably due to the figure 
of the lion of Bohemia and the inscription, 
DEI GRATIA REX BOEMIE, found Oil these 
coins. 

Boeki. See Trade Dollar. 

Boeotian League. See League Coinage. 

Boeserokken. See Bazarucco. 

Bolette. A leaden token issued at Frank- 
fort a. M. as early as 1497 and in use until 
the beginning of the seventeenth century. 

Joseph and Fellner, in their work on the 
coinage of that city (1896, pp. 39-40), state 
that the Boleton, or Blyen (i.e., Blei-lead) 
were of two sizes : the larger were re- 


[ 28 ] 


Bolivar 


Borbi 


deemed for twelve Heller and the smaller 
for six Heller. 

Bolivar. A silver coin of Venezuela, of 
the same value as the Franc, and named 
after Simon Bolivar, the liberator. It is 
divided into one hundred Centimos, or Cen- 
tavos. For the different systems of mone- 
tary standards in use in Venezuela, see the 
Annual Report of the Director of the JJ. S. 
Mint, 1912, and for the Peso system, still 
in use to some extent, see Peso. The Boli- 
var is sometimes called Venezolano. 

Boliviano. The unit of the silver stan- 
dard of Bolivia, and divided into one hun- 
dred Centavos. 

The former gold Boliviano, of the same 
country, introduced in 1868, was equal to 
half an Escudo. 

Bolognino. Originally a silver coin of 
Bologna issued during the Republican pe- 
riod (1191-1337), and of the value of half 
a Grosso. It also occurs in the coinage of 
Modena as a Republic (1226-1293) ; was 
copied for Aquila, under Ludovico II 
(1382-1384), and is found as a billon coin 
in Ferrara in the thirteenth century. The 
half of the same coin was known as the 
Ferrarino. 

In the sixteenth century, when Bologna 
was under Papal rule, a Bolognino was 
struck in copper. Copper Bolognini were 
also issued for Modena under Rinaldo 
(1694-1737), and for Lucca early in the 
eighteenth century. 

Bone. A slang term, which appears to 
be confined to the United States, and which 
was originally applied to a silver dollar, 
but was afterwards used for a dollar 
whether of paper or metal. The name 
probably originated from the bone or ivory 
counters or chips used in the game of 
poker. 

Bon Gros. The French equivalent for 
Gute Groschen ( q.v .). 

Bonk. A name given to the rectangular 
copper coins struck in Java from 1796 to 
1818. See Netscher and van der Chijs 
(passim), where Bonks, varying from one 
half Stuiver to eight Stuivers, are de- 
scribed. 

A similar coin, known as the Tang (q.v.), 
was issued by the Dutch East India Com- 
pany for Ceylon. 


Bonn. Dinneen, Irish-English Diction- 
ary, 1904, has: “Bonn, a piece of money, a 
groat, a medal ; bonn airgid, a silver medal ; 
bonn or, a gold medal; bonn buidhe, a yel- 
low medal ; bonn ruadh, a copper or brass 
medal ; bonn ban, a shilling. ’ ’ 

O’Reilly, Irish-English Dictionary, has 
Bonn sian, a half-penny. 

There is a Gaelic proverb, “Is fearr 
caraid sa cuairt, na bonn sa sparan, ” i.e., 
‘ ‘ A friend at court is better than a groat in 
the purse.” 

Bonnet Piece. A gold coin of James V 
of Scotland, issued only in 1539 and 1540, 
and remarkable as being the earliest dated 
Scottish coin. 

It is so called from the king’s head being 
decorated with a bonnet, or square cap, in- 
stead of a crown. 

Its weight is 88^ grains, and there are 
one third and two third pieces of similar 
type. 

This coin is sometimes referred to as a 
Ducat, but this designation belongs more 
properly to the gold coin struck by Mary 
Stuart in 1558. 

Bonnet Type. A designation employed 
to classify English silver coins. Thus on 
some of the pennies of William I the term 
is used where the full-face bust, and large 
crown with long pendent lappets occur. 

Bononenus. The name given to the 
mezzo Grosso struck at Bologna by Pope 
Eugenius IV from 1431 to 1438. It has on 
the reverse the figure of St. Petronius seat- 
ed, holding in his hand the cathedral of the 
city. The inscription reads s. petroniv. de 

BONONIA. 

Booby Head. The popular name for 
one of the varieties of the cents of the 
United States issued in 1839. It has a 
large, stupid-looking head of Liberty on 
the obverse. 

Borage Groat. Jamieson, Etymological 
Dictionary of the Scottish Language, states 
that this was a four-penny piece formerly 
current in Scotland, and that it, may have 
received this name from the use of borax 
as an alloy in its composition. 

Borbi. Kelly (p. 4) states that this was 
an Egyptian copper coin at, the beginning 
of the nineteenth century, and that 320 of 
them were equal to the Piastre. Conf. 
Boui’be. 


[ 29 ] 


Bord 


Boulton’s Twopence 


Bord. A slang name for a Shilling. See 
Hog. 

Bordata. An Italian term applied to 
coins that are not perfectly round. 

Bord Halfpenny. Wharton, Law Lex- 
icon, 1864, states that this is “a customary 
small toll paid to the lord of a town for 
setting up boards, tables, booths, etc., in 
fairs or markets.” 

Borgesi Neri, i.e., black Bourgeois. Ac- 
cording to Promis (ii. 12), this was a var- 
iety of base silver Denier struck in the 
borough of Bressa, and by an ordinance 
of Turin of December 15, 1335, it was 
valued at one eighth of the Grosso. 

Borjookes. The name given by the 
Abyssinians to glass beads of different col- 
ors which were formerly current as money, 
and which were computed at the rate of 
thirty to the Para. See Wakea, and Kharf. 

Borodovaya, or Beard Money. Among 
Peter the Great’s measures to bring Rus- 
sia up to the level of European civiliza- 
tion was his decree that beards should not 
be worn. To encourage shaving he im- 
posed a tax, varying in amount, according 
to the social standing, the mercantile 
class paying the highest tax for the privi- 
lege of retaining their beards. When the 
tax was paid a token was given as a re- 
ceipt. 

Chaudoir cites a piece in silver, dated 
1705, of the size of the twenty Kopeck sil- 
ver coin. Schubert (p. 103) states that 
the specimens in silver are modern, and 
did not exist in the time of Peter I. Of 
those in copper there were two varieties. 
One is like the silver piece and the other 
has the size and weight of a Ruble, and 
is square. They are dated 1699, 1705, and 
1725. 

Boss. The native name for the African 
cowries formerly used as a money of ac- 
count on the Gold Coast. 

Noback (p. 311), gives' the following 
table of equivalents : 

2ii Cowries=l Talm. 

40 Cowries=l Damba. 

1000 Cowries=l Boss Dollar. 

1000 Cowries = 1 Cabes (small). 

2000 Cowries=l Cabes (large). 

When converted into an actual monetary 
unit 1600 Cowries are equal to one six- 
teenth of an ounce of gold dust. 

Bossonaya. A Spanish billon coin 
struck by the Counts of Barcelona during 


the thirteenth century, to distinguish the 
type from the contemporary issues of the 
Kings of Aragon. See Blanchet (i. 312). 
The name is also written Bassanaya and 
Balssonaya, and Du Cange quotes docu- 
ments of 1209 and 1343, the former of 
which states that “fuit aspera moneta de 
Bassanaya quae duravit tres annos.” 

Boston Money. In the Colonial Rec- 
ords of Pennsylvania, 1683 (i. 85), there 
is a passage reading, “their Abuse to ye 
Governnd, in Quining of Spanish Bitts and 
Boston money.” The latter expression 
probably refers to the Pine Tree Coins 
(q.v.) 

Botdrager. The popular name for the 
double Gros which was struck in Brabant 
and Flanders early in the fifteenth cen- 
tury. The name signifies “pot carrier,” 
the allusion being to the helmet on the 
lion’s head which looks like an inverted 
pot or kettle. See van der Chijs (p. 123- 
125). 

The type was copied in the various prov- 
inces of the Low Countries, and the coin 
is also referred to as the Brabandsche 
Leeuw and the Gehelmde Leeuw. See 
Heaume. 

Botinat. A silver coin of Georgia which 
appeared in the reign of Queen Rusudan 
(A.D. 1227-1247), and which received its 
name from the fact that it was a close copy 
of the coins struck by Niceplioras Boto- 
niates of the Byzantine Empire. See Lang- 
lois (p. 73) ; and Fonrobert (No. 4253). 

Boudjou. See Budschu. 

Bouhamstash. A billon coin of Tripoli, 
introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835. 
and of the value of fifteen Paras. 

Boulton’s Twopence. A very large and 
beautiful copper coin, issued in 1797 at the 
Soho mint, Birmingham, which owes its 
existence to Matthew Boulton (b. 1728). 
Its weight was exactly two ounces, and the 
corresponding penny was one oiince ; yet 
this weight rendered them unwieldy and 
they were only issued in the year above 
mentioned. See Montagu, and Spink (ix. 
4519). They were long used as weights by 
shopkeepers, and from their size obtained 
the nickname of “Cartwheels.” 

This is the first and last twopenny piece 
that was ever coined by authority in cop- 
per. 


[30 1 


Bouquet Series 


Bracteates 


Bouquet Series. See Sou Tokens. 

Bourbe, also called Burbe. A copper 
coin of Tunis, introduced at the beginning 
of the eighteenth century, and of the value 
of one twelfth of an Asper. 

Bourbonnais. The name given to a var- 
iety of Denier and Obole struck originally 
by Louis VII of France (1137-1180), 
which have on the reverse a cross and the 
inscription, borbonensis. They should not 
be confused with the issues for Bourges by 
the same ruler, which have on the reverse, 
vrbs bitvrica. See Blanchet (i. 149). 

Bourdelois. See Denier Bourdelois. 

Bourgeois. This term was applied to 
various varieties of the billon Deniers is- 
sued in France and Lorraine during the 
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As 
the name implies, it was used to designate 
coins of the baser sort from those of pure 
metal. 

The Bourgeois Fort, i.e., the heavy Bour- 
geois, bore the inscription, bvrgensis for- 
tis, and the Bourgeois Simple was in- 
scribed bvrgensis nows. See Borgesi Neri. 

Bourse. See Beutel. 

Bousebbatash. A billon coin of Tripoli, 
introduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, 
and of the value of seven and a half Paras. 

Bout de L’Isle Tokens. The name given 
to a series of twelve tokens which were 
struck at Birmingham and imported to 
Canada to be used as tickets or passes over 
three different bridges which were built to 
unite the Island of Montreal with the 
mainland. They are described in detail in 
Breton (p. 43), and see Repentigny (in- 
fra). 

Boutleteen. A billon coin of Tripoli, in- 
troduced by Nedschib Pascha in 1835, and 
of the value of thirty Paras. 

Bowed Money. A term used to indi- 
cate coins which were purposely bent and 
then given as pledges of love or friend- 
ship. Thomas Greene, in The Art of Con- 
ny-Catching, 1592, has as follows: “Taking 
forth a bowed groat and an old penny 
bowed he gave it [sic] her.” 

A passage in the will of Sir Edward 
Howard, 1512, copied in Archaeologia 
(xxxviii. 370), reads, “I bequeathe him 
my rope of bowed nobles. ’ ’ 


Box Thaler. The same as Schraubthaler 
(q.v.). 

Brabandsche Leeuw. See Botdrager. 

Brabandsche Mijt. See Myte. 

Brabandsch Schild. A gold coin intro- 
duced pursuant to the Ordonnantie of May 
10, 1430. It was struck by Philip I, Con- 
stable of France and Duke of Ligny and 
St. Pol. It has on the obverse the full- 
length figure of the Duke holding an ar- 
morial shield. See v.d. Chijs, De Munten 
. . . Braband en Limburg, 1851 (p. 141), 
and conf. Schild, infra. 

Brabant. A base silver coin which cir- 
culated in England toward the close of the 
thirteenth century. For a short time they 
were allowed to pass at the rate of two for 
a penny, but were prohibited in 1310. The 
name was probably given to them from the 
fact that they originated in Flanders, Bra- 
bant, or the Low Countries. 

Ruding (i. 201) states that “these coins 
were distinguished by the names of pol- 
lards, crocards, scaldings, brabants, eagles, 
leonines, sleepings, etc.” Holinshed, in his 
Chronicle, 1577- ’87 (iii. 309), adds that 
“all these were white monies, artificially 
made of siluer, copper, and sulphur.” 

Brabant Thaler. A variety of the Al- 
bertusthaler (q.v.) issued for the Low 
Countries. They have the Burgundy cross, 
in the angles of which are crowns and the 
order of the Golden Fleece. 

Brabeon. A name employed in Switzer- 
land to designate a certain class of medals 
which were distributed as awards for pro- 
ficiency to scholars in colleges, schools, etc. 
The custom appears to have originated at 
Basle in the latter part of the sixteenth 
century. They are also known as Schul- 
pfennige. 

Bracata. A Polish term signifying 
money that lias the stamp of the Braca- 
tori, or mint master. Du Cange (i.) cites 
an ordinance of 1467 reading minuta pe- 
cunia bracata, etc. 

Bracteates. From the Latin bractea, a 
thin piece of metal, is a name Usually given 
to pieces of thin silver, impressed with 
a die, on which the device is cut in relief. 
Consequently the lines and figures de- 
pressed on the one side appear raised on 
the other, and the obverse of the coin pre- 


[ 31 ] 


Bragone 


Brassage 


sents the same features as the surface of 
the die. 

They are supposed to have originated at 
the beginning of the twelfth century in 
Thuringia, and they were copied in other 
German provinces as well as in Switzer- 
land, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and 
Scandinavia. They were in use until the 
latter part of the fourteenth century, at 
which time the many types of Groschen 
gradually supplanted them. 

The majority are of silver, but gold ones 
have been found ; some of them, struck in 
copper and very base silver, probably 
served the same purpose as the tokens of 
succeeding periods. 

The name, Bracteate, however, was not 
applied to these coins until the eighteenth 
century. Their contemporary designa- 
tions were Pfennige, or Denarii, and that 
they took the place of the latter pieces and 
passed as current money is attested by the 
words numus, rnoneta, denarius, etc., which 
are occasionally found in their inscriptions. 
To these varieties the name Schrift Brac- 
teat.en is usually applied. 

Bragone. The popular name in Italy 
for the Hungarian Ducat extensively 
struck during the sixteenth century. The 
word is a corruption of brache, i.e., trou- 
sers, and these coins exhibit the standing 
figure of the ruler, with large, expansive 
breeches. 

Braise, i.e., glowing coals. A slang 
French expression for money, i.e., an allu- 
sion to “coal to keep the pot boiling.” 

Branca Moeda. A term used by Portu- 
guese numismatists, and corresponding to 
the French Blanc or Blanque. 

Brandthaler. The name given to a Po- 
lish Thaler, issued at Thorn, in 1629, to 
commemorate the gallant defence of that 
city against the Swedes under General 
Wrangel. There are a number of minor 
varieties, all exhibiting a view of the city 
in flames, and the inscription fides et con- 
stants PER IGNEM PROBATA. 

Brasangium. See Brassage. 

Brasher Doubloon. A gold coin, struck 
in the city of New York in 1787. It ob- 
tains its name from its originator, Ephraim 
Brasher, a goldsmith, whose place of busi- 
ness was at number one, Cherry Street. 
Brasher made application to the Legisla- 


ture of the State of New York for permis- 
sion to strike copper coins. His petition 
was not granted, and in consequence only 
the gold Doubloons are known. 

Braspenning. A base silver coin of Bra- 
bant, Friesland, and the Low Countries, in 
general use during the fifteenth century 
and later. It appears to have been orig- 
inally of the value of two St.uivers, but 
later was equal to only one St.uiver and 
eight Pfenninge. Some authorities refer 
to it as the Dubbele Jager. See Blanchet 
(i. 462). 

Brass. The terms first, second, and third 
brass (or bronze), applied to Roman coins 
according to their sizes, is convenient but 
unscientific. The first brass, or Great 
Brass, is in reality the Sestertius; the Sec- 
ond Brass, or Middle Brass, is the Dupon- 
dius and As ; and the Third Brass, or 
Small Brass, is the Semis and other small 
coins. 

It should further be remembered that 
the latter class is of copper; the larger 
coins are neither brass nor bronze, but 
composed of orichalcum, a mixture of cop- 
per and zinc. 

Brass. An English colloquial term for 
a copper coin, but chiefly vised for the 
plural. The expression can be traced to 
the fourteenth century. Langland, in Piers 
Ploughman, circa 1362 (iii. 189), has 
“Beere heor bras on thi Bac.” In his 
translation of the New Testament in 1526, 
Tindale renders Matthew (x. 9) thus: 
“Posses not gold, nor silver, nor brasse. ” 

At a later period the word was slang 
or dialect for money in general, as the 
following quotations indicate : 

“Shame that the muses should be bought and sold 
For every peasant’s brass.” 

— Bishop Hall, Satires, 151)7. 
“Thou damned and luxurious mountain goat, 

Offer’st me brass?” 

— Shakespeare, King Henry the Fifth (iv. 4). 
"Who ne’er despises books that bring him brass.” 

Byron, Hints from Horace (548). 

Brassage. A French term used to in- 
dicate the variation between the actual 
value of the metal, and the denomination 
stamped on the coin. This difference in 
former years constituted the payment 
which the official who struck the coins re- 
ceived. See Slegelpenninge. 

Du Cange (i.) states that as early as the 
thirteenth century the name Brasangium 
was given to the official whose duty it was 


[ 32 ] 


Bravuda 


Briquet 


to determine the above-named variations. 
See Seignorage. 

Bravuda. A monetary denomination: 
mentioned in ordinances of the reign of 
Duarte I, King of Portugal (1433-1438), 
and computed at three Dinheiros. 

Bread Tokens. The name given to a 
series of tokens extensively issued in Nu- 
remberg, Paderborn, and other German 
towns during the sixteenth century and 
later, which on presentation could be re- 
deemed for a loaf of bread. They are of 
various shapes and metals, and some , of 
them bear the inscription prot or brod. A 
Brodmarke was struck by the Kornverein 
of Elberfeld in 1817. 

Breeches Money. A nickname given to 
the coins of the English Commonwealth 
(1648-1660) on account of the elongated 
shields on the obverse which bear a fanci- 
ful resemblance to a pair of trousers. 

Breite Groschen, also called Breitgro- 
schen, or Grossi Lati, was a name applied 
in the fourteenth century and later to cer- 
tain types of Bohemian Groschen of large 
module, to distinguish them from smaller 
pieces of the same denomination, Grossi 
Praecisi, which were struck contempora- 
neously. 

It should be remembered, however, that 
the adjective breit is employed in a gen- 
ral way to define the broad type, as distin- 
guished from the dick, or thick specimens. 
This accounts for such names as the Breit- 
pfennig of Augsburg; the Breiter Thaler, 
etc. See Dickthaler. 

Brenrasenthaler. A name given to a Tha- 
ler of Liibeck, struck in 1537, so called be- 
cause a fly (Bremse) appears in the field 
on the obverse. The “Bremse” was the 
coat of arms of Nicholas von Brombsen, 
the Burgomaster. 

Brenagium. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a payment 
in bran, which tenants anciently made to 
feed their lords’ hounds.” 

Brick Tea is a recognized unit of value 
in some parts of Burma and Tibet; the 
different qualities each bear a distinctive 
mark and pass at different prices. 

Clement Williams, in Through Burma to 
Western China, 1864 (p. 34), has a note 
which seems to refer to a currency consist- 
ing of cakes of tea. He says : ‘ ‘ The only 


kinds apparently known in the market at 
Bamo are the flat discs of China tea and 
the balls of Shan tea. The discs weigh 
twenty Tickals each; seven piled together 
make a packet which used to sell at one and 
one-half Tickals and two Ticks” [sic]. 

See also Terrien de la Couperie (xx) and 
the Am. Journal of Numismatics (xli. 79). 

Bridge Money. The name given to a 
variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac- 
count of their bridgelike appearance. 
Ramsden, who describes these pieces in de- 
tail (pp. 29-32), adds, “1 would suggest 
the name of Tingle Dangle as more appro- 
priate, since they will probably result to 
lie miniature token representatives of the 
larger musical instruments which are still 
to be seen in certain parts of China.” The 
Chinese name for Bridge Money is Kiao 
Pi, and for Tingle Dangle money is King 
Shih Pi. 

Brillen Dukat. A gold coin of Denmark 
struck by Christian IV in 1647. The 
reverse exhibits a pair of spectacles 
(“Brille”), with the motto vide mira 
domi. There is a corresponding half. 

Brillenthaler. The name given to a 
variety of Thaler issued by Duke Julius of 
Brunswick-Luneburg at Goslar from 1586 
to 1589. They are i( of the so-called “Wild 
Man” type, and from the arm of this fig- 
ure there hangs a skull, an hour-glass, and 
a pair of spectacles (“Brille”). See Louis 
aux Lunettes. 

Briot’s Crown. The name given to a 
variety of Crown executed about 1633 by 
Nicholas Briot, who had been appointed at 
the Tower mint by Charles I in 1628. This 
piece, though not of very spirited work- 
manship, is neat and well formed, and was 
struck by the independent apparatus which 
Briot owned. There is a half crown of the 
same type. Briot’s coins can be distin- 
guished by the initial B. 

Briquet. A silver coin of the fifteenth 
century issued in Brabant, Burgundy, and 
the Low Countries. It has on the obverse 
the figure of a lion holding a fire-steel in 
his claw. There are corresponding doubles, 
halves, and quarters. 

The word means a steel for striking fire, 
and the chain attached to the Order of the 
Golden Fleece instituted in 1429 by Philip 
the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was decor- 


[ 33 ] 


Britain Crown 


Bruneti 


ated with sparkling precious stones, and 
golden fire-steels. 

The Dutch equivalent is Vuurijzer, and 
by this name these coins are known in Hol- 
land, Gueldres, etc. See Azzalino and 
Fewreysen. 

Britain Crown. An English gold coin, 
struck in the reign of James I pursuant to 
a proclamation of October 20, 1604. Its 
original value was five shillings, which was 
raised to five shillings and sixpence in 
1611. The union of the kingdoms is re- 
ferred to in the legend Henricus rosas reg- 
na Jacobus, i.e., “Henry unites the roses, 
James unites the Kingdoms. ” This coin 
was discontinued in 1661- ’62. See Crown. 

Britannia Groat. A name given to the 
English silver fourpence which was re- 
vived for general circulation in 1836 and 
discontinued in 1856. The following cu- 
rious note concerning these coins appears 
in Hawkins: 

“These pieces are said to have owed 
their existence to the pressing instance of 
Mr. Joseph Hume, from whence they, for 
some time, bore the nickname of Joeys. As 
they were very convenient to pay short 
cab fares, the Hon. Member of Parliament 
was extremely unpopular with the drivers, 
who frequently received only a groat where 
otherwise they would have received a six- 
pence without any demand for change.” 

British Dollar. See Dollar. 

Broad. Another name for the Unite 
( q.v .), a gold coin issued by James I of 
England. 

In the reign of Charles II the term was 
used to distinguish the hammered twenty- 
shilling pieces from the new coins of the 
same value then introduced called Guineas 
(q.v.) . 

The Broads were called in and declared 
to be no longer current in 1732-33, the 
majority of them having become much dim- 
inished in value and size by wear and clip- 
ping. 

Broad Thaler. See Breite Groschen. 

Brockage. A faulty piece in coining; a 
damaged coin. In a report of the mint- 
masters under Elizabeth, temp. 1572, men- 
tion is made of “brocage” in the making of 
six-pences. See Num. Chron. (Ser. iv. Vol. 
16, p. 75). 

Brod. See Bread Tokens. 


Broke Money. A term used to indi- 
cate the cut Bracteates, Deniers, and es- 
pecially Pennies of the Middle Ages. The 
process of quartering or halving appears 
to be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon coinage, 
e.g„ to the Pennies of Althelred II (978- 
1016), on which the shears or chisel is 
guided by the cross on the reverse. 

The practice of cutting coins was sanc- 
tioned by Philip VI of France by an ordi- 
nance of May 29, 1347. See Blanchet, Les 
Monnaies Coupees in the Revue Numis- 
matique (iv. 1). 

In the Bury Wills , 1463 (repr. 1850, 41), 
there is a reference to “broke silvir. ” 

Bronze. An alloy made of ninety-five 
parts of copper, four parts of tin, and one 
part of zinc, which has been found more 
serviceable for coining purposes than pure 
copper. A somewhat similar mixture was 
employed by the Greeks and Romans, but 
among modern nations it was not used un- 
til 1850, when the Swiss Government be- 
gan to issue coins of this metal. France 
adopted it in 1852, Sweden in 1855, En- 
gland in 1860, and Belgium in 1861. See 
Brass. 

Bronzo. The name given to a small cop- 
per coin which appears at Messina, Raven- 
na, etc., before the tenth century. The 
Bronzi are generally of very rude work- 
manship, and a number of types have both 
Latin and Cufic inscriptions. 

Brown. An English slang term for a 
copper coin, especially a halfpenny, in allu- 
sion to its color. 

Brown Money. A dialect word used 
both in Ireland and in Devonshire for 
copper coins. 

Briickenpfennige. See Landsberger Pfen- 
nige. 

Brule. A copper coin struck in the 
Bishopric of Liege from about 1513 to the 
end of the century. It was valued at four 
Stuivers. See de Chestret (passim). 

Brummer. A base silver coin of Poland, 
struck by Sigismund III at the beginning 
of the seventeenth century. It is a variety 
of the Dreipolker (q.v.), and receives its 
name from Bromberg, where it was coined. 

Bruneti, or Bruni. A term used by 
Italian numismatists to indicate coins that 
have become greatly oxidized, and to such 


[ 34 ] 


Brusselaar 


Bullion 


pieces that are subject to oxidation on ac- 
count of the impurity of the metal. 

Brusselaar. A variety of the double 
Briquet issued by Maximilian in 1488 dur- 
ing the minority of Philip the Good. It 
has on the reverse an ornamented cross, 
with the letter B in the centre, from which 
circumstance it is assumed that it was 
struck at Brussels. See Frey (No. 298). 

Bryan Dollars. The name given to a 
series of satirical pieces issued in 1896 and 
1900 during the first and second “free sil- 
ver” campaign of William J. Bryan. They 
occur in silver and other metals and are 
of various shapes, sizes, and designs. 

Brymann. A billon coin of Brabant, 
struck in 1381 and later. The type pre- 
sents two shields placed side by side, with 
small lions over each. For a detailed ac- 
count of these pieces see van der Chijs (p. 
96). Their value is mentioned as being- 
equal to four Grooten of Vilvorde. 

Bu. A small, rectangular Japanese gold 
coin, first issued in 1599. It was the fourth 
part of a Ryo, and bears the inscription, 
Ichi Bu, meaning one Bu. The Bu was 
also divided into four parts, each one being 
called Shu. 

The silver Bu was introduced in 1830, 
and continued in use until the introduction 
of the Meiji currency in 1870. 

Buaya. A copper coin of the Malay 
Peninsula. See Pitje. The word means 
a crocodile, and is probably derived from 
the old tin ingot money cast in this shape 
and minted at Selangor, etc. 

Buck. A slang term used in some parts 
of the United States for a dollar. The word 
is of comparatively recent origin and the 
etymology is unknown. 

Buckscha. See Kabir. 

Budata. A coin of Palermo issued in 
1686 and prohibited and retired from cir- 
culation in 1698. Della Rovere, Memorie 
Storiche . . . sopra le Monete hasse, 1814 
(129), gives an account of this debased 
currency and asserts that it was composed 
of a mixture of copper and chalk or plas- 
ter. 

Budgrook. A coin of Bombay, first is- 
sued under the charter of 1677, granted to 
the East India Company. The name is 
probably a variation or corruption of the 
Portuguese Bazarucco ( q.v .). It was 


struck in copper, tin, and lead, and was 
usually computed at one forty-eighth of a 
Fanam. 

Budschu, or Boudjou. A former silver 
coin of Algiers, introduced at the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century and divided 
into twenty-four Muzunas. 

The multiples and divisions of this coin 
all have their particular names, as follows: 
2 Budschu, called Zudi, or Soudi Budschu ; 
1 Budschu, called Rial Budschu ; ^ Bud- 
schu, called Rebja, or Rebia Budschu; y 8 
Budschu, called Temin Budschu. 

Biiggeli. A Swiss nickname for a coin 
of more or less concave form. “Biickel” 
means a bent back or hunch back. 

Bugne. A base silver coin struck in 
Metz and current in Lorraine during the 
fifteenth century and later. It is men- 
tioned in an ordinance of 1511 as having a 
value of ten Deniers. 

There are both municipal and episcopal 
types, and the usual devices bear a figure 
of St. Stephen, with the inscription s’. 

STEP-H. PROTHO’. 

It is sometimes called Tiereelle. See 
Blanchet (486). 

Bugslaver, probably a corruption of 
Bogislauer. The popular name for the 
small silver coins issued in Pommerania 
under Bogeslaus X (1471-1523) and his 
successors. 

Buhloli, or Bahloli. A coin of mixed 
metal, weighing about 145 grains, intro- 
duced by Balilol Lodi, the Afghan ruler of 
Dehli, A.H. 855-894 (A.D. 1450-1488). It 
was the standard coin for about seventy 
years. See Thomas (No. 311). 

Bull. A slang expression for an English 
Crown piece. J. H. Yaux, in his Flash 
Dictionary , 1812, says: “Bull, a Crown 
or five Shillings.” 

Bullet Money. See Tical. 

Bullion. The original meaning of the 
word appears to have been a mint or assay 
office, but the writers of the sixteenth cen- 
tury sometimes refer to it as a place of 
exchange. 

The Termes de la Ley, 1641 (p. 43), 

states that “Bullion . . . is the place 
where gold is tryed, ” and Blount, in Lis 
Laic Dictionarie, 1679, has: “Bullion . . . 
signifies sometimes the Kings Exchange, or 


C 35] 


Bundesthaler 


Butaca 


place whither such Gold in the lump is 
brought to be tryed or exchanged.” 

The definition in use at the present time, 
i.e., gold or silver in the lump, as distin- 
guished from coin or manufactured arti- 
cles, can be traced to the latter part of the 
sixteenth century. Thomas North, in his 
translation of Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble 
Grecians and Romans, 1580 (p. 865), says: 
“Bringing with him all his plate, both Gold 
and Silver, unto the Mint-master, he gave 
it him to put into bullion, and so to be 
converted into currant [sic] coin.” 

Bundesthaler. The name is usually 
given to any silver coin of Convention 
Money ( q.v .). The Schweizer Bundes- 
thaler is in reality a medal designed by 
Jakob Stampfer (obit. 1579) to commem- 
orate the foundation of Swiss Independ- 
ence. See Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. 

Bung. A slang term used by thieves in 
referring to a purse. See Bit. 

Bungtowns. A name given to clumsy 
imitations of the English half pennies 
which circulated extensively in Pennsyl- 
vania and the other states in the latter part 
of the eighteenth century. 

The name is probably derived from the 
slang term, “to bung,” meaning to cheat 
or deceive. 

There is an extensive list of them in At- 
kins. See also Amer. Journal of Numis- 
matics (xxxiii. 67, xxxvi. 94). 

Bun Sen. A Kwanei sen (q.v.) having 
the character Bun (learning) on the re- 
verse. The coin was made in 1668 from 
the fragments of the Daibutsu, or great 
image of Buddha, at Nara. The last pieces 
to be made from the Daibutsu statue are 
called “Tori Sumi” Sen (gathered end- 
ings), which have this inscription as well 
on the reverse. 

Burbe. See Bourbe. 

Burgales. See Blancos Burgales. 

Burgunderthaler. See Albertusthaler. 

Burigozzo. A heavy silver Testone of 
the value of 32 Soldi, struck by the Em- 
peror Charles V for the Duchy of Milan 
(1535-1556). It has a bust of the Em- 
peror on oue side and a standing figure of 
St. Ambrosius on the reverse. 

Burrie, or Bauri. A money of account 
in the Maidive Islands, and equal to twenty 
Cowries (q.v.). 


Bursarienzeichen. A series of copper 
tokens struck by the bursar of the guild 
or chapter at Munster and Paderborn from 
1543 to 1633. They are of the denomina- 
tions of three Schillinge, 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 
Pfennig, and one Heller. The value is 
on one side and a figure of St. Paul on the 
reverse. Many are countermarked with 
the arms or name of the bursar. 

Busch (plural Buschen). In 1493 Her- 
mann IV, Archbishop of Cologne, the duke 
of Julich and Berg, and the municipal 
authorities of the city of Cologne, held a 
conference to adjust the irregular mone- 
tary system then prevalent, and agreed 
upon the following values : Weisspfennige, 
24 to a Gulden ; Blanken, 12 to a Gulden ; 
Double Buyschen, 18 to a Gulden; Simple 
Buyschen, 36 to a Gulden ; Half Buyschen, 
72 to a Gulden; Old Morchen (Moergyhe), 
8 to a Weisspfennig ; Neu Morchen: 12 to 
a Weisspfennig. 

The above appears to be an early refer- 
ence to a small copper coin which derived 
its name from a bouquet or bunch of flow- 
ers and leaves which appeared on one side. 
These coins were later identified with the 
city of Aachen, or Aix-la-Chapelle. The 
obsidional pieces of six and twelve sols 
issued in 1597 are sometimes called Bu- 
schen, and in the seventeenth and eigh- 
teenth centuries the twelve and four Hel- 
ler pieces had a respective value of three 
and one Buschen. They were struck as 
late as 1790 or 1792 and were abolished by 
the Prussian coinage system of 1821. 

Bussignarfi. According to Caucich, Bol- 
lettino di Numismatica Italiana (iii. 34), 
this was a name used in Ancona to desig- 
nate either the mezzi Ducati, or the mezzi 
Scudi d’oro of twenty Bolognini. 

Bussola, or Bussolotto. A popular name 
for the Grosso issued at Mantua from the 
period of Ludovico III. Gonzaga (1444- 
1478) to Carlo II (1637-1647). The word 
means a pyx, and these coins have on the 
obverse the figure of a pyx, used for hold- 
ing the host. 

Bussolotto Papale. This was another 
name for the Giulio struck in Parma by 
Pope Clement VII, the type being copied 
from the preceding coin. 

Butaca, or Butki. A former gold coin 
of Morocco, the name of which is probably 


[ 36 ] 


Butchers’ Half-pence 


Byzant 


a corruption of the Pataca ( q.v .). Its value 
was two Rials or twenty-seven Ukkias. 

Butchers’ Half-pence. This term is used 
by Dean Swift in his Drapiers ’ Letters, 
1724 (iii), and implies counterfeit or very 
base silver coins. 

Butgen. A silver coin issued at Campen, 
Groningen, Deventer, Zwolle, etc., during 
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It 
appears to have been of the value of two 
Plakken, and is sometimes referred to as 
the half Groot. See Frey (No. 459). 

Butki. See Butaca. 

Buttala. The popular name for a coin 
of Piacenza issued during the seventeenth 


century and originally of a value of ten 
Soldi. Its value, however, fluctuated con- 
siderably, as in a monetary ordinance of 
Sabbioneta of 1648, the Buttala is men- 
tioned as ecpial to 14 Soldi, having been 
changed from 12 Soldi. 

Buzerook. See Bazarucco. 

Buzzard. A slang term formerly ap- 
plied to the silver dollar of the United 
States on account of the bnzzard-like eagle 
on the reverse. 

Byoke. An obsolete form of writing 
Baiocco (q.v.). 

Byte. An old English form of Bit (q.v.). 

Byzant. See Solidus. 


[ 37 ] 


Cabes 


Cambist 


C 


Cabes. An African money of account. 

See Boss. 

Cache. A copper coin issued by France 
from 1720 to 1837 for its possessions in 
Pondichery and Karikal on the Coroman- 
del Coast. Conf. Kas. 

There are a large number of varieties, 
for a detailed account of which, see Zay 
(pp. 273-285). 

Cadiere. A billon coin of France issued 
for Dauphiny by Charles V (1364-1380), 
and retained by his successor Charles VI. 
See Hoffmann (ii. 43). 

Anne, Queen of France and Duchess of 
Bretagne, struck a gold type, the Cadiere 
d’Oro, circa 1498. Conf. Engel and Ser- 
rure (iii. 972). 

Caduceati. See Nnmmi Caduceati. 

Cagliaresco, or Callaresifos. A small 

copper coin of Cagliari which must not be 
confused with the Cagliarese. It was orig- 
inally struck by Charles II (1665-1700), 
of the value of one sixth of the Soldo, or 
one three-hundredth of the Scudo. In 1711 
it was reduced to one half of its original 
weight. 

Cagliarese. A copper coin of Cagliari, 7 
in the island of Sardinia. It was first struck 
by the Kings of Spain as rulers of Sar- 
dinia in the sixteenth century, and the 
coinage extends to the beginning of the 
nineteenth century under the House of 
Savoy. Multiples of three Cagliaresi were 
issued as late as the reign of Victor Eman- 
uel I (1814-1821). It is usually computed 
at two Denari. 

Cagnolo. The popular name for a bil- 
lon coin issued at Mantua by Giovanni 
Francesco, a leader of the people. It had 
oji the obverse the figure of a dog, and on 
the reverse a cross with the inscription : 

PER SIGNUM LIBERA NOS. 

Cagnone, meaning “money of the stran- 
gers,’’ is, according to the Bivista Italiana 
cli N umismatica (ix. 86), a coin mentioned 
in a proclamation issued at Milan in 1520; 
its nominal value was three Soldi. 


Caime. An inconvertible paper cur- 
rency used in Turkey and Cyprus and abol- 
ished in 1879. 

The word Kaim, plural Ka'ime, in Turk- 
ish, means ‘ ‘ upright, ’ ’ and comes to be used 
for a bond, hence for the Treasury note. 

Caixa, or Caxa. A copper coin former- 
ly used in the Malay Peninsula ; the name is 
a Portuguese word derived from the Hindu 
Ivasu, or Kas. The common word cash 
( q.v .) comes from this root. 

A Dutch writer in the latter part of the 
sixteenth century refers to it as being of 
the size of the Duit, but with a hole in the 
centre. He adds that two hundred Caixas 
are equal to one Sata, and five Satas have 
the value of a Carolus Gulden or a Portu- 
guese Cruzado. 

Houtman, in his Journaal (June 11, 
1596), kept in the Straits of Sunda, states 
that one hundred and sixteen Caxas are 
equal to one Spanish Real. Conf. Netscher 
and v.d. Chijs (p. 152). 

Birch, in his Commentaries, Hakluyt 
Soc’y (ii. 128 ff), states that Albuquerque, 
the Governor General, ordered a coinage 
for Malacca in 1510, as follows: Pieces of 
r 2 Caixas (tin) =1 Dinheiro; 10 Dinheiros 
(tin) =1 Soldo; 10 Soldos (tin) = 1 Bas- 
tardo; 5 Bastardos (tin) = 1 Malaque 
(silver), or 1 Catholico (gold). 

Calculus. The Latin name for a 
counter (q.v.). 

Calderilla. A Spanish copper coin 
struck by Philip IV, circa 1636 to 1654. Its 
value fluctuated, for while originally equal 
to eight Maravedis, specimens occur coun- 
terstamped for twelve Maravedis. 

Callaresifos. See Cagliaresco. 

Cambist. A banker. Cambistry. The 
science of exchange. From the Italian 
cambista, from cambio, meaning exchange. 

Ruding (ii. 138) states that “in the year 
1270, the keeper of the cambium was ap- 
pointed to assay the coins throughout the 
whole Kingdom.” 


[ 38 ] 


Camera 


Carapace Money 


Camera. An Italian term, meaning 
money of exchequer, and usually found in 
conjunction with the name of a coin, e.g., 
Fiorini di Camera, Ducati di Camera, etc. 

Camillino. A silver coin of Correggio 
which bears on the obverse a bust of Camil- 
lo of Austria, Count of Correggio (1597- 
1606). Its value was two Soldi. 

Cammacks. Ruding (ii. 102) states 
that at the close of the eighteenth century 
“the copper coinage of Ireland was in an 
infinitely better state compared with the 
silver coinage of England. The greater 
part of it, however, was not mint coin, but 
what was called Cammac’s, being half 
pence made by a person of that name, a 
proprietor of copper mines, with a device 
upon it, not the King’s face.” 

Campulus. A coin mentioned in con- 
junction with the rentals of the Roman 
Catholic Church. Du Cange (ii. 67) thinks 
that it probably signifies the revenue at- 
tached to a small field. 

Canaries. Francis Grose, in his Diction- 
ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, states 
that this is a slang name for Guineas ; the 
reference is of course to the yellow color. 

Candareen. The name given by for- 
eigners in the Far East to the Chinese Fen 
or Fun, the one hundredth part of the 
Liang, or Tael (q.v.), and the tenth part of 
the Mace ( q.v .). Pieces are struck in the 
following denominations: 7.2 Candareens, 
equal to one tenth of a Dollar, and 3.6 
Candareens, equal to one twentieth of a 
Dollar; also known as five cents. As a 
money of account it is worth about 1.4 
cents. See Ch’ien and Fen. 

Candle Thaler. A popular name for the 
Licht Thaler (q.v.). 

Canella, or On?a. A denomination is- 
sued in 1843 and 1845 under Maria II of 
Portugal for Mozambique. It consisted of 
an oblong bar of silver, bearing on one side 
an M,and on the reverse on<ja — 6 crs (Cru- 
zados). The piece is also known as Pataca 
(q.v.). See Teixeira cle Aragao (xiv. 4), 
and Fernandes (p. 333). 

Canopy Type. A designation employed 
to classify English silver coins. Thus on 
some of the pennies of William I the term 
is used where a full-face bust under a 
canopy occurs. 


Canteim. A copper coin of Bulgaria. 
See Stotinka. 

Capellone. From the Italian word ca- 
pello, meaning “hair.” The name given to 
a silver coin of Modena struck by Frances- 
co III d’Este (1737-1780), and distin- 
guished by the long hair on the portrait. 
Its value was one third of the Lira. 

Capones. Du Cange cites a document of 
the year 1250 reading sex denarios pro quo- 
libet foco . . . qui capones B. Marine nun- 
cupantur, etc., and assumes that this was 
a tribute to the church. 

Capuciae. A name given to a variety of 
Follari struck at Ragusa at the end of the 
thirteenth century. The diadem and toga 
on the figure on the obverse gave it the ap- 
pearance of being covered with a cap, 
hence the popular designation. A statute 
of the year 1294 mentions, follari, qui 
dicuntur capuciae. 

Caput Aspergellis. See Skins of Ani- 
mals. 

Carambole. A name given to the silver 
Ecu of eighty Sols issued by Louis XIV in 
1686 for Flanders. The reverse has a 
crowned shield with the quartered arms of 
France and Burgundy. There were also 
struck divisions consisting of halves, quar- 
ters, eighths, and sixteenths. 

Carantano, also variously written Car- 
ano, and Charantano, and possibly a cor- 
ruption of Carinthia. The general name 
in Italy for the Grosso Tirolino. It is thus 
referred to as early as 1509 in some cor- 
respondence between the Emperor Maxi- 
milian and Giacomo IV, Appiani, Signor 
of Piombino. During the sixteenth cen- 
tury and later the name was common in 
Venice and other parts of Northern Italy 
to indicate the Kreuzer, and it was es- 
pecially used for the Austrian Kreuzer 
struck by Francis Joseph I for Milan, etc. 
Multiples of five and ten Carantini of this 
issue exist in silver. Conf. Quarantano, 
inf ra. 

Cara o Sella. A Spanish term meaning 
“face or seal” and corresponding to the 
English “Heads or Tails” (q.v.). 

Carapace Money. A name given to a 
variety of Chinese money, or tokens, issued 
in the time of the Emperor Wu Ti of the 
Han Dynasty (B.C. 140-86). It is de- 
scribed in the Ch’ien Pu T’ung Chih, a 


[ 39 ] 


Carasco Dollar 


Carolus 


rare native work. The obverse, or upper 
side, resembles the back of a tortoise, with 
scales, while the lower side is hollow, trav- 
ersed by two “roads.” The name is due, 
probably, to the shape and design of the 
objects themselves, rather than to the an- 
cient custom of using tortoise-shell in bar- 
ter. 

For detailed information concerning 
types and designs, see Ramsden, in Am. 
Journal of Numismatics (xlv. p. 70). 

Carasco Dollar. The name given to one 
of the coins issued by the Constitutional 
Provisional Government of Mexico. They 
were struck by orders of General Carasco, 
at Culiacan, the capital of Sinaloa, in No- 
vember, 1913. 

Carat. Kelly (p. 49) mentions this as a 
small Arabian coin and equal to one eigh- 
tieth of a Piastre. He may have it con- 
fused with Kabir (q.v.). 

Caratto. Another name for the Pic- 
ciolo (q.v.), but specially applied to the 
coinage of Scio. The Caratto, in copper, 
was issued here during the reign of Lor- 
enzo Giustiniani Banca (1483). 

Carci. The plural of Carzia (q.v.). 

Cardecu. See Quart d’Ecu. 

Card Money. The name given to a 
variety of promissory notes written on the 
backs of playing cards, which were issued 
by Intendant de Meules, in 1685, in Can- 
ada, for the payments in arrears to sol- 
diers. The issue continued for over thirty 
years. See Breton (p. 11, et seq.) . 

Carival. A former silver coin of Bom- 
bay, the fifth part of a Rupee, and equal to 
twelve Paisa. See Noback (p. 64). 

Carl d’or. A gold coin of Brunswick 
which takes its name from Charles Wil- 
liam Ferdinand (1780-1806). It was 
usually computed the same as the Pistole, 
i.e., at five Thaler in gold. The name was 
retained, after the death of Duke Charles, 
until the end of 1834, when a new mone- 
tary system went into effect. The name is 
sometimes written Karl d’or. 

Carle. A French nickname for the Car- 
olus (q.v.). 

Carlin. A silver coin of France struck 
for Dauphiny by Charles Y (1364-1380). 
See Hoffmann (12). 

[ 


Carlino. A gold coin of Sardinia issued 
by Carlo Emanuele III (1730-1773), and 
of the value of about thirty-five Lira in the 
present monetary system. 

His successor, Vittorio Amedeo III 
(1773-1796), struck the Carlino Nuovo in 
1790. This was a much larger coin, equal 
to about one hundred and twenty Lira. 

Carlino. A silver coin, the twelfth part 
of the Ducato (q.v.), issued by Charles II 
of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285- 
1309). It was also called Gigliato (q.v.), 
and the type was copied in the Florentine 
series. By an ordinance of April 20, 1818, 
the Carlino was made the tenth of the Du- 
cato and equal to one hundred Grani for 
Naples, or two hundred Baiocci for Sicily. 

The Carlino of Bologna appeared under 
Clement VII (1523-1534), and was issued 
almost uninterruptedly until the middle of 
the seventeenth century. 

In Malta the Carlino was struck in sil- 
ver of the value of half a Tarin as early as 
the middle of the sixteenth century ; its 
value, however, was reduced, and under 
Raimondo Despuig (1736-1741) copper 
Carlini were issued. 

Carlino Papale. A silver coin of Rome 
of the Grosso type. It was first struck by 
Urban V in 1367, and was issued by Boni- 
face IX to commemorate his jubilee in 
1400. Karlini Papali are referred to in a 
Milanese ordinance of 1474, and again in 
a tariff of Bologna of 1588. This coin was 
gradually reduced in weight, and eventual- 
ly the Grosso took its place. 

Carolin, plural Caroliner. A gold coin 
of Sweden of the value of ten Francs. The 
name is probably taken from Charles John 
XIV (Bernadotte). It was last struck in 
1868 by Charles XV. 

The same designation is also applied to 
a silver coin of Sweden issued by Charles 
XI and Charles XII. See Karolin. 

Carolingian Money. A general term for 
the coins struck during the Carolingian 
period in France, i.e., from Pepin (752- 
768) to Hugh Capet (obit. 987). The 
name is derived from Charlemagne, who 
introduced monetary reforms. See Engel 
and Serrure (passim), and Blanche! (i. 
141). 

Carolus. A base silver or billon coin 
struck by, and named after Charles VIII 

] 


Carolus 


Cash 


of France (1483-1498). It probably re- 
ceived its name from the large letter K. on 
the obverse. It had a value of ten De- 
niers Tournois, and, besides the regular 
type, there were special issues for Bre- 
tagne and Dauphiny. See Hoffman (pas- 
sim ) . A proclamation of Henry VIII, 
dated November 5, 1522, fixed its value at 
four-pence sterling. See Ruding (i. 305). 

Carolus, or Carolus Gulden. A silver 
Gulden issued by Charles V for the Nether- 
lands. There is an extensive series of them 
for Besancon. They begin about 1540, and 
the name appears to have been retained 
until the end of the sixteenth century, 
even after the death of the Emperor. 

Carolus Dollar. The common name for 
the Spanish- American silver Dollar or 
piece of eight Reales when used for trade 
in the far East. The term is confined to 
the issues of Charles III (1759-1789) and 
Charles IV (1789-1808). 

Caron. A name given to the billon 
Marque in the Reunion Islands. 

Caroub. See Kharub. 

# 

Carrarino. A silver coin of Padua, 
struck by Jacopino da Carrara (1350- 
1355) and his successor Francesco I da 
Carrara (1355-1388). The name is de- 
rived from the prominent figure of a car- 
ra, or cart, on the obverse, which may pos- 
sibly be the origin of the name of the 
governing family. 

Carrettini. A general name for the 
money issued by the Marchesi del Carett.o, 
Signors of Cortemiglia. In the Rivista 
Italiana di Numismatica (xiii. 79), a chron- 
icle of Piacenza of the year 1255 is cited 
which reads : eodem anno de mense de- 
cern hi- is mercatores fecerunt fieri monetam 
novam apud marchiones de Carretto quam 
appellabant carrettini. 

Cartwheel. A nickname given to the sil- 
ver Dollar of the United States, probably 
on account of its size compared to all of 
the other coins. The term is applied to 
any large coin that is unwieldy. See Boul- 
ton’s Twopence. 

Carucage. A tax of one penny formerly 
imposed in England on every plough. See 
Eleemosyna Aratri. 


Carzia. The Italian equivalent of Kreu- 
zer ( q.v .). It is applied to copper coins 
issired by the Prioli Family for Nicosia in 
the sixteenth century, etc. 

Carzia. The popular name to indicate 
the fractional part of the money of Cy- 
prus, and usually applied to the Danaro. 
The term was copied by the Venetians in 
the sixteenth century. 

Case. A slang expression for a dollar. 
The etymology is uncertain, but it may be 
a corruption of the French caisse, i.e., 
money. 

Cash, in commerce, signifies ready 
money, or actual coin paid on the instant, 
and in this sense it has been in use since 
the latter part of the sixteenth century. 
The etymology appears to be from the 
French word caisse, a coffer or chest in 
which money was kept. 

Two early instances of the use of the 
term are to be found in Saffron Walden, 
by Thomas Nashe, 1596 (106), to wit, “He 
put his hand in his pocket but . . . not 
to pluck out anie cash ; ’ ’ and in Shake- 
speare ’s King Henry V (ii. 1, 120). 

Cash. The name given by foreigners to 
the Chinese copper coin with a square hole 
in the centre. The term is probably derived 
through the Portuguese word Caixa, from 
the Telugu and Karanese word Kasu (q.v.), 
and the Tamil Kas, which, in turn, prob- 
ably comes from the Sanskrit Karsha, or 
Karshapana. The Chinese call this coin 
by various names, Ch’ien (q.v.) being the 
most common. The more modern Chinese 
term is Wen (q.v.), which is the word ex- 
pressed in Chinese characters on many of 
the modern copper coins that bear as well 
the English word Cash. The Chinese Li, 
the thousandth part of a Tael, is the equi- 
valent of the word Cash. 

The coin known as Cash has been for 
about two thousand years of an almost uni- 
form design, circular in shape, and with a 
square hole in the centre, the object of the 
latter feature being for the purpose of 
stringing (a string of Cash being known as 
a Kuan, Ch’iian or Tiao, q.v.). 

These coins are cast and sometimes are 
of fine brass, while others are a mixture 
of copper, spelter, and iron. 

The inscriptions on these coins since 
A.D. 621 are mostly uniform. The char- 


[41 ] 


Cash 


Cattle 


acters to the right and left can be trans- 
lated ‘ ‘ current coin ” or “ currency, ’ ’ while 
those at the top and bottom are the names 
of the emperors, or more properly the 
name under which their reign is known. 
For the most part the value has been one 
li or one thousandth, though multiples of 
two and five have been made from early 
times. During the nineteenth century, fol- 
lowing the Tai Ping rebellion tokens up 
to 1000 cash in denomination were issued. 

In 1895 some improvement was made 
in the coinage, the pieces being made of 
uniform size and struck instead of cast. 

About the year 1900, when silver was 
no longer circulated in China by weight, 
but by value, copper was struck of one 
general design for the different provinces 
into which the country is divided. The 
new denomination consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 
and 20 cash. The 10 cash in Kwang Tung 
Province bore the inscription one cent, 
probably due to the influence of the Hong 
Kong coinage. These new coins had a 
dragon on one side, and the central hole 
was no longer retained except for the 
Kwang Tung issues. Conf, also Ramsden, 
in Spink (xxiii. 163-169), and see Kas. 

Cash. The English word for the Hindu 
Kas or Kasu ( q.v .). The word cash is 
used on the copper coins of Mysore about 
1830 under Krishna Raja Udaiyar (1799- 
1868). The inscriptions read xl cash, 

XXV CASH, XX CASH, X CASH, V CASH. The 

rare 2 y 2 , 6 14, and 12i/ 2 cash pieces have 
the value in Kanarese numerals. 

Certain of the modern copper coins of 
Travancore have their values expressed in 
cash as well as a number of the copper 
coins of the British East India Co. In 
Sumatra it was a money of account and 
worth about three cents. 

Casqueie. See Timbre de Valencia. 

Cassa Thaler. A silver coin of the 
Duchy of Berg struck by Joachim Murat 
in 1807. It is frequently referred to as 
the Kassenthaler, but the reverse has the 
inscription 1 . bergischer. cassa. thaler. 

Cassiusgroschen. The name given to a 
silver Groschen of Bonn which has on the 
reverse a view of the church of St. Cas- 
sius, the patron saint of the city. They 
were issued under Archbishop Henry II, 
Earl of Virneburg (1304-1332). 


Castellano. The name applied in gen- 
eral to any gold coin bearing the armorial 
shield of Castile, but specially to such as 
were one-fiftieth of the gold marc in 
weight. Under Pedro I, King of Castile 
(1350-1368), the Castellano was computed 
at thirty Maravedis. 

Castoriati. See Denarius. 

Castorland Token. A silver pattern 
struck in Paris in 1796 by Duvivier, for 
a French settlement in the northern part 
of the State of New York. It has on the 
reverse the figure of Ceres and a beaver 
in the exergue, with the motto salve magna 
parens frugum. 

For a detailed description of the token 
and the Colony see IJickcox, Historical 
Account of American Coinage, 1858 (p. 
85), and Amer. Journal of Numismatics 
(iv. 34). 

Castroni. A general term for the Grossi 
struck in the Duchy of Castro by Pier 
Luigi Farnese (1545-1547). These usually 
have the inscription vrb. castricvs. 

Castruccino. A silver coin of Lucca 
which receives its name from Castruccio 
Castrucci (1316-1328). It has a crowned 
bust portrait figure holding a sceptre, and 
on the reverse the inscription imperialis, 
with lvca in the exergue. Its value was 
equal to the mezzo Grosso. 

Cataa Hamsie. A gold coin of the mod- 
ern Egyptian series of the value of five 
Piastres. It was introduced A.H. 1255 or 
A.D. 1839. 

Catanesi. Forgeries of ancient Greek 
coins are said to be known by this term 
in Sicily. The name owes its origin to 
the activities in this line of the notorious 
brothers Bianchi of Catania. 

Catechismusthaler, or Glaubensthaler. 
A medallic silver Thaler issued by Ernst, 
Duke of Sachsen Gotha in 1668. It has 
the articles of belief from the catechism 
on both obverse and reverse. See Madai 
(1512). 

Catedra. The Spanish equivalent of the 
Chaise d’Or and valued at 33 Marabo- 
tini. Old French documents mention the 
Cathedra in alluding to the same coin. 

Catholico. A gold coin introduced by 
Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- 
acca in 1510. See Caixa. 

Cattle used for payments. See Pecunia, 
Nowt Geld, and Animals. 


[ 42 ] 


Catty 


Cent 


Catty, or Chin. The Chinese pound, 
composed of sixteen Taels or Liangs, and 
weighing approximately one and one third 
of our pounds. 

Catty, or Chang. A Siamese weight of 
2.675 lbs., avoirdupois. Treasury pieces 
of a spherical form have been made in 
silver of the value of 1, %, % anc ^ 

1 / 16 Cattys, or in Ticals 80, 40, 20, 10, 
and 5. 

Catty. See Bahar. 

Catnrvimgatimana. See Krishnala. 

Cauci. A term employed by Italian 
numismatic writers to indicate coins of 
concave shape. 

Cavalier. A name given to coins bear- 
ing on the obverse the figure of a knight 
on horseback. The term is generally ap- 
plied to the French and Flemish series, 
the provinces of the Low Countries re- 
taining the name Rijder ( q.v .). Conse- 
quently the Cavalier d’Or is the same as 
the Gouden Rijder, and the Cavalier d’ 
Argent is the Rijderdaelder. A silver 
Gros an Cavalier was struck by John II, 
Count of Hainaut (1280-1304). 

Cavalitti. A nickname used in Bologna 
for the Grossi of Ferrara which bore the 
figure of St. George on horseback. 

Cavalla. According to the Corpus Num- 
morum Italicorum (xxiv. 9), this was 
a billon coin of Antonio I, Prince of Mon- 
aco (1701-1731) of the value of four 
Danari. 

Cavallina. A necessity coin issued for 
Candia under Venetian rule in 1571 and 
1573 to supply the lack of Danari. Speci- 
mens occur in both copper and base sil- 
ver. It receives its name from Marino 
Cavalli, the governor. 

Cavallo. A copper coin issued by Fer- 
dinand I of Aragon while ruler of Naples 
and Sicily (1458-1494), which obtains its 
name from the figure of a horse on the re- 
verse. This device was abandoned in the 
sixteenth century, but the coin neverthe- 
less retained its name. 

An idea of the small value of the coin 
can be readily obtained when we consider 
that 1200 went to the Ducato (q.v.) and 
that it was the twelfth part of a Grano, as 
the issues under Ferdinand IV dated 1786 
to 1797 state. 


The coin was consequently largely struck 
in multiples, and pieces of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 
9 Cavalli are common. 

Cavallotto. A silver coin which, like 
the Cavallo, derives its name from the 
figure of the horse on the reverse. 

It was struck for Asti by Louis XII of 
France early in the sixteenth century ; at 
Carmagnola under Michele Antonio (1504- 
1528) ; at Correggio by Camillo and Fab- 
rizio (1580-1597) ; at Sabbioneta by Ves- 
pasiano Gonzaga (1559-1591) ; etc. 

Caveer. See Kabir. 

Caveria. Du Cange (ii) cites an ordi- 
nance of Sancho VII, King of Navarre 
(1194-1234), in which viginti caverias are 
referred to. 

Cawne, or Kahan. A money of ac- 
count in the Maidive Islands and equal to 
1280 Cowries (q.v.). 

Caxa. See Caixa. 

Cecchine. A corruption of Zecchino 
(q.v.) and conf. Checquin and Chickino, 
infra. 

Ben Jonson, in his play Volpone, 1605 
(i. 3), uses the phrase “When euery word 
. . . is a cecchine.” 

Ceiniog. An old Welsh word meaning 
a penny. See Cianog. 

Ceitil, also called Real Preto, the earliest 
copper coin of Portugal, of the value of 
one-sixth of the Real, first issued by Al- 
fonso III (1248-1279). It has usually a 
castle with three towers occupying a large 
part of the field, and was extensively 
struck at Lisbon, Porto, and Ceuta. The 
latter town in Northern Africa is sup- 
posed to have supplied the name of the 
coin. 

Celia. See Aquilino. 

Cenoglego. A name given to a variety 
of the silver Soldo issued in Venice under 
Francesco Dandolo (1326-1339), and his 
successors Bartolomeo Gradenigo and An- 
drea Dandolo. The name is derived from 
the kneeling figure of the Doge on the 
obverse. 

Cent. The name of a copper coin of the 
United States of North America, and equal 
to the one-hundredth part of the Dollar. 

The word was first used on the so-called 
Washington Cent of 1783, but the reg- 
ular coinage of the Cent and half Cent was 
not authorized until 1792. 


[ 43 ] 


Centavo 


Chahar Goshah 


For an early use of the word in the 
history of the United States coinage see 
Am. Journal of Numismatics (xv. 77). 

The Cents are classified according to 
their devices, e.g., Fillet head, Turban 
head, Indian head, etc. They were first 
struck in 1793 and every year thereafter 
with the exception of 1815. In 1857 the 
size was reduced. 

The half Cent was abolished in 1857 ; 
the two-Cent pieces were issued from 1864 
to 1873 ; the nickel three-Cent pieces were 
issued from 1865 to 1889 ; the silver three- 
Cent pieces from 1851 to 1873 ; and the 
nickel five-cent pieces were authorized in 
1866 and are still in use. For four years, 
1875 to 1878, silver twenty-Cent pieces 
were coined. 

The Cent as an equivalent of the one- 
liundredth part of the Dollar is also used 
in British North America, British Guiana, 
British Honduras, the Danish West Indies, 
Hawaii, Fiji, Liberia, Cuba, Guam, the 
Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, North Bor- 
neo, Hong Kong, China, the Chinese 
Treaty Ports, Labuan, Sierra Leone, Sar- 
awak, and the Straits Settlements. 

In Ceylon, Mauritius and Seychelles it 
is the one-hundredth part of a Rupee ; and 
in the Netherlands and the Dutch Col- 
onies the one-hundredth part of the Florin 
or Gulden. 

Centavo. A copper coin of Mexico, 
Central America, and many countries in 
South America. It is almost uniformly 
the one-hundredth part of a Peso. 

Centenariae, or Centenariae Formae 

were large gold medallions equal to one 
hundred Aurei, said by Lampridius, Sev. 
Alex. (39) to have been struck by the Em- 
peror Elagabalus. 

Centenionalis, Centenionalis Communis, 
or Nummus Centenionalis. A coin first 
mentioned in an edict of Constantius II 
and Julian of the year 356 A.D. It was 
of bronze, slightly washed with silver, and 
weighed between 3.55 and 2.60 grammes. 
It was first introduced by Constantine the 
Great and continued to be issued in great 
numbers until after Areadius. It was the 
hundredth part of the silver Siliqua. See 
Babelon, Trail*' (i. 612-614). 

Centesimo. A copper coin of various 
countries, which, as its name indicates, is 


the one-hundredth part of some larger and 
frequently standard coin. Thus, in Italy, 
Lombardy, Venice, and San Marino, 100 
Centesimi equal one Lira ; in Uruguay 100 
Centesimi equal one Peso ; etc. 

Centime. A copper coin ; the one-hun- 
dredth part of a Franc. It bears this re- 
lationship in France and the French Col- 
onies, Monaco, Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxem- 
burg, Switzerland, etc. 

In Haiti the Centime is the one hun- 
dredth part of the Gourde. 

The multiples of the Centime exist in 
both copper and nickel. 

Centimo. The Spanish equivalent of 
the Centime and Centesimo. In Spain it 
is the one hundredth of the Peseta, and 
before 1871 it was the one hundredth of 
the Escudo. It is used in the same rela- 
tion to a larger coin in Morocco, Vene- 
zuela, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Re- 
public. 

Centupondium. See Talent. 

Centussis. A multiple of one hundred 
Asses after the first reduction, and used 
as a money of account. 

Cepayqua. See Leal. 

Cercle. A French nickname for any 
piece of money in allusion to its shape. 

Cervette, or Cervettoni. According to 
the Bivista Italiana di Numismatica (xxii. 
39), this was a coin issued in Casale dur- 
ing the war of 1628. It received its name 
from the figiire of a stag on the obverse. 

Cervia. A silver coin of Massa di Lu- 
nigiana, a fief of the Malaspino Family. 
It appears to have been originally issued 
under Alberico I Cibo (1559-1623), with 
a figure of St. Peter on the reverse, and 
a stag on the obverse. The latter gave 
rise to the nickname Lupetta for the coin, 
as the stag was supposed to bear a re- 
semblance to a wolf. 

The Cervia was also a coin of Casale 
Monferrato struck by William II Pale- 
ologo (1494-1518) ; it bore the figure of a 
stag in an enclosure. Promis (i. 185) cites 
a proclamation of Charles III, Duke of 
Savoy, dated 1529 which prohibits monete 
et dinari di Monferrato nomati cervoni. 

Chahar Goshah, meaning a square piece, 
is the name given to a gold coin of Akbar, 
Emperor of Hindustan, and valued at 
thirty Rupees. See Sihansah. 


[ 44 ] 


Chaine Money 


Chazza 


Chain Cent. The popular name for the 
earliest type of copper cents issued by the 
Government of the United States in 1793. 
There are several varieties, one of which 
reads ameri. 

Chaine Money. See Chany. 

Chaise, or Chaise d’Or. A French gold 
coin struck originally by Philip IV (1285- 
1314) and copied by Edward III in the 
Anglo-Gallic series. It received this name 
because the rider is seated on a Gothic 
throne or chair of state. 

A similar coin was issued in Germany 
by Ludwig IV (1314-1347) and the type 
was copied in the Low Countries under the 
name of Clinckaert ( q.v .). 

Chakram, or Chuckram. A silver coin 
of the Hindu State of Travancore issued 
in the eighteenth century and later. There 
are multiples and divisions, and report 
says that Chakrams of gold had once been 
coined, but this, though probable, lacks 
confirmation. 

The Chakram is equal to sixteen copper 
Kas, and is the fourth part of the Fanam. 
Conf. Elliot (passim). 

Chalcidian League. See League Coin- 
age. 

Chalcus, or Chalkos. The earliest Greek 
copper coin and the eighth part of the 
Obol (q.v.). The etymology is probably 
from XaXxoq, i.e., ore, or from Chalcis, the 
city that commanded the market for cop- 
per. 

It is supposed to have been first struck 
in the time of the Peloponnesian War, and 
was largely used by the successors of Alex- 
ander the Great. 

The multiples of the Chalcus were the 
Dekachalk (= 10 units), Octoclialk (= 8 
units), Pentachalk ( = 5 units), Tetra- 
chalk (= 4 units), Trichalk (= 3 units), 
Dichalk (= 2 units). It was subdivided 
into the Hemichalk (= y 2 unit). 

Chalk. See Chalcus. 

Challaine. See Chazza. 

Challies and half Challies are copper 
coins issued by the Dutch Government for 
Ceylon. They are the same as the Duit 
(q.v.). 

Chalmers’ Tokens. The name given to 
a series of three silver pieces issued in 
1783 by I. Chalmers, a goldsmith of An- 


napolis, Maryland. They consist of the 
Shilling, six-pence and three-pence denomi- 
nations. For details, etc., see Crosby. 

Chalongia, or Chaloigne. Du Cange 
cites this as an example of how the word 
Schilling is corrupted in mediaeval docu- 
ments. The word occurs ' in ordinances of 
Peter, Bishop of Laon, of 1377 and 1386. 

Chamsi. The name given to the one 
eighth Piastre in the Egyptian series. It 
is a base silver coin of the value of five 
Paras. 

Chang. The Siamese name for Catty 
(q.v.). 

Ch’an Pi, or Ch’an Pu. See Pu. 

Chany, or Chaine Money. A dialect 
corruption of China money and applied to 
the porcelain tokens issued by the Pinxton 
China Works in East Derbyshire, England. 

These pieces are oval in shape, flat on one 
side and convex on the other. The convex 
side bears the value in large figures. 

Ch’ ao. One of the Chinese names for 
their paper money. 

Chaouri. See Abbasi. 

Charantano. See Carantano. 

Charms, i.e., metallic tokens with pic- 
tures in lieu of inscriptions, were used in 
Japan and Korea for money at times. See 
E Sen. 

Charn. A silver coin of India and 
equivalent to the quarter Rupee. See 
Sihansah. 

Charon’s Obol. See Naulum. 

Charta Magna Thaler. Another name 
for the Convention Thaler struck in 1818 
by Maximilian Joseph T, King of Bavaria. 
It lias on the reverse a figure of a tablet 
bearing the inscription charta magna 

BAVARIAE. 

Chasperli. See Kasperle. 

Chaubinbank. See Chulon. 

Chavo. The native name in Porto Rico 
for the Spanish copper pieces in use on 
this island. 

Chazza. A tin coin of Malacca and 
probably a later name for the Bastardo 
(q.v.). William Barret in his Travels 
(circa 1550), says: 

“For the mony of Malacca the least 
mony current is of tinne stamped with 
the Armes of Portugall and 12 of these 


[ 45 ] 


Checquin 


Ch’ien 


make a Chazza. The Chazza is also of 
tinne with the said Armes and two of 
these make a Challaine. The Challaine is 
of tinne with the said Armes and forty 
of these make a Tanga of Goa good mony 
but not made in Malacca.” 

Checquin, Chekin, and Chequin are all 

corruptions of Sequin, the latter being a 
colloquial form of the Zecchino (q.v.). In 
Hakluyt’s Voyages, 1599 (ii. i. 152), he 
says, ‘‘Euery man a chekin, which is seuen 
shillings and two pence sterling.” Brome, 
Novella, 1632 (i. 2), uses the term ‘‘Here’s 
a thousand checquines. ’ ’ 

Massinger, in A Very Woman, 1655 (iii. 
1 ) , uses the form ‘ ‘ chekeen ’ ’ ; and Wheler, 
in his Journey to Greece, 1682 (vi. 413), 
has “chequin.” Conf. Chickino, infra. 

A table adopted in the Province of Mary- 
land in 1763, as a standard for payments, 
mentions the Arabian Chequin as equal to 
108 pounds of tobacco. By an act of 1781, 
after Maryland became a State, fixed val- 
uations were put on foreign coins, and 
among others Arabian Chequins are quoted 
as equal to thirteen shillings and sixpence. 
See Gubber. 

Chelin. A corruption of Shilling, and 
applied in lower Canada first to the silver 
twenty cent piece issued in 1858, and later 
to the twenty-five cent piece which ap- 
peared in 1870. 

Chelonai, or “Tortoises.” The Greek 
popular name for the money of Aegina 
bearing the tortoise type. 

Chequin. See Checquin. 

Cherafin. A silver coin of Goa. See 
Xeraphin. 

Cherassi. The name of a modern Per- 
sian gold coin struck at coronations and 
of varying value. See Kelly (p. 358). 

Chesle-money. An English dialect 
word used in Gloucestershire by the coun- 
try people to designate the Roman coins 
which are frequently found in ploughing, 
etc. 

Chhi-Ke. A Tibetan coin of the value 
of three Annas. See Tang-Ka. 

Chia Ch’ien. See Yu Chia Ch’ien. 

Chianflune. See Cianfrone. 

Chiao. The modern Chinese name for 
the 10 cent coin. In some provinces the 


5, 10, 20 and 50 cent pieces are expressed 
by V 21 2 and 5 Chiao instead of by Mace 

and Candareens. See Hao. 

Chiappe di Forte. Promis (ii. 12) cites 
this as a money current in Turin in 1335 
of which 28 were equal to a Grosso. 

Chiavarino. A copper coin of Frinco 
issued by the Counts Ercole and Claudio 
Mazzetti (1581-1601). The word Chiavajo 
in Italian means the Keeper of the Keys, 
and the coin receives its name from the 
Papal type of the keys and tiara which 
appear on this issue. 

Chickino, and Chickquin, are corrup- 
tions of Zecchino (q.v.). Caesar Fred- 
erici in Hakluyt’s Voyages, 1583 (ii. 342) 
mentions “Chickinos which be pieces of 
gold woortli seuen shillings a piece ster- 
ling.” W. Parry, Travels of Sir A. Sher- 
ley, 1601 (30) uses the expression “Feed- 
ing her with two chickins. ” Chapman, in 
May Day, 1611, has “Half a chickeene to 
cuts throat,’ and Greaves in Seraglio , 
1653 (9), says, “Six hundred thousand 
chicquins yearly.” 

In the first quarto edition of Shakes- 
peare’s Pericles, 1609 (iv. 2), we find men- 
tion of “three or four thousand checkins,” 
but in the later quartos, and in the third 
and fourth folios (1664, 1685), the same 
word is written “chickins” and “chick- 
eens, ” thus indicating that there was no 
fixed rule for the spelling. 

Ch’ien, also written Tsien or Tsen. The 
common Chinese term for money which lias 
been thus used from very early times. It 
probably superseded the word Ch’uan 
(q.v.). Specifically it applied to the round 
copper coins, they being the only coins 
made, and is synonomous to our word 
cash (q.v.). It originally meant the Hoe 
coins as the word was used for a hoe. The 
word has been until recent times written 
Tsien. It is also a weight and is then 
known as a Mace (q.v.) by foreigners, it be- 
ing the one tenth part of the Liang or Tael. 
Certain coins of the Ilsien Feng period had 
the weight thus expressed on them, as well 
as the first struck Kwang-tung cash, which 
bore “Treasury weight, one Ch’ien.” The 
words Ch ’ien Pi are also used as a general 
term for copper money. See also Wen and 
Li. 


[ 46 ] 


Chienes 


Chon 


In Japan the word is Sen ( q.v .) ; in 
Korea, Chun or Chon (q.v.) ; in Siam 
Salung (q.v.). 

Chienes, or Kiennes. A term found in 
an ordinance of 1380 which reads minuta 
moneta chiamata chiens che ad essi costo 
la sornnia di 15 franchi; and a document 
of Liege of 1382 reads certaine monnaie 
que on appeloit Kiennes. Du Cange as- 
sumes that, in all probability these are the 
popular names of some coins with a figure 
of a dog upon them. 

Ch’ien Fan. The Chinese name for the 
coin moulds in which their coins from the 
earliest times to about 1890 were cast. 

Ch’ien Pi. See Ch’ien. 

Chih Pi. The Chinese word now com- 
monly used for paper money. 

Chih-tsi. See Kiao-tze. 

Chih-tsien. The Chinese word meaning 
standard coinage. 

Chikino, like Chickino, supra, was a cor- 
ruption of Zecchino (q.v.). T. Sanders, 
in An Unfortunate Voyage to Tripoli, 
1589, says “lend him 100 chikinos.” 

Chimfram. The name given to the half 
Real Portuguez issued under Alfonso V 
(1438-1481). These coins were struck at 
Lisbon and Porto. The word signifies 
clipped and was applied to these pieces 
on account of their inferior weight. 

Chimney Money, also called Hearth 
Money, was a crown duty for every fire- 
place in a house, established 14 Charles II 
(c. 2). It was productive of great dis- 
content and was abolished by 1 William 
and Mary (Stat. 1. c. 10). 

Pepys, in his Diary, under October 15, 
1666, writes, “One moved that the chimney- 
money might be taken from the King.” 

Chin, or Kin. The Chinese word for 
Catty (q.v.) or pound. The word is found 
on certain Ku Pu coins (q.v.) as a weight 
value. Another Chinese character with 
the same sound means gold or precious, 
and is sometimes used for money. The 
word Chin Pi is now commonly used for 
gold money. See Kin for a specific piece. 

China Money. See Chany. 

Chinker. A colloquial name for any- 
thing that chinks, as a coin or a piece of 
money. 


Sir Henry Taylor, in Philip Van Arte- 
velde, 1834 (ii. 185), has this passage: 
“Are men like us to be entrapped and 
sold, and see no money? ... So let us 
see your chinkers. ” 

Chin Tao. See Knife Money. 

Chiqua. According to Du Cange this 
was a small coin issued by the Bishop of 
Grenoble in 1343. 

Chiquiney. A corruption of Zecchino 
(q.v.) and conf. Chickino and Checquin, 
supra. 

Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (191), 
refers to “chests . . . full of chiquineys.” 

Chise. A Turkish money of account. 
See Beutel. 

Chitopense. Ruding (i. 197) states that 
in 1289 or 1290 the Mayor of Bordeaux 
‘ ‘ made proclamation that until the feast of 
Saint Martin, the Chitopenses should still 
be current at the rate of five Chitopenses 
for four new Pennies, or the same number 
of petit Tournois. ” 

In 1312 eight Chipotenses were reck- 
oned to be equal to one Sterling. 

Cho Gin, meaning “long silver,” is a 
name given to oval lumps of silver, more 
or less diluted with copper, issued in Japan 
as early as 1601. They have no right to 
be called circulating coin. 

Munro states (p. 202) that “the weight 
was supposed to be 43 monnne, but owing 
to uncouth form and rough casting, these 
pieces frequently fell short of this amount. 
To correct the deficiency, pieces of silver 
of various weights were added. These have 
been described in some works as Bean 
money, but this is quite incorrect, the ex- 
pression Marne Gin, or Bean Silver, hav- 
ing reference to their usually round or 
bean like form. They all represent Dai- 
koku Ten, the god of wealth, and have 
the year period impressed in the centre 
of each figure.” 

Chon, or Chun, generally referred to 
colloquially as Yopchon, is a Korean word, 
and a general term for any copper coin, 
circular in form, and having a square hole 
in the centre. The Chinese word is Ch’ien. 

The Tang-bak-chon was a copper coin of 
Korea issued in the third year of the Em- 
peror Tai, i.e., A.D. 1866, for the purpose 
of making up the deficit in the funds for 
building the Kyong-pok palace. It bore 


[ 47 ] 


Chonen Taiho 


Chugul 


characters meaning “worth a hundred,” 
but having no such real value its use had 
to be forced upon the people, causing great 
distress. 

The Tang-au-chon was a copper coin 
issued in the twentieth year of the same 
Emperor, i.e., A.D. 1883. It had charac- 
ters meaning “worth five” on the reverse 
and was put into circulation at the value 
of five of the older coins, but having no 
such real value and being similar in size 
with the larger varieties of the older coins, 
it was often used indiscriminately with the 
latter. For the silver pieces with enamel 
centres see Daidong Chun. 

The modern copper Korean Chon is the 
equivalent and almost the counterpart of 
the Japanese Sen. In 1894 nickel two 
Chon five Fun pieces were issued in great 
quantities, and in 1897 silver ten and 
twenty Chons, nickel five Chon, and copper 
one and half Chons were issued. 

Chonen Taiho. See Jiu ni Zene. 

Chopped Dollars. The popular desig- 
nation for the Mexican silver Dollars 
stamped by one or more business firms in 
Chinese and Indo-Chinese ports as a token 
of their genuineness. 

A decision of the United States Treas- 
ury Department dated April 18, 1905 (No. 
26*281) reads as follows: 

“On and after May 1, 1905, the silver 
dollar of Mexico will be valued at $0,498, 
as proclaimed on April 1, 1905 (Treasury 
Decision 26223). The duties on mer- 

chandise imported from countries other 
than Mexico, invoiced in so-called Mexican 
dollars, will be computed on the bullion 
value as heretofore.” 

In Treasury Decision 26560, which gives 
the value of foreign coins after July 1, 
1905, the Mexican chopped dollar is cited 
for the first time, its value being given 
as $0,458. y ! 

The word “chop” in China, India, etc., 
means an official impression of a seal or 
stamp. 

Ovington, in A Voyage to Suratt, 1696 
(251), says: “Upon their Chops, as they 
call them in India, or Seals engraven, are 
only Characters, generally those of their 
Name.” 

Simmonds, in his Dictionary of Trade, 
1859, has: “Chhap, an official mark on 
weights and measures to indicate their ac- 

[ 


curacy ; an eastern Custom-house stamp or 
seal on goods that have been examined and 
have paid duty.” 

Cho-tang. See Tang-Ka.' 

Christfest Thaler. See Weihnachts Tha- 
ler. 

Christian d’Or. A gold coin of Den- 
mark struck since 1775 by Christian VII, 
from whom it receives its name. 

Christkindl Dukat. The popular name 
for any of the numerous varieties of gold 
Ducats bearing the figure of the infant 
Savior. 

Christus Gulden. The popular name for 
a gold florin of Utrecht, struck by David 
de Bourgogne (1456-1496). It has on the 
obverse a figure of the Savior seated on a 
throne. See v.d. Chijs (xvii. 7). 

Chrysos. A Greek word meaning gold ; 
the Staters were consequently known as 
Chrysoi Stateroi. 

Chu. Also variously written Schu and 
Tchu. A Chinese weight, equivalent to 
about a drachm, and occasionally found 
stamped on some of the earlier coins. The 
name may be derived from Tsu, the most 
southerly State of China in the last cen- 
turies before the Christian era. 

The Chu and its multiples became the 
standard coins of the Chinese Empire dur- 
ing many of the later dynasties. See Wu 
Tchu. 

Ch ’uan. A Chinese word meaning funds 
held in reserve, also a spring. The word is 
also used for money. The word Ch’uan 
was eventually supplanted by Ch’ien 
(q.v.). The character for Ch’uan is found 
on the coins of Wang Mang (A.D. 7-14). 
We find the following combinations: 
Ch’uan Fa=coinage, Ch’uan Pi=metal 
money, Ch’uan Pu, or Pu Ch’uan=cur- 
rency. 

Ch’ uan. The Chinese word for a string 
of Cash. This word has somewhat taken 
the place of Kuan, or Kwan. Another 
word is Tiao. 

Chuc. Annamese money of account. 
See Quan. 

Chuckram. See Chakram. 

Chugul. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- 
peror of Hindustan, valued at 27 Rupees. 
See Siliansah. 

= 8 ] 


Chulon 


Civil War Tokens 


Chulon, or Chaubinbank. The name 
given to certain silver ingots shaped some- 
thing like a mower’s whetstone, between 
four and five inches long. These pieces 
are characterized by rows of protuber- 
ances on one of the surfaces, and are used 
in Annam and the Lao States. See Scliroe- 
der (p. 637). 

Chun. See Chon. 

Chun Dam. The half of the Dam in the 
currency of Nepal. See Suka. 

Chung Pao. The Chinese name for 
heavy coin, and it is thus written, instead 
of T ’ung Pao, on many of the larger of the 
old type Cash. 

Chun Pei, meaning ‘ ‘ arrow money, ’ ’ was 
a variety of coin struck in Korea in the 
ninth year of King Sei-cho, i.e., A.D. 1464. 
One piece of Chun Pei was fixed by law to 
be worth three pieces of the paper money, 
and the coins were used as arrows in times 
of emergency. See Arrow Head Money. 

Church Tokens. A series of brass or 
copper counters issued by churches in Sax- 
ony and other parts of Germany in the 
seventeenth century. They were common- 
ly known as Kirchenpfennige, and were 
sold to the worshippers, who deposited 
them in the offertory, etc. See, also, Com- 
munion Tokens. 

Cianfrone, or Chianflune. A name given 
to a variety of the silver Scudo issued by 
Charles V, and also during the siege of 
Naples in 1528. This coin is mentioned in 
a monetary edict of October 8, 1533. 

Under Philip III of Naples (1598-1621), 
the same name was applied to the silver 
half Ducato, which had a value of five Car- 
1 ini, and which was later known as Pataca 
( q-v .). 

Cianog, Cianoige, or Cionog. Macbain, 
Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic 
Language, 1896. defines this as a small 
coin. Conf. Welsh, Ceiniog, a Penny. In 
Cork, Galway, Donegal, etc,, it is used to 
designate a half Farthing. 

Cicada Money. The name given to a 
variety of Chinese metallic currency on ac- 
count of its resemblance to the harvest fly. 
Ramsden, who describes them in detail 
(pp. 33-34), quotes a Chinese manual 
where they are mentioned as money to be 
fastened to wearing apparel. 


Cinco. A name given to the French 
piece of five Francs in the Dominican Re- 
public. 

Cincuentin. See Cinquantina. 

Cingus. Another name for the Quin- 
cunx ( q.v .). 

Cinquantina, also called Cincuentin. 
The largest of all the Spanish silver coins 
of a value of fifty Reales. It was issued 
by Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II. 
Some of the varieties struck at Segovia 
have a view of the aqueduct of that town. 

Cinquina. A silver coin struck under 
Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples 
and Sicily (1458-1494). Its value appears 
to have been originally five Grani but the 
later issues being of copper were only 
equal to two and a half Grani. See Du- 
cato. 

In the Maltese series this coin appears 
at the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
tury in copper and was struck as late as 
the reign of Emanuel de Rohan (1775- 
1797). 

Cinquinho. A small silver coin of Por- 
tugal, first issued under Manuel (1495- 
1521), with a value of five Reis. It was 
continued under the reign of John III 
(1521-1557) and then abolished. 

Cionog. See Cianog. 

Cisele. An expression used by French 
numismatists to indicate that a coin or 
medal has been re-engraved or tooled to 
bring out certain portions in relief. 

Cistophorus. A silver coin principally 
minted in the Kingdom of Pergamos dur- 
ing the second and first centuries B.C. and 
which was valued at three Roman Denarii. 
It receives its name from the representa- 
tion on the obverse of the cista, or mystic 
chest of Bacchus, from which serpents are 
escaping. 

The place of mintage of the Cistophori 
is often indicated by the first letters of 
the name of the city, the types of which 
appear as subordinate symbols in the field 
of the coin. 

Citharephori. At first a popular term 
which later became an official name for 
the silver Hemidrachms of the Lycian 
League which bore the reverse type of a 
lyre (KtOapa, hence KtOapv^opoc). 

Civil War Tokens. See Copperheads. 


[ 49 ] 


Clean Dollars 


Cob Money 


Clean Dollars. A term used to desig- 
nate the unchopped Chinese Dollars ; they 
usually command a premium of one per 
cent or more over the chopped varieties. 
See Chalmers (p. 378). 

Clementi. A general term for the 
Grossi issued by Pope Clement VII (1523- 
1534) ; a practise instituted by Julius II 
with the Giulio. An earlier silver coin, 
the Grosso Clementino, or Clementino, was 
struck by Pope Clement V (1304-1314). 

Clernmergulden. A name given to the 
gold florin of Gueldres and Juliers struck 
by Charles of Egmond (1492-1538). It 
has a figure of St. John the Baptist, and 
the inscription : karol . d-v-x . gelr . ivl ’. 

Cliche. A term used in French numis- 
matic works to indicate an electrotype 
copy of an original coin or medal, and 
usually the sides are given separately to 
show the obverse and reverse. The ety- 
mology is probably from the old French 
cliquer, to fix. 

Clinckaert, or Klinkhaert. A gold coin 
of Flanders and the Low Countries, issued 
in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 
It resembles the Anglo-Gallic Chaise ( q.v .) 
and the name is probably derived from 
“Klinken, ” i.e., to ring. 

There are divisions of one half and one 
third. 

Clipped. A name given to such coins 
as have their edges trimmed. This prac- 
tice was pursued by dishonest persons for 
the sake of retaining some of the metal. 
The abuse is referred to by W. Wood, in 
his Survey of Trade, 1719 (346). 

John Foxe, in his Acts and Monuments 
of the Church, 1596 (311), has: “About 
which time also . . . Iewes for monie clip- 
ping were put to execution. ’ ’ 

Clou. Zay (p. 361) states that this name 
was given to the cut segment representing 
one eighth of the Mexican Dollar, when 
used in Cochin China, prior to 1879, in 
which year the regular French coins were 
issued. 

Clover Cent. The popular name for a 
variety of the 1793 cent of the United 
States, which has under the bust of Liberty 
a sprig of leaves resembling those of a 
clover plant. 

Cnapcock, or Knapkoeken. The name 
given to the half gold florin struck at 


Nimegue, Groningen, etc., at the beginning 
of the sixteenth century. The obverse 
bears a figure of St. Stephen or St. Martin. 

The German equivalent is Knackkuchen, 
and all of these terms mean a brittle cake 
or as we would call it, a cracker. The 
nickname was bestowed on the coin from 
the reverse design which resembled a cake 
in common use. 

Coal Money. The name given to cir- 
cular pieces of jet or carved coal, which 
appear to be waste in Roman times from the 
lathes of turners, after working off rings, 
etc. They are found at Kimmeridge in 
Dorsetshire, England, but it is questiona- 
ble whether they were ever used as money. 
See Spink (xiii. 154), and Ruding (i. 4). 

Coban. See Koban. 

Cob Money. A term applied to the 
early Mexican and South American money, 
both in gold and silver, from the method 
of striking the coins with a hammer. They 
are known in Mexico by the name of 
Mdquina de papalote y cruz, i.e., wind- 
mill and cross money, the cross being of 
an unusual form, and not unlike the fan 
of a windmill. In the Numismatic Manual 
of Eekfeldt and Dubois, we are informed 
that : ‘ ‘ these were of the lawful standards, 
or nearly so, but scarcely deserved the 
name of coin, being rather lumps of bul- 
lion flattened and impressed by a hammer; 
the edge presenting every variety of form 
except that of a circle, and affording ample 
scope for the practice of clipping. Not- 
withstanding, they are generally found, 
even to this day, within a few grains of 
lawful weight. Some are dated as late as 
1770. They are distinguished by a large 
cross, of which the four arms are equal 
in length, and loaded at the ends ; the 
date generally omits the thousandth place, 
so that 736 is to be read 1736. The letters 
plvsvltra are crowded in, without atten- 
tion to order.” 

Cob Money. A name given in the 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in 
Ireland, and subsequently in some British 
colonies and possessions to the Spanish 
Dollar or “Piece of Eight.” 

Petty, in his Political Anatomy of Ire- 
land, 1672 (350), refers to “Spanish 

pieces of eight, called cobs in Ireland,” 
and Dinely in his Journal of a Tour in 
Ireland, 1681, in the Transactions of the 


[ 50 ] 


Cochrane Placks 


Comet Cent 


Kilkenny Archaeological Society (ii. II 
55 ) , says, ‘ ‘ The most usual money . . . 
is Spanish Coyne knowne here by the name 
of a cob, an half cob, and a quarter cob.” 

The word means something rounded, or 
forming a roundish lump. 

Cochrane Placks. In the reign of Ed- 
ward III of Scotland permission was given 
to Cochrane, Earl of Mar, to coin base 
money, which were called “Cochrane 
placks,” and this was a chief charge 
against him, and for which he was hanged 
over Lauder Bridge in 1482. The Placks 
were called in by proclamation after his 
death. 

This coinage was probably the billon 
placks and black half pennies (afterwards 
reduced to farthings). They are said to 
have been made of copper, and the placks 
to have been current for three pennies. 

Colnische Mark. See Mark. 

Coin. Usually a piece of metal which 
bears an impression conferring upon it a 
legal character by public or private agree- 
ment. 

Coined money probably originated in 
Lydia in the eighth century before the 
Christian era. Herodotus states that the 
Lydians were the first people to strike 
coins of gold and silver; this probably re- 
fers to the reform of the coinage by Croe- 
sus B.C. 561-546. Prior to that period 
electrum was probably used altogether. 

The use of the word in English litera- 
ture can be traced to the fourteenth cen- 
tury, and Chaucer in the Clerk’s Tale 
(1. 1112) writes, “though the coyn be 
fair at eye.” 

Collot. A nickname given to a counter- 
stamped sou of Guadeloupe. In October, 

1766, Louis XV signed an edict ordering 
the minting of copper pieces of the value 
of one sou for the use of the American 
Colonies. These pieces were struck in 

1767, and probably did not reach Guade- 
loupe until the following year, but they 
were not put in circulation. 

In 1793 George Henri Victor Collot 
was the governor of the island and on 
October 2 he issued an order for the release 
of these pieces, the latter to be counter- 
stamped R.F. before being put in circula- 
tion. These coins brought into the treas- 
ury an amount of 50,000 livres, and re- 


lieved the scarcity of the Sou Marques and 
the small silver. They were popularly 
known as Collots, after the Governor. 

Collybos. A small bronze coin. A name 
given at Athens to the Lepton (q.v.). 

ILesy chius also mentions the Dicollybos 
and the Tricolly bos. 

Colombiano. A variety of the Peso is- 
sued at Santa Fe de Bogota from 1834 to 
about 1850. Its value was eight Reales. 
See Fonrobert, (8077, 8078, 8090). 

Colombina. A base silver coin of Reg- 
gio, issued by Hercules II (1534-1559). It 
has on the reverse a figure of Saint Daria, 
the martyr. 

Colon. The unit of the gold standard 
of Costa Rica, named after Columbus, and 
divided into one hundred Centimos. The 
Colon was not coined, but multiplies of 
two, five, ten, and twenty Colones have been 
struck since 1899. 

Colomato. A name given to a variety 
of the Spanish Peso which exhibits two 
crowned pillars rising from the sea. These 
are the so-called Pillars of Hercules, as- 
sumed by the ancients to be the limits of 
habitation. The Emperor Charles V 
(Charles I of Spain) added the motto Plus 
Ultra on these coins to indicate that his 
dominion was beyond the territory recog- 
nized by the ancients. 

Colts. (nfiXot.) The popular name 
among the ancients for the silver coins of 
Corinth which bear the figure of the 
winged horse Pegasus on the reverse. See 
Pollux (ix. 76). 

Columbia Farthing. The name given 
to a copper token with the figure of a 
head and the word Columbia. Their exact 
origin is unknown but they were probably 
manufactured in England at the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century and in- 
tended for export. 

Columbian Half Dollar. The name 
given to a silver coin of the United States 
struck iii 1892 and 1893 to commemorate 
the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America. 

A corresponding quarter Dollar is pop- 
ularly known as the Isabella Quarter 
(q.v.). 

Comet Cent. The popular name for 
one of the varieties of the United States 
cents of 1807, which has behind the head 


[ 51 ] 


Comet Dollar 


Constantinati 


of Liberty a peculiar die-break resembling 
a comet in appearance. 

Comet Dollar. See Kometenthaler. 

Commassee. See Kommassi. 

Commissarie. See Prestation Money. 

Communion Tokens. A series of tokens 
said to have originated in Switzerland, 
where it is claimed John Calvin introduced 
them about the year 1561 to exercise con- 
trol over such as presented themselves for 
Communion services. They were known 
as Abendmahl Pfennige. 

The Liturgy drawn up for the Church 
of Scotland, circa 1635, has the following 
rubric prefixed to the Order for the ad- 
ministration of the Holy Communion: “So 
many as intend to be partakers of the 
Holy Communion shall receive these tokens 
from the minister the night before.” 

Spalding, Bannantyne Club Publica- 
tions (i. 77), states that they were used 
at the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, to wit : 
“Within the said Church, the Assembly 
thereafter sitts down ; the church door was 
straitly guarded by the toun, none had 
entrance but he who had ane token of lead, 
declaring he was ane covenanter.” 

The first church or sacramental token 
employed in America of which we have 
any authentic account, was used in the 
Welsh Run Church in Pennsylvania, which 
was founded in 1741, and the token is 
dated 1748. This church was generally 
known as the Lower West Conecheague 
Church, and the token bears the two let- 
ters C.C. 

For Canada over two hundred varieties 
of the communion tokens are known, and 
a list of them has been compiled by R. W. 
McLachlan of Montreal. 

Communis. See Centenionalis and Fol- 
lis. 

Compagnon. A name given to a vari- 
ety of the Gros Blanc issued by John II 
of France (1350-1364). See Hoffmann 
(xx. 41, 42). 

Conant. A nickname given to the silver 
Peso of the Philippine Islands introduced 
in 1903 on the recommendation of Charles 
A. Conant. 

Concave Coins. A name given to such 
pieces as present the appearance of a shal- 
low bowl, due to a convex die having been' 


used for the obverse, and a concave one 
for the reverse. 

These nummi scyphati , as they were 
called, made their appearance as early as 
the second century B.C. among the Ger- 
manic tribes inhabiting what is now Bava- 
ria and Bohemia. Later, this type of coin 
was extensively employed by the Byzan- 
tine Emperors of the eleventh and twelfth 
centuries. 

Conceigao, or Conception. A gold coin 
of Portugal of the value of 4800 Reis is- 
sued by John IV in 1648 in honor of the 
Madonna de Conception, the protectress 
of the King. It has on the obverse a cross 
and a scriptural inscription on the reverse. 

Conder Tokens. See Tokens. 

Condor. A gold coin of Chile and of 
Ecuador which receives its name from the 
figure of the condor on the obverse. In 
Ecuador its value is ten Sucres and in 
Chile twenty Pesos. 

Condor Doblado. A gold coin of the 
value of twenty Pesos struck at Santa Fe 
de Bogota for the Confederacion Grana- 
dina. See Fonrobert (8160). 

Confederate Half Dollar. The popular 
name for a silver coin of the size of the 
regular issues of the United States Half 
Dollars, but which was struck by the Con- 
federate States of America in the New 
Orleans Mint in 1861. 

It is claimed that but four originals are 
in existence. 

Confederatio. The name given to a 
copper coin issued in 1785 with this in- 
scription. It is muled with a number of 
other dies. For details, see Crosby. 

Confession Thaler. See Beichtthaler. 

Connecticut Cents. The name given to 
a State coinage struck in copper from 1785 
to 1788 inclusive. For varieties, etc., see 
Crosby. 

Consecration Coins. A name given to 
such Roman coins as were struck to com- 
memorate the apotheosis of a ruler, — a 
ceremony which celebrated his passage to 
the Divinities, and which was ordered 
either by the Senate or the successors of 
the deceased individual. 

Constantinati. Byzantine Solidi, struck 
by various emperors of the name of Con- 
stantine, were known by this term. 


[ 52 ] 


Constantin d’Or 


Copoludi 


Constantin d’Or, or Konstantin d’Or. 

The name given to the Pistole or double 
Ducat issued by Ludwig Constantin von 
Rohan-Montbazon, Bishop of Strasburg 
(1756-1779). 

Consular Coins. Roman coins struck 
under the government of the Consuls from 
circa B.C. 335-27. They are also known 
as Family Coins. 

Continental Currency. The name given 
to the paper money issued by the Congress 
of the United Colonies in North America. 
They were first made May 10, 1775, and 
continued in use until prohibited by the 
Constitution of the United States as that 
instrument was finally ratified and adopted 
in 1789. 

The Colonies from 1775 to 1779 issued 
large numbers of bills of various denomi- 
nations from one sixth of a Dollar to eighty 
Dollars ; twenty different values with 
eleven distinct dates. 

Continental Dollar. See Fugio Cent. 

Conto. A copper denomination of Bra- 
zil, introduced by Calmon Dupin, the 
Minister of Finance, in 1828 and 1829. 
These coins were put out at a fictitious 
value to defray the cost of a war with 
Buenos Aires, and were withdrawn in 
1836. See Noback (p. 1020). 

Contorniates. A name given to certain 
Roman tokens or small medallions which 
can always be readily distinguished by a 
groove encircling the entire planchet. 
They were first issued about the time of 
Constantine the Great and were continued 
until the close of the fifth century. 

Their use lias not been definitely deter- 
mined. It is supposed that they were em- 
ployed at the public games in the allot- 
ment of prizes, or that they were used as 
counters in games of chance. See Numis- 
matic Chronicle, 1906 (p. 232). 

Contorno. An Italian word signifying 
the edge around the rim of a coin. 

Contragardator. From the French con- 
tregarder, to keep, was a former comp- 
troller whose duty it was to keep accounts 
of the mints. Raiding (ii. 252) cites the 
use of the term as early as 1354. 

Contribution Coins. The name applied 
to any series of coins which were issued 
as necessity money to pay an indemnity 
levied. They were frequently struck from 


the private silver of the residents and 
from metallic ornaments, regalia, chalices, 
etc., belonging to the churches. See Obsi- 
dional Coins. 

Convention Money. A form of cur- 
rency which was accepted by mutual agree- 
ment at a fixed standard within certain 
boundaries. In ancient times uniform 
types are found on the coins of the Ach- 
aean League, originally formed in the 
fourth century B.C. by some cities on the 
Corinthian Gulf. All these issues have AX 
or AXAKIN, the mark of the League, and 
over forty cities joined it before it was 
dissolved. The example was copied by the 
Aetolian, Boeotion, Ionian, and other 
Leagues. 

The Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz, 
and the Palatinate made an agreement in 
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries by 
which their gold florins were struck of a 
uniform weight and value. Other import- 
ant monetary conferences were those of 
various cities in the Low Countries in the 
fifteenth century; the coinage of the Prot- 
estant Rulers during the Thirty Years’ 
War; the Convention of 1753, legalizing 
the Species Thaler; the one of 1865, called 
the Latin Union, in which the Franc, Lira 
(and later the Drachma and Peseta) were 
put on the same basis ; and lastly the Scan- 
dinavian Conference of 1872 between 
Sweden and Denmark, to which Norway 
became a party in 1877. 

The Tallero di Convenzione, struck for 
Venice under Francesco I (1814-1834) and 
later, had a value of three Lira. The term 
Vereins Thaler is frequently found on the 
coins of Leopold Friedrich of Anhalt- 
Dessau (1817-1871), and Alexander Carl 
of Anhalt-Bernburg (1834-1863). See 
Verfassungsthaler. 

Cooter. See Couter. 

Copeck. See Kopeck. 

Copetum, or Coppes. Both of these 
words are used in mediaeval ordinances of 
Holland and Flanders to designate coins 
with a head on the obverse and correspond- 
ing to the Kopfstiick ( q.v .). 

Copkimus. A mediaeval silver coin 
which is referred to in the Opstal homicis 
Friscis (cap. 21). 

Copoludi, or Coppoluti. A name given 
to such of the Piccoli and the Bagattini 


[ 53 ] 


Copper 


Corona 


of the Doge Christopher Moro of Venice 
(1462-1471), as were of concave shape. 
Conf. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia 
(i. 285). 

Copper in a pure state has been practi- 
cally abandoned for coining purposes, it 
having been ascertained that bronze was 
more suitable. It is now used only for 
coins of minor denominations, but there 
was a period when it was made the stand- 
ard of value. See Aes. 

Copper, i.e., “a copper” (and the plural 
coppers), is used colloquially in England 
to denote any small copper coin and in the 
United States it means a cent. Shakes- 
peare in Love’s Labour’s Lost (iv. 3. 386) 
says, “our copper buys no better treas- 
ure,” and Steele, in The Spectator (No. 
509), states that “the beadle might seize 
their copper.” 

Copperheads. A name commonly ap- 
plied to the tokens issued during the Civil 
War in the United States (1862-1865). 
In the latter part of the year 1862 the 
first of these copper tokens were issued 
in Cincinnati, Ohio, and other western 
cities. Many of them have on the obverse 
the Indian head copied from the United 
States cent, and this feature probably gave 
them their name. Some of the later issues 
however, were struck in brass, white-metal 
and silver. There are at least five thou- 
sand varieties, and they continued in circu- 
lation until the end of the year 1863, when 
their use was prohibited. 

Copper Noses. A nickname given to 
the English silver of the fourth and fifth 
coinages of Henry VIII. They were great- 
ly debased, and having the full face of 
the king, they soon began to wear and 
show the inferior metal at the end of the 
nose, the most prominent part. 

Coppes. See Copetum. 

Coppoluti. See Copoludi. 

Coquibus. A billon coin struck by Guy 
II, Bishop of Cambrai (1296-1306), and 
copied by William I of Hainaut (1304- 
1337). It has on the obverse the rude 
figure of an eagle which was mistaken by 
the common people for a cock, and the 
nickname was consequently applied to the 
coin. See Blanchet (i. 19. 461). 


Coral. Marco Polo in his Travels (ii. 
37), states that this material was used for 
money in Thibet. 

Cordoba. A silver coin of Nicaragua, 
introduced in 1912 and of the size and 
value of the United States Dollar. It is 
divided into one hundred Centavos. On 
October 31, 1915, the Cordoba was made 
the only legal tender of the Republic. 

Cornabo. A silver coin of the value of 
half a Testone, issued during the fifteenth 
and sixteenth centuries in Northern Italy. 
It occurs in the coinages of Carmagnola, 
Mantua, Montanaro, Casale, etc. The dis- 
tinguishing feature of almost every variety 
of the Cornabo is the figure of Saint Con- 
stantins on horseback. 

Cornado. Originally a Spanish silver 
coin issued under Alfonso X of Castile 
(1252-1284), and struck principally at To- 
ledo. It bears a crowned bust of the king, 
and on the reverse a gateway of three 
towers. In the fourteenth century it began 
to appear made of billon and of much in- 
ferior workmanship, and it seems to have 
been discontinued early in the sixteenth 
century. 

Comet. A general name for money 
coined by the Princes of Orange in whose 
armorial bearings a hunter’s horn appears. 
See Blanchet (i. 353). 

Comone. In an ordinance of 1522 re- 
lating to the value of various coins issued 
in Pavia, old and new Cornoni of the 
mints of Casale, Messerano, and Dezana 
are referred to, of a value of nine Soldi. 

Cornuto. A silver coin of Savoy of the 
value of five Grossi, issued by Charles II 
(1504-1553). It has on the obverse the 
armorial shield with a large helmet, and 
on the reverse an equestrian figure of St. 
Mauritius. 

Coroa, or Crown. A gold coin of Por- 
tugal of the value of five thousand Reis. 
It was first issued in 1835. There is a 
half and fifth. 

Coroa de Prata. A silver coin of Por- 
tugal of the type of the preceding and of 
a value of one thousand Reis. It was is- 
sued in 1837 and designed by W. Wyon. 
There is a corresponding half. 

Corona. A silver coin of Naples, issued 
under Robert of Anjou (1309-1343) for 
the provinces, and continued by some of 


[ 54 ] 


Coronat 


Counterfeit 


his successors. It appears to have been 
the predecessor of the Coronato (q.v.) and 
obtains its name from the large crown on 
the obverse. 

The word Corona and the plural Cor- 
onae is used on the Austrian silver and 
gold issues, especially the latter. The 
term was introduced about 1892. See 
Krone and Korona. 

Coronat. See Royal Coronat. 

Coronation Coins are such as are 
struck specially when the coronation of a 
ruler takes place and usually contain 
some allusion to the ceremony. They occur 
extensively in the German series and are 
known as Kronungs Miinzen. 

Coronato. A silver coin issued by 
Ferdinand 1 of Aragon, as King of Naples 
and Sicily (1458-1494), and copied by his 
successor, Alfonso II. It receives its name 
from the inscription : coronatvs qvia 

legitime certavit, on the obverse, which 
surrounds the seated figure of the king, 
the latter being crowned by a cardinal, 
with a bishop standing on the other side. 
On the reverse is a large cross. 

The Coronato del Angelo, of the same 
ruler, bears a representation of the arch- 
angel Michael slaying a dragon. 

Coronilla. The word means a small 
crown and the designation was applied in 
a general way to the Spanish gold coins 
of the value of half an Escudo which bore 
a crown on the reverse. 

Cosel Gulden, or Kosel Gulden. The 
name given to a silver coin of August II, 
King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, 
issued in 1706 and 1707. The name is 
obtained from the Countess of Cosel, a 
mistress of the Elector. These coins differ 
only from the ordinary types in that on 
the reverse, a dot, probably a mint mark, 
is a distinguishing feature between the in- 
terlaced shields of Poland and Saxony. 

Cosimo. The popular name for the 
Grosso of Cosmus I, Duke of Florence 
(1536-1574). It was valued at 160 Pic- 
coli. 

Cotale. A silver coin of Florence issued 
under the Republic in the early part of 
the sixteenth century, with a value of four 
Grossi. It has a figure of St. John the 
Baptist on one side and a lily on the re- 
verse. 


Cotrim. A billon Portuguese coin issued 
by Alfonso V (1438-1481). It has the 
figure of a coronet between two annelets. 

Cotterel. A washer, or broad thin ring 
of metal placed below the head or nut of 
a bolt ; in several English dialects it is 
the nickname for a coin. In the plural, 
written the same, it is used to express 
money or coins. 

Counter. A token frequently struck in 
imitation of a real coin and usually of 
brass, copper, or some other inferior metal. 

John Skelton in The Interlude of Mag- 
nyfycence, 1526 (1. 1186) has “Nay, offer 
hym a counter in stede of a peny, ’’ and 
in Dent, The Pathway to Heaven, 1601 
(24) occurs this phrase: “A fool believeth 
every thing; that copper is gold, and a 
counter an angel.” The last word is of 
course an allusion to the gold coin. 

The second meaning of Counter is to 
signify a piece of metal used for calcula- 
tions, e.g., in games of chance. In this 
sense it corresponds to the Rechenpfennig 
(q.v.), and it is so used by Thomas Hobbes, 
in his Leviathan, 1651 (i. iv. 15), who has 
this passage: “Words are wise mens 

counters, they do but reckon by them ; but 
they ai'e the mony of fooles. ” 

Similarly, the clown in Shakespeare’s 
play, The Winter’s Tale (iv. 3), attempts 
to compute his money, but says, “I cannot 
do ’t without counters. ’ ’ 

Finally the word was employed in the 
plural form for base coin and money in 
general. An example is to be found in 
Shakespeare’s Julius C cesar (iv. 3) where 
Brutus says : 

I (liil send 

To you for gold to pay my legions. 

Which you denied me: was that done like Cassius? 
Should I have answer’d Caius Cassius so? 

When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, 

To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 

Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts, 

X>ash him to pieces ! 

Counterfeit. This term is used in nu- 
mismatics both to indicate fraudulent is- 
sues of rare coins prepared to deceive col- 
lectors, and to debased current coins struck 
to be circulated among the general public. 

The limits of the present work prevent 
a detailed description ; the reader should 
consult the exhaustive treatise in Luschin 
von Ebengreuth, Allgemeine Munzkunde 
and Geldgeschichte (pp. 122-132). 


[ 55 ] 


Countermark 


Crocard 


Countermark, also called Counterstamp. 
A device or lettering, generally made with 
a punch, on the face of a regular issue, 
either to give it a new valuation or to 
indicate its acceptance as a coin of a dif- 
ferent country or locality from the one 
that struck the original piece. 

Coupure. This word, meaning a “cut- 
ting,” was originally applied to the 
French twenty franc paper notes. It is 
now, however, identified with bank notes 
of smaller denomination, and beginning in 
1914 necessity paper money called cou- 
pures ranging as low as a few centimes, 
were issued in many of the French cities. 

Courant. This term is generally em- 
ployed to distinguish the internal currency 
from that used in commerce and abroad, 
or from paper money. 

The Courant Thaler of Poland was is- 
sued under Stanislaus Augustus in 1794 
and 1795. It had a value of six Zloty, and 
the reverse reads 14 1 / 12 ex marca pur 

COLONIENS. 

Courie. See Cowries. 

Couronne d’Or. A French gold coin, 
introduced by Louis IX (1226-1270), and 
continued almost uninterruptedly to the 
end of the reign of Philip VI of Valois 
(1328-1350). It receives its name from 
the large crown on one side ; the reverse 
lias an ornamental cross with fleurs des 
lis in the angles, and the inscription: 
-|-XPC :VINCIT :XPC :REGNAT :XPC :IMPERAT. 

Couronne du Soleii. A French gold 
coin of the sixteenth century. It was of 
the same weight and quality as the Eng- 
lish Crown of the Rose issued in the reign 
of Henry VIII. 

Couronnelle. See Ecu a la Couronne. 

Courte Noire. See Korten. 

Couter, or Cooter. A slang expression 
for a Sovereign. It may lie derived from 
the Danubian-Gipsy word cuta, meaning ai 
gold coin. 

Cow Money. See Kugildi. 

Cow Plappert. See Blaffert. 

Cowries. A general term for the shells 
of the Cypraa Moneta. The word comes 
from the Hindustani Kauri. The shells 
are abundant in the Indian Ocean and are 
collected especially in the Maidive and 
Laccadive Islands, and have been used in 


China as a medium of exchange from prim- 
itive times. They have been used in most 
parts of Asia and Africa up to very recent 
times. In Siam 6400 cowries are equal to 
about Is. 6d. English money. The Chinese 
name is Pei. 

In the Bengal Gazette for 1780, refer- 
ring to the introduction of a copper coin- 
age, the editor states that “it will be of 
the greatest use to the public, and will 
totally abolish the trade of cowries, which 
for a long time has formed so extensive 
a field for deception and fraud.” 

See Allan, Numismatic Chronicle (Ser. 
iv. xii. 313), and Elliot (p. 59). 

Bowrey, in his Account of Countries 
Round the Bay of Bengal, published by 
the Hakluyt Society in 1905, states (p. 
218) that there is a money of account in 
the Maldives, based on the Cowries, as 
follows : 

1 Gunda = 4 Cowries. 

5 Guiidas = 1 Burrie, or 20 Cowries. 

4 Burries = 1 Pone or Poou, or 80 Cowries. 

16 Pone = 1 Cawne, or 1280 Cowries. 

2 % Cawne = 1 Rupee, or 3200 Cowries. 

Crabbelaer. See Krabbelaar. 

Crazia. See Grazia. 

Cremonese. The popular name for the 
Grosso issued at Cremona during the Re- 
publican rule, i.e., from the twelfth to the 
fourteenth centuries. 

Creutz, or Criutz. A copper coin of 
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden struck 
in 1632 has the value as 1 Creutz or Criutz. 
It is the size of the y 2 Ore piece. 

Creutzer. An obsolete spelling of the 
Kreuzer ( q.v .). Adam Berg, in his New 
Miinzbuch, 1597, invariably uses the form 
Creutzer. 

Crimbal. In 1731 and 1732 the French 
Government issued silver coins of six and 
twelve Sols for the Isles du Vent, or Wind- 
ward Islands. An Englishman named 
Crimbal introduced them at Barbadoes 
and in that island they received the name 
of Crimbals. See Wood (p. 2). 

Criutz. See Creutz. 

Croat. The Spanish equivalent of the 
Gros. The name is usually applied to a 
series of silver coins issued by the Counts 
of Barcelona during the fourteenth and 
fifteenth centuries. 

Crocard, or Crokard. A base coin 
which circulated extensively in England 


[ 56 ] 


Croce o Testa 


Crown of the Rose 


toward tlie close of the thirteenth century. 
For a short time they were allowed to pass 
at the rate of two for a penny, but were 
prohibited in 1310. They were decried in 
Ireland by a proclamation of Edward I, 
and an ordinance of this ruler (Act 27, 
1300) refers to mauveises monees que sunt 
appellez Pollards et crokardz. See Bra- 
bant. 

Croce o Testa. An Italian term mean- 
ing “cross or head” and corresponding to 
the English “Heads or Tails” ( q.v .). 

Crocherd. Probably an obsolete spelling 
of Crocard. See Halard. 

Crocione. A silver coin of Milan intro- 
duced under Joseph II (1780-1790). It 
is the Italian name for the Austrian Kron- 
enthaler {q.v.). 

Cronichte Groschen. See Kronigte. 

Croeseids. See Kroiseioi. 

Crokard. See Crocard. 

Cromstaert. See Kromstaart. 

Crookie. An obsolete Scotch term for a 
sixpence, and formerly common to Lanark- 
shire. The name is probably due to the 
fact that it was easily “crooked” or bent. 

Croondaalder. The Dutch and Flem- 
ish equivalent of the Kronenthaler {q.v.). 

Crore. A money of account used in 
India and equal to. one hundred Lacs. 

Crosatus, or Crozat. Du Cange cites 
documents of the fourteenth century in- 
dicating that this name was generally used 
to describe a coin with a cross upon it. 

Crosazzo. A silver coin of Genoa cur- 
rent from the beginning to the middle of 
the seventeenth century. The obverse 
bears a crown beneath which is the Castell 
cli Genova, and on the reverse is an in- 
scription surrounding a cross with a star 
in each angle. 

Cross Dollar. The popular name for 
the Spanish silver coin of eight Reales 
with the Burgundian cross on the reverse. 

In the London Gazette, 1689 (No. 2444) 
mention is made of “about 40 1. in Spanish 
Money and Cross Dollars.” 

Cross-type. See Monnaies a la Croix. 

Crown. An English gold coin first is- 
sued in the reign of Henry VIII pursuant 
to a proclamation dated November 5, 1526, 
and originally called a Crown of the 
Double Rose. It was current for five shil- 


lings and was made of 22 carat gold 
only, this being the earliest example of 
a gold coin of less than standard fineness 
in England. This alloy was henceforth 
known as Crown gold, and it has been the 
standard for all English gold coins since 
1634. 

In the time of Elizabeth this coin reached 
the low value of three shillings and four 
pence, and it was entirely discontinued in 
1601, being superseded in 1604 by the 
Britain Crown and the Thistle Crown 
{q.v.). 

Crown. The English silver coin of this 
denomination was first issued in 1551, and 
formed a part of the third coinage of 
Edward VI. Those struck at Southwark 
under the direction of Sir John Yorke have 
a letter Y for a mint mark, and those is- 
sued at the Tower under Throgmorton 
have a figure of a ton. 

The double crown of the value of ten 
shillings first appeared in the second coin- 
age of James I. 

Crown. See Coroa, Korona, and Krone. 

Crown of the Rose. By a proclama- 
was ordered to be struck. This coin was 
an imitation of the French Couronne du 
Soled, and it was made current for four 
shillings and sixpence, to which value the 
French coin was also raised. As the ex- 
portation of gold to France and Flanders 
did not cease, it was thought that this 
could be stopped by an increase in the 
nominal value of this and other gold coins, 
and consequently on November 5, 1526, an- 
other proclamation was issued, by which 
another crown, called the Crown of the 
Double Rose, was to be made, and which 
should be current for five shillings. The 
latter coin is the regular issue of the gold 
Crown {q.v.). 

As the existence of such a coin as the 
Crown of the Rose was questioned for a 
long time a detailed description of this 
great rarity follows : 

Obv. A shield crowned bearing the arms 
of England and France quarterly, all with- 
in two inner circles, the innermost one 
linear, the outer dotted, both pierced above 
by the ball and cross on top of the crown, 
mm. a rose, legend henric’ -8 : dei : gra’ : 
REX : agl ’ :Z :fra’; Rev. A full-blown 
single rose of five petals, surrounding it 
four fleurs de lis arranged crossways, be- 


[ 57 ] 


Crozat 

tion of August 22, 1526, a new English 
gold coin, called the Crown of the Rose, 
tween these a lion passant guardant and 
the letter H crowned, placed alternately, 
all within inner circles as on the obverse, 
mm. a rose, legend henric’ : rvtilans : 
rosa : sine : spina, the letters on both sides 
in Roman characters, except the letter H, 
the numeral Arabic. See American Jour- 
nal of Numismatics (xliv, 22). 

Crozat. See Crosatus. 

Cruciatus, Crucifer, Cruciger. See 
Kreuzer. 

Cruickston Dollars. A name sometimes 
given to the Scottish crowns of Mary and 
Darnley of the second issue of 1565, be- 
cause the yew tree on the reverse is sup- 
posed to represent a noted yew at Cruick- 
ston, Lord Darnley ’s residence near Glas- 
gow. 

Cruitzer. An obsolete spelling of Kreu- 
zer discontinued at the end of the eigh- 
teenth century. See Poy. 

Crusade. See Cruzado. 

Cruzadinho. A small Portuguese gold 
coin issued under John V (1706-1750), 
and struck at Lisbon ; it was copied for 
the colonial possessions and specimens 
occur with the Rio and Minas mint marks. 
Its value was the same as the later Cru- 
zado, i.e., four hundred Reis. 

Cruzado, also called Crusado and Cru- 
sade, a gold coin of Portugal, originally 
issued by Alfonso V (1438-1181). It ob- 
tains its name from the cross on the re- 
verse which was placed there to commem- 
orate the participation of this King in the 
crusade against the Turks. 

The value of the Cruzado was originally 
390 Reis, and in 1517 it was fixed at four 
Tostoes, or four hundred Reis, i.e., the 
tenth part of the Moidore. Under Manoel 
I (1495-1521) it was called Manoel, out 
of compliment to that ruler. 

The silver Cruzado appears under the 
restoration of the House of Braganza, in 
the reign of John 1Y (1640-1656). Its 
value was the same as the gold, but many 
specimens occur counterstamped 500, indi- 
cating that it possessed a higher value on 
special occasions. It was extensively struck 
at the mints in Lisbon, Porto, and Evora. 

Pedro II, in 1688, issued a Cruzado 
Nuevo, also called Pinto, of the value of 

(Y 


Cut Dollar 

480 Reis, but his successor, John V, re- 
turned to the old standard. 

Cruzado Calvario. A gold coin of Por- 
tugal first issued in the reign of John III 
(1521-1557). It obtains its name from the 
elongated cross on the reverse, which re- 
sembles the cross of Calvary, and succeeds 
the square type of cross previously em- 
ployed. 

Cuarenta. The name given to the Cuban 
silver coin of forty Centavos introduced 
in 1915. 

Cuartilla. A Mexican copper coin and 
the same as the Cuartino ( q.v .). The 

designation is used for issues of Alvarado, 
Chihuahua, Durango, Hermosillo, Guan- 
axuato, Sinaloa, etc. 

Cuartillo. The same as Cuartino (q.v.). 

Cuartino. A silver coin of Guatemala, 
Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, the 
Argentine Republic, etc., of the value of 
one quarter Real. See Quartinho. 

Cuarto. See Quarto. 

Cufic Coins. See Kufic. 

Cunagium. According to Du Cange this 
implies tributum pro impressione typi ex- 
solvendum. Raiding (ii. 256) states that 
in 1422, Henry Somer, the keeper of the 
dies in the Tower of London, was com- 
manded by writ to deliver cunagia for the 
mints in this town. He adds: “This, I 
presume, had been paid to the warden of 
the mint in the Tower, and was therefore 
to be returned by him to the treasurer of 
the mint, to which it properly belonged.’’ 

Cuneator. A former officer in the mint 
who was responsible for the accuracy of 
the dies; he received the old and broken 
dies as his fee. See Ruding (i. 41). 

Cunnetti Type. The name given to a 
series of Anglo-Saxon Pennies principally 
struck at York under Guthred ( circa 877- 
894) which bear on the reverse the inscrip- 
tion CVN. NET. TI. 

Cupang. This coin mentioned by Chal- 
mers in Colonial Currency, 1893 (p. 383) 
is the same as the Kepeng (q.v.). 

Currency. By this is meant coin or bank 
notes, or other paper money issued by au- 
thority, and which are continually passing 
as and for coin. 

Cut Dollar. The name given to the 
Spanish Peso or Colonato when cut into 

S] 


Cypraea Moneta 


Czvorak 


four, eight, or twelve segments, each of 
which passed for the corresponding value 
of the fractional part. See Bit. 

Cypraea Moneta. See Cowries. 

Cyrillus Thaler. A silver coin of 01- 
miitz struck by Wolfgang, Earl of Schrat- 
tenbach in 1730. It bears on one side a 


seated figure of St. Cyril the Apostle of 
the Slavs. 

Cyzicenes (Greek: Kufywfjvoi). A name 
given by the Greeks to the eleetrum Staters 
of Cyzicus in Mysia. 

Czvorak. The name given to the Polish 
silver coin of four Grossi. See Szelong. 


[ 59 ] 


Daalder 


Danegelt 


D 


Daalder, or Daelder. The equivalent in 
Brabant and the various provinces of the 
Low Countries for the Thaler. This coin 
varied in value, in some parts of the 
Netherlands it was the same as two Gul- 
den and five Stuivers, while in others it 
was equal to thirty-two Patards. See 
Dollar. 

Dabou. See Dub. 

Daelder. See Daalder. 

Dagger Money. A sum of money for- 
merly paid to the justices of assize on the 
northern circuit in England to provide 
against marauders. 

Dahab. An Abyssinian money of ac- 
count. See Wakea. 

Daidong Chun. The Korean name for 
silver coins with ' porcelain centres on 
reverse minted in 1882 but never put into 
circulation. They come in three denomina- 
tions, one, two and three Chun. See Um- 
pyo. 

Daing. The name given to the cast sil- 
ver ingots of Burmali. They are the earli- 
est types of money of this country. 

Data. See Akahi Dala. 

Dalar. The Polish equivalent of Thaler 
and like the German type divided into 
thirty Groszy corresponding to Groschen. 
It was originally struck by Sigismund III 
(1587-1632). 

Daler. See Plate Money, De Gortz 
Daler, Rigsdaler, and Species. 

Daler. A coin of the Danish West In- 
dies introduced in 1904 and equal to five 
Francs or five hundred Bits. It is issued 
in gold in four and ten Daler denomina- 
tions. 

Dam. A copper coin of Hindustan, and 
of about the same value as the Paisa, i.e., 
the fortieth part of the Rupee. Of the 
Moghul emperors, the Dams of Akbar 
(1556-1605) were minted at Lahore, Delhi, 
Mai pur, etc. The Bahmanis of Kolbarga 
also employed this currency. 

The Phoka Dam is a Nepalese copper 
coin belonging to the reign of Surendra 
Vikrama (1847). See Thomas (p. 439 et 
seq.), and Sihansah and Suka (infra). 


Damareteion. See Demareteion. 

Damba. An African money of account. 
See Boss. 

Dampang. See Tampang. 

Damri. A copper coin of Hindustan 
and equal to one eighth of the Dam (q.v.). 

Danake. The Aavaxv] of the Greeks. At 
first it designated a small silver coin in the 
East, but later came to be applied to a 
copper coin. In the Persian Empire it 
corresponded to the Greek Obol. It was 
also popularly applied to Charon’s Obol 
(q.v.) according to Suidas and other an- 
cient authors. The word persisted until 
the Middle Ages as the Arabic claneq, the 
Persian dangh and the neo-Sanscrit tanka. 

Danaretto. See Denaretto. 

Danaro. The Italian equivalent of the 
Denier, which can be traced in Beneven- 
tum to the reign of Grimaldo (793-806) 
and was current in nearly all the Italian 
states, provinces, and cities. 

It is frequently written Denaro, and a 
smaller coin which was issued by the Doges 
of Venice from circa 1170 to 1250 is called 
the Danaretto, or Denaretto. 

There are also multiples, and under 
Antonio I (1701-1731) and Onorato III 
(1731-1793) of Monaco, pieces of eight 
Danari in copper were struck. 

Dandiprat, also but rarely written Dan- 
dyprat. The colloquial name for a small 
silver coin which was current in England 
at the beginning of the sixteenth century. 
It was probably the half Groat of Henry 
VII (1485-1509). 

Camden, in his Bemaines, 1605 (188), 
refers to it thus: “K. Henry the 7th 
stamped a small coine called dandyprats. ” 

Danegelt. An annual tax formerly laid 
on the English nation for maintaining 
forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish 
tribute to procure peace. It was at first 
one shilling, afterward two, and at last 
seven, for every hide of land except such 
as belonged to the church. 

At a subsequent period, when the Danes 
became masters, the Danegelt was a tax 


[ 60 ] 


Daneq 


Decaen Piastre 


levied by the Danish princes on every 
hide of land owned by the Anglo-Saxons. 

Daneq. See Danake. 

Dangh. A small Persian silver coin cur- 
rent in the seventeenth century. The 
Dangh was primarily a weight, hence its 
equivalents, in silver, came to represent 
the fractions of the coin. See Larin and 
Danake. 

Danielsthaler. The name given to a 
Thaler struck in 1561 by the Princess Maria 
of the House of Jever. It has on the re- 
verse a figure of the prophet Daniel sur- 
rounded by four lions* See Madai (1734). 

Danik. The sixth of the Dinar and of 
the Dirhem : therefore of variable weight 
in reference to one or the other, and in 
respect of the varying weights of either. 
As one sixth of a dinar, it is equal to 12, or 
to 10, or to 8 habbehs, according to the 
number of habbehs to the dinar. Hence 
we find the following relations recorded : 
= 2 kirats (of silver, i.e., 2 >/ 3 , as there 
are 14 kirats or 6 daniks to the dirhem) ; 
or = 3/3 kirats (i.e., in relation to the 
dinar of 20 kirats) or = 10 habbehs or 
40 aruzzehs, i.e., in reference to the dinar 
of 60 habbehs ; or = 12 grains, i.e., in ref- 
erence to the dinar of 72 habbehs. Five 
daniks of gold = 11 17 / 18 dirhems at Bag- 
dad, where the dinar was worth 14 Vi. The 
danik was the quarter of a dirhem in 
Khwarizm, afterward 4 14 . 

Danim. See Mahmudi. 

Darb. A silver coin of India and equiv- 
alent to the half Rupee. See Sihansah. 

Darby. An obsolete English slang word 
meaning “ready money.” Hickeringill, 
in his Works, 1682 (ii. 20), says, “down 
with the dust and ready Darby,” and 
Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Al- 
satia, 1688 (i. 1), uses the expression, “the 
ready, the Darby.” 

Dardenne. A copper coin of France 
struck in 1711 and 1712 for Provence. Its 
value was six Deniers, indicated by six 
crowned figures L placed opposite the sides 
of an equilateral triangle with the figure 
& in the centre. 

Daric. A Persian gold coin which is 
supposed to have obtained its name from 
the figure on the obverse of the Persian 
King Darius. They appear to have been 


originally issued by Darius I, the son of 
Hystaspes (B.C. 521-485). See Herodotus, 
Historia (iv. 166). The King is generally 
represented as a kneeling bowman, and con- 
sequently these coins are sometimes re- 
ferred to as Archers ( q.v .). The reverse 
bears an incuse punch-mark. 

These coins are the Aapetx,ot of the 
Greeks, and in those parts of the Scriptures 
written after the Babylonish captivity, they 
are called Adarkonim. Ezra (viii. 26, 27), 
I Citron, (xxix. 7), and by the Talmudists, 
Darkonoth; Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). Conf. 
Hill, Historical Greek Coins (p. 27). 

Darkonoth. The Talmudic name for 
the Daric (q.v.). 

Dasa. A silver coin of India and equal 
to one tenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. 

Dauphin. A billon coin of France which 
receives its name on account of being spe- 
cially struck for Dauphiny. The Petit 
Dauphin was issued by Charles Y (1364- 
1380), and the Grand Dauphin by Charles 
VII (1422-1461). 

Davidsthaler. The name given to a sil- 
ver coin of David, Count of Mansfeld, is- 
sued from about 1605 to 1628. 

Davidstuiver. The name given to the 
double Gros of Utrecht issued in 1477 by 
David de Bourgogne, Bishop of Utrecht. 
See Frey (No. 182). 

A gold Florin issued by the same ruler 
with a figure of David and his harp, is 
commonly known as the Davidsharp, or 
Ilarpe d’or. 

Debased Coin is money that is lowered 
'in character or quality. Macaulay, in his 
History of England (v. 3), uses the term 
“a debased currency.” See Embase and 
Imbasing. 

Decachalk. This multiple, 10 Chalkoi, 
seems to have been coined only under the 
Ptolemaic sovereigns of Egypt. 

Decadrachm, or Dekadrachmon, repre- 
sented the multiple of ten Drachms (q.v.). 
Next to the Dodecadrachm it is the largest 
of all the silver coins struck by the Greeks, 
and was issued principally in the Sicilian 
cities. 

Decaen Piastre. A silver coin of the 
value of ten Livres, issued in the Isle of 
France in 1810. The coins were struck 
from metal captured in the ship Oviedor, 
and obtained their name from Decaen, the 


[61 ] 


Decalitron 


Demand Notes 


captain general. For a detailed account, 
see Spink (ix. 4415), and Zay (p. 265). 

Decalitron. The Corinthian Stater, we 
know from Pollux, was so called in Sicily 
because it equalled exactly 10 litrae of the 
native standard. Coins of this standard 
bearing Corinthian types were frequently 
struck in Sicily. 

Decanumimion. See Nummus and Fol- 
ds. 

Decargyrus. A Roman silver coin first 
issued by Honorius, and of one half the 
value of the Siliqua. See Babelon, Traite 
(i. 581). 

Decenario. The name given to a vari- 
ety of mezzo Grosso struck by the Counts 
of Tyrol at Merano. Its value was ten 
Piccoli. See Bivista Italiana di Numis- 
matica (xx. 430). 

Decime. A copper coin of the first 
French Revolution, issued in 1794, from 
dies by Charles Wielandy, a medallist and 
engraver of Geneva. 

When the Franc system was introduced 
in 1803, the Decime was made the one 
tenth of the Franc, a position which it 
nominally still holds, though no longer 
struck. 

The Decime was issued in 1838 for Mon- 
aco, and in 1840 for France, as a pattern 
for a proposed new copper coinage. Mail- 
liet (cii. ciii. 3-6) cites Decimes struck in 
1814 and 1815 for Strasburg when block- 
aded by the allies. A east Decime was 
issued for Santo Domingo in 1801. It is 
of very rude workmanship and bears the 
reverse inscription in three lines: un 
decime lan 8, all of the letters N on both 
sides being reversed. 

Decimo. A silver coin of the Central 
American States of the value of ten Cen- 
tavos, or the tenth part of a Peso. 

For Buenos Aires there was struck in 
1822 and later a copper Decimo equal to 
the tenth part of the copper Real of the 
same city ; the Real, in fact, is stamped 
10 DECIM BUENOS AYRES. 

Declaration Type. See Oxford Unite. 

Decobol. Mentioned in inscriptions (C. 
I. G. Attic t. II, No. 387) was never struck, 
being solely a money of account. 

Deconcion, or Aenwy^tov, or Deunx ( q.v .) 
was ten twelfths of the litra (or As of 
twelve ounces). Bronze coins of this de- 


nomination were struck at Centuripae in 
Sicily. 

Decunx. One of the divisions of the 
As, of the weight of ten ounces. It is 
sometimes called the Dextans. See Aes 
Grave. 

Decus. A nickname for the silver 
Crown of James II of England, the first 
issues of which had an edge inscription 
reading decvs et tvtamen, i.e., “an orna- 
ment and a safeguard. ’ ’ 

Thomas Shadwell, in his play, The 
Squire of Alsatia, 1688, has the phrase, 
“To equip you with some Meggs, Smelts, 
Decus ’s and Georges;” Sir Walter Scott 
mentions the term in his novel The For- 
tunes of Nigel (xxiii.) thus: “noble Mas- 
ter Grahame . . . has got the decuses and 
the smelts. ” See Megg. 

Decussis. A multiple of the Roman As 
after the first reduction. It bears on the 
obverse the head of Minerva or Roma and 
on the reverse the prow of a galley and 
the mark X, i.e., ten Asses. 

De Gortz Daler, or Notdaler. The 
name given to a series of eleven copper 
coins struck in Sweden from 1715 to 1719, 
which are so called from Baron George 
Henry de Gortz, a nobleman who obtained 
the sanction of Charles XII to issue them. 
They were intended to pass for four times 
the value which they would have possessed 
if composed of an equal weight of fine 
silver. 

The death of the King in 1718, and the 
execution of de Gortz in the following 
year, put an end to the exaggerated valua- 
tion of these coins, and they were reduced 
to something like their actual worth, that 
is, about two Pfennige. 

Dehliwala. A base silver coin of the 
Pathan Sultans of Hindustan. They were 
imitated and adopted, with altered legends, 
by Altamsh, and his feudatories, until 
about A.H. 630 (A.D. 1232). See Thomas 
(P- 14). 

Dekadrachmon. See Decadrachm. 

Dekanummion. A name given to the 
quarter Foil is, consist ing of ten Nummi. 
See Follis. 

Demand Notes. The name given to a 
variety of paper money issued by the 
United States in 1861, of values from five 
dollars to twenty dollars. See Greenbacks. 


[ 62 ] 


Demareteion 


Denarius Oscensis 


Demareteion, or Damareteion. The 

name given to a variety of Decadrachm 
struck at Syracuse circa B.C. 480. They 
were issued in celebration of the victory of 
Gelon over the Carthaginians at Himera 
and were named from Demarete, the wife 
of Gelon. 

These coins were each worth ten Attic 
Drachms ; the Sicilians called them Pente- 
contalitra on account of their weight. 

Conf. Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily (p. 
56). 

Demy. A Scotch gold coin issued by 
James I. It has on the obverse the arms 
of Scotland in a lozenge shape, and on 
the reverse a St. Andrew ’s cross in tressure. 

Its weight was usually from fifty to 
fifty-three grains and the half in propor- 
tion. 

Dena. A silver coin of Tuscany of the 
value of ten Lira struck by the Queen 
Maria Louisa pursuant to an ordinance of 
July 21, 1803. 

Denar. The German equivalent of both 
the Denarius and Denier. 

Denaretto. A name given to such vari- 
eties of the Denaro as are of small fabric. 
They are common to the Venetian series 
from the twelfth to the fourteenth cen- 
tury. See Danaro. 

Denarii Augmentabiles. See Okelpen- 
ning. 

Denarii Corvorum, or Rabenpfennige, 

was the name given to small silver coins 
struck at, Freiburg in Breisgau in the 
fourteenth century, on account of the head 
of a raven on the obverse, which was 
copied from the arms of the city. Raben 
was later corrupted into Rappen ( q.v .). 

Denarino. A base silver coin of Mo- 
dena issued during the sixteenth century. 
It was equal to the half Soldo. 

Denarius. A Roman silver coin first 
issued B.C. 268 with the Quinarius and 
Sestertius as its divisions. At that time 
the Aes Libralis had been reduced to two 
ounces in weight and the Denarius was 
equivalent to ten of them. 

The original type bears on the obverse 
the head of Minerva and the numeral X, 
and on the reverse the Dioscuri on horse- 
back and the legend roma in the exergue. 
There is a tradition that the Romans won 
the battle of Lake Regilius, circa B.C. 496, 


by the aid of Castor and Pollux who ap- 
peared on the battlefield as youths riding 
white horses. These early types of De- 
narii are consequently also known as Cas- 
toriati. 

In B.C. 217 the value of the Denarius 
was changed to sixteen Asses, and the 
numeral XVI substituted, the latter being 
generally abbreviated by the sign ^ . 

The Denarius, in A.D. 296, was suc- 
ceeded by the Centenionalis as a silver 
coin, and the name Denarius was applied 
to a copper coin, commonly known as the 
“third bronze.” See Follis. 

The gold Denarius, of the same weight 
as the silver one and of the value of ten, 
was the same as the half Aureus or Quin- 
arius. It occurs both in the Roman Con- 
sular and Imperial series. 

The following table shows how exten- 
sively the silver Denarii were debased, and 
their corresponding values : 


Percentage of 
copper alloy 

Under Augustus the Denarius was one 


eighty-fourth of 

a pound, copper 

60 




grains 



5 



Under Nero the Denarius was oue nine- 




tieth of a pound. 

copper 55 grains 


5 

to 

10 

Under Trajan the 

Denarius was 

one 




ninety-ninth of 

a pound, copper 

51 




grains 



15 

to 

18 

Under Hadrian the 

Denarius was 

one 




ninety-ninth of i 

Ji pound, copper 

51 




grains 



CO 

to 

20 

Under M. Aurelius the Denarius was 

one 




ninety-ninth of 

a pound, copper 

51 




grains 



20 

to 

25 

Under Commodus the Denarius was 

one 




one hundred and 

a third of a pound, 




copper 49 grains 



25 

to 

30 

Under Sept. Severus 

the Denarius was 

one 




one hundred and 

a fifth of a pound. 




copper 48 grains 



30 

to 

55 


Denarius Aereus. From the time of 
Gallienus the Denarius became so debased 
that it was little more than copper and 
was henceforth called D. Aereus (Vopiscus 
Aurelian, 9). 

Denarius Albus. See Albus. 

Denarius Communis. See Follis. 

Denarius Dentatus. See Serrated Coins. 

Denarius Novus Argenteus. This in- 
scription occurs on a large silver coin 
struck for Riga in 1574. It had a value 
of eighteen Ferding. 

Denarius Oscensis. A coin of the weight 
of a Roman Denarius but bearing as types : 
obverse, a youthful or bearded male head ; 
reverse, a horseman, was issued in the 
second and first centuries B.C. from vari- 


[ 63 ] 


Denaro Mancuso 


Desjat Deneg 


ous mints in Spain to facilitate exchange 
between the local population and the Ro- 
mans. This coin is spoken of as Argentum 
Oscense and Oscenses by Livy (xxxiv, 10; 
46; xl, 43). The name is derived from the 
city of Osca (the modern Huesca) in Tar- 
raconensis which was the capital of Ser- 
torius and, owing to the proximity of large 
silver mines, was the principal place of 
issue of this coinage. 

Denaro Mancuso. See Mancoso. 

Denaro Provisino. See Provisino. 

Denga. Also called Tenga and Den- 
uschka. A Russian word meaning money 
in general. The term was first applied to 
silver coins struck by the Dukes of Mos- 
kow and Kiev, as early as the second half 
of the fourteenth century, and subse- 
quently by the free cities of Novgorod and 
Pskof. The Dengi were intended for cir- 
culation among the Tartars, and the style 
and denomination of the Tartar money 
was naturally adopted. Their form is gen- 
erally oblong and irregular, but nearly 
circular specimens have been found. In 
numerous instances they bear a portrait 
of the ruler or the same personage on horse- 
back. They were divided into half Denga 
pieces and Poluschkas ( q.v .). 

The later issues are of billon and copper 
and the value of the Denga degenerated 
to that of half a Kopeck. These were is- 
sued as late as the first half of the eigh- 
teenth century. A copper Para or three 
Dengi piece was struck by Catherine II 
of Russia in 1771 and 1772 for circulation 
in Moldavia and Wallachia. 

Denier. A silver and billon coin, corre- 
sponding to the Penny, and current 
throughout Western Europe from the 
time of the Merovingian Dynasty. 

The name is derived from the Denarius, 
which it resembled in size and fabric ; and 
the Danaro, Dinero, Dinar, and Dinheiro, 
are modifications of the same coin, em- 
ployed according to the country or terri- 
tory where this type was in circulation. 

Its value fluctuated ; under Charle- 
magne ’s reforms of the monetary system 
240 Deniers were ordered to be struck from 
one pound of fine silver, and the Denier 
was valued at- one twelfth of the Solidus. 
When the Gros Tournois and later the 
Gros Parisis appeared, the same ratio of 


twelve to one was retained for the Denier, 
and it was styled Denier Tournois or 
Denier Parisis according to the place of 
mintage. In the reign of Louis XVI the 
base silver Denier was worth only one 
eighth or one tenth as much as the fine 
silver one of Charlemagne. 

Last of all the Denier was struck in cop- 
per and its value diminished still more. 
Frederick the Great issued it in this metal 
for Upper Silesia in 1746 ; the copper 
Denier of France was equal to four Liards, 
or the twelfth part of the Sol or Sou. 

Denier a la Reine. See Reine. 

Denier Bourdelois. A variety of the 
Denier struck by Louis XI of France and 
retained by his successors Charles VIII 
and Francis I. All the early types ap- 
pear to have a small shell as a mint-mark. 

Denier d’Qr. A gold coin of Western 
Europe which appeared about the time of 
the Carlovingian Dynasty. It was exten- 
sively issued at Melle and occurs in the 
Anglo-Gallic series, where it corresponds 
to the Salute and was valued at 25 Sols. 

Denier d’Or. Another name for the 
Mouton (q.v.) and generally applied to 
such types as were struck by the Counts 
of Bar and throughout Flanders. Louis 
of Malle, Count of Flanders, by a com- 
mission dated April 13, 1357, ordered his 
moneyer, Andrieu du Porche, to strike 
Deniers d’or au Mouton for the Seignory 
of Rethel, with the inscription Ludovicus 
Comes Regitestensis. 

Denier Faible. See Lausannais. 

Denier Noir. See Black Farthing and 
Zwarte Penning. 

Denier Palatin. The name given to a 
silver coin of the Carolingian series issued 
by Louis I (816-840) with the inscription 
palatina moneta. Conf. also Moneta Pal- 
atina, infra. 

Denier Parisis. A billon coin belonging 
to the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck by 
Henry VI pursuant to an ordinance of 
May 31, 1424. 

Deniers pour Epouser. See Arrhes. 

Denkmiinze. A commemorative coin or 
medal. See Jubileums Thaler. 

Denuschka. See Denga. 

Desjat Deneg. The name given to the 
Russian base silver coin of five Kopecks, 


[ 64 ] 


Deuce 


Didrachm 


which was first struck at the beginning of 
the eighteenth century under Peter I. 

Deuce, also written Duce. An English 
dialect term for two pence. See Mayhew, 
London Labour and London Poor, 1851 
(i. 256). 

Deunx, or Iabus. A division of the As 
and equal to eleven ounces. See Aes Grave 
and Deconcia. 

Deventergans. A nickname given to 
the Grosso issued in Deventer by Frederick 
von Blankenheim, Bishop of Utrecht (1393- 
1423). This coin bore a poorly executed 
figure of an eagle which was mistaken for 
a goose. 

Device. This term is used by numis- 
matists to describe the emblem or armorial 
design on a coin in conjunction with a 
national motto. Thus the United States 
uses a figure of Liberty and the words “ In 
God we trust.” Great Britain has “Dieu 
et mon droit,” etc. 

Devil’s Bit. An English dialect term 
current in Lincolnshire and meaning a 
threepenny piece. 

It is so called because proud people 
will not give copper at collections in 
church, and therefore provide themselves 
with the smallest silver coin. 

Dextans. See Decunx. 

Dhabbu, or Dhabu. A copper coin for- 
merly current in the Deccan principality ; 
it was valued at two of the Alamgiri Pice 
or one thirty-second of a Chandor Rupee. 
See Kori and Pice. 

Dharana. A silver coin of ancient In- 
dia, the same as the Purana (q.v.). 

The name is from dhri, “to hold,” and 
probably means, according to Cunning- 
ham, “a handful of sixteen copper Panas. ” 
See Pana. 

Dhebua. A rough unstamped lump of 
copper used in the mirrency system of 
Nepal. It was computed at four Dams. 
See Suka. 

Dhingalo, or Dhinglo. A copper coin 
of Cuteh and Kathiawar, of the value of 
one sixteenth of a Kori (q.v.). Codring- 
ton states that “Dhingo” is a Cuteh term 
meaning “fat,” and “lo” is a masculine 
suffix, and he adds, “so Dingalo means 
something fat, hence the fattest coin. 
Though at present it is used for a pice 


and a half, I think it was originally three 
pice or tambios. ” 

Diamante. A silver coin of Ferrara, 
corresponding to the Grosso, first struck 
by Borso (1450-1471) and imitated by 
several of his successors. It receives its 
name from a figure resembling a diamond 
on the obverse. A smaller coin of similar 
type is known as the Diamantino. 

Dibs, or Dibbs. A slang term for money 
and possibly a corruption of “tips,” i.e., 
gifts for service rendered. Horace and 
James Smith in their Rejected Addresses, 
1812, George Barnwell use the phrase 
“make nunky surrender his dibs,” and 
Smyth, in The Sailor’s Word-book, 1867, 
has, “Dibbs, a galley term for ready 
money. ’ ’ 

Dicciottino, or Diciottino. This word 
means eighteen and it was used in Parma, 
Milan, etc., during the fifteenth century 
to indicate the pieces of 18 Danari struck 
in Savoy. 

Dichalkon. A Greek copper chin of the 
value of double the Chalcus or one fourth 
of the Obol (q.v.). 

Dicken, Dickpfennige. A popular name 
to distinguish coins of thick fabric, and 
usually applied to the silver issues of 
Switzerland of the fifteenth and sixteenth 
centuries. These pieces were patterned 
after the Italian Testones but did not have 
the light weight. The Dicken of Berne, 
dated 1492 (Frey, No. 369), is a good ex- 
ample. 

Dick Thaler, Dick Groschen. A name, 
like Dicken, employed to designate the 
thick characteristics of a coin, to distin- 
guish it from the broad type. See Breite 
Groschen, and Gros. 

The term Dick Groschen, or Nummi 
Grossi, was originally applied in the four- 
teenth century in France, Bohemia, Ger- 
many, etc., to coins of the Gros Tournois 
variety but struck on much thicker planch- 
ets. 

The Dick Thaler of Tyrol, dated 1484 
(Frey No. 260), is one of the earliest of 
these, and its small and thick fabric was 
imitated in a number of the German 
states, as well as in Denmark. 

Didrachm, or Didrachmon. A Greek sil- 
ver coin of the value of two Drachms 
(q.v.). It was copied from the silver 


[ 65 ] 


Die 


Dirhem 


Stater of the Persians, and is consequently 
frequently referred to by this name, 
though as a monetary unit it was soon re- 
placed by the Drachm. The Didraclim 
was extensively struck in Corinth and its 
colonies ( see Stater, Poloi) and also in the 
cities of Sicily and lower Italy. 

Die. The stamp used in coining. An 
early reference to it is found in M. Smith’s 
Memoirs of the Secret Service," 1699 (App. 
19), viz., “to bring or send to him some 
Deys . . . to coin some mill’d Money.” 

Digenois. See Divionensis. 

Dikollybon. A Greek copper coin of 
the value of half of the Chalcus ( q.v .). 
Conf. Collybos (supra). 

Dilitron. Silver coins of two Litra in 
value were struck at Rhegium in Italy. 
See Litra. 

Dime. A silver coin of the United 
States, the tenth part of a Dollar. This 
coin, and its corresponding half, were au- 
thorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. 
The half Dime was first coined in 1794 
and discontinued in 1873. The Dime was 
struck in 1796 and is still coined. See 
Disme. 

The name is probably derived from the 
French, dixihne. 

Dinar. A Muhammadan gold coin, first 
issued in the latter part of the seventh 
century. The name is derived from the 
Roman Denarius. The weight of the early 
Dinars was about sixty-six grains, but at 
later periods the same term was used for 
gold coins of greater or less weight and 
size. 

The quality of the metal was almost al- 
ways fine gold, the chief exceptions being 
the coins struck in Turkey and Morocco, 
some of which contain a large amount of 
alloy. 

Dinar. A money of account used in 
modern Persia, and computed as follows : 

1000 Dinar 1 Kran silver 
100 Dinar ~ 1 Senar silver 
50 Dinar - 1 Shahi copper 
25 Dinar = 1 Pul copper 

Dinar. A silver coin of Servia adopted 
in 1867 when that country followed the 
Latin Union in its monetary system. It 
is of the same value as the Franc, Lira, etc., 
and is subdivided into one hundred Paras. 
There are pieces of ten and twenty Dinara 
in gold. 


Dinders, also written Dynders. Phil- 
lips, in his History of Shrewshiiry (pp. 
199, 200), in referring to Wroxeter, has 
the following note: “The Roman coins 
found here are a proof of the antiquity of 
the place ; the inhabitants call them din- 
ders, a corruption of the Roman denarius. ’ ’ 

Dinerillo, or Dineruelo. A small cop- 
per coin struck by Philip III and Philip 
IV of Spain during the seventeenth cen- 
tury for Valencia and Barcelona. The 
name is a diminutive of Dinero. 

Dinero. The Spanish equivalent of the 
Denier. It appears to have been intro- 
duced about the reign of Fernando III of 
Castile (1230-1252), and is mentioned as 
late as the French occupation of Navarre 
under Henri II d’ Albret (1516-1551). 
The half is called Malla. 

Dinero. A silver coin of Peru of the 
value of one half the Peseta or ten Cen- 
tavos. 

Dinga. A Burmese word signifying a 
coin. It is probably a corruption of Tanga 
(q.v.). See also the Indian Antiquary 
(xxvi. 235-245). 

Dinheiro. The Portuguese equivalent of 
the Denier. The coinage of these pieces 
begins under Alfonso I (1128-1185) and 
extends to the latter part of the fourteenth 
century. See Caixa. 

Dinomos. The ancient name for the sil- 
ver piece of the value of two Nomoi struck 
at times in South Italy, notably at Thu- 
rium and Metapontum. See Mommsen- 
Blacas, Monnaies Romaines (i. 155). They 
are known to modern numismatists as Te- 
tradrachms or Distaters. 

Diobolon. A piece of two Oboli. See 
Obol. 

Dirhem. A Muhammadan silver coin, 
first issued in the latter part of the seventh 
century. The name is a modification of 
the Greek Drachma. The weight of the 
Dirhem originally was forty-six grains, 
but both the weight and size have under- 
gone many variations. 

Originally the Dirhem was one tenth of 
the Dinar, but this relation was not kept 
up. 

The legal Dirhem is a money of account ; 
the actual Dirhem of currency varied 
greatly in weight, e.g., in 710 the Egyptian 
Dirhem weighed 64 Habbehs, at other 


[ 66 ] 


Disk 


Dobler 


times 48. The divisions of the Dirhem are 
into 6 Daniks, or 14 Kirats, or 70 Barley- 
corns. 

Disk. An English dialect term for a 
half Crown. 

Boswell, Poetical Works, 1811, has the 
lines 

“I ask but half-a-crown a line 
The song be your’s, the disk be mine.” 

Disme. A pattern or experimental coin 
of the United States issued in 1792, with 
a corresponding half. See Dime. 

Di-Stater. The double of the gold Stater 
( q.v .). It occurs in the coins struck by 
Alexander the Great. This name also 

designated a silver coin equal to two silver 
Staters. 

Ditto Bolo. An obsolete copper coin of 
the Ionian Islands. The name is probably 
a corruption of di oboli. 

Divini, or Diwani. The Abyssinian 
name and equivalent of the Para. See 
Wakea. 

Fonrobert (Nos. 4989-5003) enumerates 
silver coins of San ’a, in Arabia, called 
Diwani, forty of which were equal to one 
Ghrush. 

Divionensis, Digenois, or Dijonnois. 

The name usually applied to the money 
struck at Dijon, the capital of the ancient 
Duchy of Burgundy. Silver issues date 
from the eleventh century. See Blanchet 
(i. 395) and Poey d’Avant (iii. 192). 

Dixain. A French billon coin which, as 
its name indicates, was the tenth part of 
the silver Franc and later of the Ecu. 

In the reign of Louis XII (1498-1515) 
were issued the Dixain a, Couronne and 
the Dixain clu Dauphine, both of a similar 
type to the Douzain (q.v.). Under Fran- 
cis I (1515-1547) it received the name 
Franciscus, probably from the large letter 
F with the crown above, which is a promi- 
nent feature. 

In 1791 an essay was struck in bell- 
metal of a coin to equal one tenth of the 
Livre, and the prototype of the Decime 
(q.v.). It bears on one side the date in 
a wreath and on the reverse the word 
dixain surrounded by the inscription 

METAL DE CLOCHE. 

Djampel, or Jampal. A silver coin of 
the Malay Peninsula of the value of one 
half the Real. See Pitje. The name is 
also given to the Krishnala (q.v.). 


Do-am. In the Nepalese system this is 
half of the Suka (q.v.). 

Dobla. A gold coin of Spain, intro- 
duced about the time of Peter I (1350- 
1368) and struck at Seville, Toledo, etc. 
The original type bore on one side a three- 
t-urreted castle, but this was followed by 
the portrait variety under Ferdinand and 
Isabella (1474-1516). The earlier variety 
is frequently known as the Dobla Castel- 
lana and the other as the Dobla a la 
Cabeza. 

The value of the Dobla, also called Dob- 
Ion, was two Escudos or one eighth of 
the Onza. There were multiples, called 
Doblon de a Cuatro and Doblon de a Ocho, 
the latter was of course the same as the 
Onza ; it was struck principally for Mexico 
and other Spanish colonies, and is com- 
monly known as the Doubloon. 

Another variety, the Dublone, was is- 
sued by Charles V during the Spanish 
occupation of the Low Countries. 

By a royal decree of 1849 the metric 
system was introduced in Spain, and the 
money of account was made as follows : 
One Doblon de Isabel was equal to ten 
Escudos, or one hundred Reales, or five 
gold Piastres. 

In the Italian coinage the term Dobla 
is generally applied to the double Ducato 
di Oro, such as was struck by the Emperor 
Charles V for Naples and Sicily, etc. See 
Chalmers (p. 395). 

Dobla de la Banda. A gold coin of 
Castile struck by Juan I (1379-1390). It 
receives its name from the band crossing 
the shield, which was a feature of the 
Ordre de la Vanda (Band), an Order of 
Knighthood instituted by Alfonso XI. 
Conf. De La Torre (No. 6427). 

Dobla de los Excelentes. See Aguila 
de Oro. 

Doblado. Another name for the Dobla, 
but usually applied to the gold coin of 
two Escudos struck in Ecuador in 1835 
and later. See Fonrobert (8298). 

Doblengo, or Duplo. A denomination 
struck by Berenger Ramon IV, Count of 
Barcelona (1131-1162), and later adopted 
by the Kings of Aragon. It probably rep- 
resented a piece of two Deniers in value. 

Dobler. A name given to the billon 
double Gros of the Island of Majorca. It 


[ 67 ] 


Doblon 


Dog Dollars 


was issued as early as the thirteenth cen- 
tury and continued in use until the time 
of 'Philip Y (1700-1746). The genera! 
type has on one side a crowned bust be- 
tween two roses, and on the reverse a cross 
or armorial shield. The later issues were 
struck in copper and reduced to the value 
of two Dineros. 

Doblon. A Mexican gold coin, the Onza 
of eight Escudos. See Dobla. 

The name is still employed in Chile and 
Uruguay for the piece of ten Pesos. 

Doblone. The name given to a gold 
coin struck in Bologna in 1529 by the 
Dominicans at the time of a famine; its 
value was four Scudi d’ Oro. The Papal 
mint at Rome used the same name for the 
Doppia da due, also valued at four Scudi 
d’Oro, which was issued as. early as the 
reign of Innocent X (1644-1655). 

In Modena the Doblone was a gold coin 
of the value of eight Scudi struck by 
Francis I (1629-1637). 

Doblon Sencillo. This was not an ac- 
tual coin but a money of account in the 
old Spanish system representing a value 
of sixty Reales. 

Dobra. A gold coin of Portugal which 
was first issued in the reign of Pedro I 
(1357-1367) and equal to 82 Soldi. 

At the beginning of the reign of John 
V (1706-1750) appeared the Dobra de 
oito Escudos, and the Dobra de quatro 
Escudos, valued respectively at eight and 
four Escudos, or 12,800 and 6400 Reis. 
The former coin ivas commonly known as 
the Joannes, and in the British West In- 
dies, where they circulated extensively, this 
was abbreviated into Joe, the latter coin 
being called the half Joe. The striking of 
these coins ceased by virtue of a Portu- 
guese proclamation of November 29, 1732. 
They gradually disappeared from circula- 
tion, and in time the half Dobras were im- 
properly alluded to in some places as Joes 
instead of half Joes. 

It should be added that in 1731 a Dobra 
of twenty-four and another of sixteen Es- 
cudos were struck. These large gold coins 
are illustrated by Aragao (pi. xli. 23, 24) 
and described by Meili. 

In 1750, the Dobra, now reduced to four 
Escudos, or 6400 Reis, received the name 
of Peca, and this designation continued 


until its abolition early in the nineteenth 
century. 

Dobra Gentil, also known as Gentil, a 
Portuguese gold coin issued in the reign 
of Fernando I (1367-1383). Like the 
Chaise d’Or it represents the King seated 
on a throne under a canopy, and on the 
reverse a cross formed of five shields with- 
in an outer circle composed of eight 
castles. 

Doddane. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore 
Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver 
coin of this name and of the value of two 
Annas was in circulation in the above- 
mentioned year. 

Dodecadrachm. A Greek silver coin of 
the value of twelve Drachms (q.v.). See 
Hexastater. 

Dodicesimo. The name given to the 
one twelfth of the Apuliense (q.v.). 

Dodkin. A diminutive of Doit (q.v.), 
and usually applied to inferior coins 
brought into England by foreign traders. 

Dodrans. One of the divisions of the 
As, of the weight of nine ounces. 

The reverse of this very rare coin bears 
an S, as in the Semis, and three bosses in 
addition. See Aes Grave. 

Dolpelthaler. A name used in Adam 
Berg’s Milnzbuch, 1597, to describe the 
issues of Philip II of Spain for Burgundy 
and the Spanish Netherlands. The word 
means “clumsy” and the nickname is ap- 
plied on account of their coarse and thick 
fabric. 

Doewi. The Malay equivalent of the 
word Duit. It occurs on the copper coin 
of Celebes dated A.H. 1250, i.e., 1834- ’35. 

Dog. See Black Dogs. 

Dog Dollar, or Lion Dollar. The 

Leeuwendaalder of the United Provinces 
(q. v.). 

Dog Dollars. In an act of the Assem- 
bly of West Jersey, dated October 3-18, 
1693, it is stated that “Dog Dollars not 
dipt,” are worth six Shillings each, being 
of the same value as Mexican “pieces of 
eight” of twelve pennyweight. 

The Assembly of the Province of Mary- 
land in 1708 passed a law fixing the rates 
of exchange, and this act mentions Dog 
Dollars as being the money which was 
most plentiful in the Province, and with 


[ 68 ] 


Dogganey 


Doppia 


which the inhabitants were best ac- 
quainted ; upon them the value of four 
shillings and sixpence was placed. In the 
laws of Pennsylvania, these coins are fre- 
quently mentioned as the Lion or Dog 
Dollars, and are rated in 1723 at five Shil- 
lings. 

Dogganey. See Duggani. 

Doit, or Doyt. The English equivalent 
for the Duit {q.v.). The name is evi- 
dently a corruption of the French d’huit, 
an eighth, this being their value as com- 
pared to the Stuiver. 

Doits were current in Scotland during 
the reign of the Stuarts, but their im- 
portation was prohibited in 1685. See 
Ruding (ii. 22). 

Dokani. See Nasfi. 

Dokdo, or Dokro. A copper coin of 
Dutch and Kathiawar, of the value of one 
twenty-fourth of a Kori {q.v.). Codring- 
ton states that it is from the Prakrit Duk- 
kado, or the Sanscrit Dvikrita, meaning 
“twice done,” i.e., twice a Tambio. He 
adds that “though now used to mean one 
pice, it must originally have been two 
pice.” 

Dolche, i.e., daggers. A name given to 
the ducal Groschen of Lorraine struck 
during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
turies. The obverse of these coins bore the 
figure of an arm holding a short sword 
which was easily mistaken for a dagger 
or poniard. 

Dollar. The derivation is generally sup- 
posed to come from the German word 
Thaler {q.v.), and this in its turn takes 
its name from the silver coins struck about 
1525 in the mining region of Joachimsthal 
in Bohemia. 

It is the unit of value of the United 
States and is worth ten dimes or one hun- 
dred cents. The silver dollar was author- 
ized to be coined by an Act of Congress 
dated April 2, 1792, and the first coins 
were issued in 1794. They were originally 
of 416 grains; reduced in 1837 to 412.5 
grains. The coinage of the silver dollar 
ceased in 1904. 

The gold dollar was authorized by an 
Act of March 8, 1849, and abolished in 
1890. It is of the weight of 25.8 grains, 
and was designed by James B. Longacre, 
the chief engraver of the mint. 


Many of the British Colonies now use 
a silver dollar, called the British Dollar, 
and based on a metric system. This piece 
was authorized in 1895 and first struck for 
circulation in 1896, being intended prin- 
cipally for Hong Kong and the Straits 
Settlements. It was originally 416 grains 
fine. The Bank of England dollar of the 
value of five shillings, and the Bank of 
Ireland dollar of the value of six shillings 
were both issued in 1804. 

Dollar. A silver coin struck by Charles 
II for Scotland from 1676 to 1682, and 
constituting his second coinage. It is of 
the weight of 429 grains, the same as the 
Four Merk piece of the preceding issue. 
There are divisions to one sixteenth of a 
Dollar. 

Donario, or Donativ. This, as the name 
indicates, is a coin or medal issued to com- 
memorate some event and not sold, but 
distributed on an anniversary. One of 
Carl Gustav of Sweden struck for Riga 
prior to his accession in 1645, reads: ex 

AVREO SOLIDO CIVITATIS RIGENSIS ME FIERI 
FECIT. 

Pietro Virgilio on his accession to the 
Bishopric of Trent in 1776 coined the 
Donario in both gold and silver for pres- 
entation purposes. 

Donativ. See Donario. 

Dong. Another name for the Sapeque 
{q.v.). A piece of 100 Dong of the Em- 
peror Hien-Tong of Annam (1740-1785) 
is described by Lavoix (xxv. 389). Dong 
and Dong-thien is the Annamese equiva- 
lent for the Chinese Cash. 

Doppel in German, and Doppio in Ital- 
ian, means double, and is generally used 
in conjunction with Thaler, Grosso, etc. 

Doppia, from doppio, double, is the 
name of a former gold coin of a number 
of the Italian States, and the double of 
some recognized unit. 

It appears in Milan in the' fifteenth cen- 
tury under the Sforza dynasty as a piece 
of two Zecchini, and it bore the same value 
in Malta. 

As a coin of two Scudi it occurs in the 
coinage of Genoa, Venice, Mantua, the 
Papal series both at Rome and Bologna, 
etc. 


[ 69 ] 


Doppia da Due 


Drachm 


The name is variously written as Dop- 
pione and Doppietta, the latter form usu- 
ally for Sardinia. 

Doppia da Due. See Quadrupla. 

Doppietta and Doppione. See Doppia. 

Doppler, like Doppia, is a general term 
used to express the double of any recog- 
nized standard, e.g., pieces of two Kreuzer, 
two Thaler, etc. 

Dorea, or Durih. A money of account 
of Bombay, etc., computed at six Reis. 
See Mohur. 

Dos. A Siamese gold coin of the value 
of ten Ticals issued pursuant to an order of 
King Chulalongkorn, dated November 11, 
1908. The reverse has the figure of Gam- 
da, with a shield bearing the “Chakra” 
and trident. Legend, one dos siama rath 
(in Siamese), and the date of mintage. 

Do Sen. The name given by the Jap- 
anese to their coins with central holes that 
were issued from A.D. 708 to 1868, when 
the modern coinage began. 

Double. The abbreviated name for the 
French piece of two Deniers. In the 
Anglo-Gallic series the same term was ap- 
plied to the double Gros, and in the Irish 
series under Edward IV to the double 
Groat, which was current for eight pence. 
See Ruding (i. 284). 

The earliest varieties of this coin bear 
the inscription moneta dvplex and they 
are found in Brabant under Jean III 
(1312-1355). 

Double. A copper coin of the Island 
of Guernsey, introduced in 1830, and of 
the value of one eighth of the English 
penny. There are multiples of four and 
eight Doubles. Bronze replaced the copper 
in 1861. 

Double Key. A corruption of Dub- 
beltje ( q.v .). Chalmers (p. 382) men- 
tions Double Keys, or Kupangs, as being 
the Dutch coin of two Stuivers. See also 
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 335). 

Double Lorrain. A variety of the 
Double Tournois struck by Louis XIII of 
France in 1635 and 3636. It has on the 
reverse three lilies and the words dovble 
lorrain with the date. See Hoffmann 
(134, 135). 

Double Merk. See Thistle Dollar. 

[7 


Doublon. The French equivalent for 
Doblon and Doubloon. The name is used 
on a series of silver tokens ranging from 
one eighth to one Doublon struck in Paris 
in 1825 for Guadeloupe. See Zay (p. 
203). 

Doubloon. See Dobla. 

Doudou. See Duddu. 

Dough. A slang term for money. 

Douzain. A billon French coin, which, 
as its name indicates, was the douzieme or 
twelfth part of the silver Franc and later 
the twelfth part of the Ecu. It appears 
to have been introduced in the reign of 
Charles VIII (1483-1498), and the gen- 
eral type represents on one side a crowned 
shield with three fleurs-de-lis, and on the 
reverse a cross with crowns and fleurs-de- 
lis in the angles. The issues for Perpig- 
nan have a P over the cross, and the Dou- 
zain pour le Dauphine has dolphins in the 
angles. Among the numerous other varie- 
ties are the Douzain de Bretagne with the 
letters R or N on the cross to represent 
Rennes or Nantes ; the Douzain a la Cour- 
onne, and the Douzain au pore-epic, the 
latter with a porcupine under the shield, 
both of which appeared under Louis XII 
(1498-1515) ; the Douzain a la Salamandre 
issued in the time of Francis 1 (1515- 
1547) on which the shield has two crowned 
Salamanders as supporters; the Douzain 
a la Croisette of the same monarch, on 
which the cross appears in a quadrilobe ; 
the Douzain aux Croissants of Henri II 
(1547-1559), having two interwoven cross- 
es on the reverse ; and besides all these 
there are special issues for Bearn, Navarre, 
etc. Under Louis XIII specimens occur 
countermarked with a lis or lily, pursuant 
to the ordinance of June, 1640. 

There is an obsidional Douzain struck 
for the Low Countries during the French 
occupation in 1672. See Mailliet (lii. 9). 

Doyt. See Doit. 

Dozzeno. The double of the Sesino 
(q.v.), and consequently the third part of 
the Grosso. It exists as a coin of Frinco 
in the latter part of the sixteenth century. 

Drachm, or Drachmon. The unit of 

the silver coinage of Greece, the normal 
weight of which in the Attic standard was 
4.367 grammes, or 67.28 grains. 

T) ] 


Drachma 


Dripmy Bit 


The name is derived from the Greek 


verb SpaxTO[jL«i, i.e., to grasp, to hold, liter- 
ally a handful, or as much as can be con- 
veniently held in the hand to be put in the 
scales for weighing. 

The multiples of the Drachm are : 

Dodecadrachm = 12 Drachms 


Decadrachm 

Octodrachm 

I-Iexadraehm 

Pentadrachm 

Tetradrachm 

Didrachm, or Stater 


= 10 Drachms 

= 8 Drachms 

— 6 Drachms 

= 5 Drachms 

— 4 Drachms 

= 2 Drachms 


But no single monetary system possesses 
all of these types. 

The Drachm was equal to six Obols or 
Oboli (q.v.). 

The first coined piece known to the He- 
brews was the Persian Daric (q.v.). This 
is rendered as Dram in the authorized ver- 
sion. See I Chronicles (xxix. 7), Ezra (ii. 
69), and Nehemiah (vii. 70-72). 


Drachma. (Plural Drachmai.) The 
unit and basis of the coinage of modern 
Greece since 1833, and also adopted by 
Crete in 1901. It is a silver coin of the 
same value as the Franc, Lira, and other 
coins of the Latin Union, and is divided 
into one hundred Lepta. 

Drakani, or Drahkani. Brosset, in his 
Hisloire cle la Georgie (pp. 159, 169), 
states that this name is given to a gold 
coin, the same as the Armenian Tahegan 
(q.v.). 

Drake. A popular name for the silver 
milled Shilling of Elizabeth, with a mart- 
let, commonly called a drake, as a mint 
mark. They were usually struck at the 
York mint. See Murdoch Catalogue (No. 
646). 


Dram. See Drachm. 

Dramma. A name given to the large 
gold coins of the mediaeval dynasties of 
Central India, notably the Chandellas 
(A.D. 1015-1150). Detailed descriptions 
will be found in the Journal of the Asiatic 
Society of Bengal, 1897 (lxvi. p. 306). 

Cunningham (p. 3) cites an inscription 
from Jaunpur of A.D. 1216, where it is 
referred to as equal to six Vodris, and 
adds that this “certainly refers to the 
Greek Drachm of six Oboli.” 


Dreibaetzner. See Baetzner. 

Dreier. A common name for the base 
silver piece of three Pfennige or three 
Kreuzer which was struck in a number of 


the German States since the sixteenth cen- 
tury. See Sechser. 

Dreigroscher. A popular name for the 
triple Groschen which were struck in 
Poland, Lithuania, and some portions of 
Prussia in the sixteenth century. At a 
later period the Electors of Brandenburg 
issued Dreigroscher of the value of three 
Prussian Groschen plus four Pfennige, with 
corresponding larger coins called Sechs- 
groscher and Zwolfgroscher. All of the 
above named were of base silver. 

Dreikaiserthaler. A name given to a 
variety of Thaler struck by the Emperor 
Ferdinand I (1556-1564) which bear the 
triple crowned profile busts of himself, the 
Emperor Maximilian I, and Charles V. 
They are without date. 

Dreilander. A name given to the double 
Gros when the same type was adopted by 
three districts or territories. Thus Jean IV 
of Brabant (1415-1427) struck a Dreilan- 
der current in Brabant, Hennegau, and 
Holland. The name is also written Drie- 
lander. 

Dreiling. A term formerly employed in 
the North German States, e.g., Holstein, 
Hamburg, Mecklenburg, etc., to indicate the 
triple of the lowest existing denomination 
in use at the time, or the one fourth of 
some standard like the Groschen. 

During the French occupation of Ham- 
burg in 1809 a billon piece was issued with 
the inscription i. dreiling. An essay of 
this coin struck in gold appeared in 1807. 

Dreipolker. The half of the Dreigros- 
cher, i.e., a piece of one and one half 
Groschen. It was common in Prussia dur- 
ing the seventeenth century. See Poltora. 

Dreissiger. A general term for a coin 
of thirty Kreuzer. See Sechser, Zwanziger, 
etc. 

Dreizehner. The popular name for the 
silver coins of Dortmund, issued during 
the seventeenth century. They had a figure 
13 stamped on them to indicate that their 
value was one thirteenth of the Thaler. 

Drie Duitstuk. See Duit. 

Drielander. See Dreilander. 

Dripmy Bit. A corruption of three 
penny piece ; it is an English dialect word 
used in Devonshire. 


[71 ] 


Driittainer 


Ducato d’Argento 


Driittainer, or Dritteiner. The name 
used in Munster to designate the Prussian 
coin of five Silbergroschen. See Kasten- 
mannchen. 

Dschingara. A pale gold coin with Ara- 
bic inscriptions issued for Gowa in Celebes, 
A. II. 1078, and later. It was valued at 
four Koupas. Conf. Millies (p. 177), and 
Fonrobert (Nos. 899, 901). 

Duarius. The common name for the base 
silver two Kreuzer piece struck for Hun- 
gary and Transylvania during the sixteenth 
and seventeenth centuries. 

Dub. A Persian word meaning thick, 
and applied to various Indian coins of the 
Fels type having a thick or heavy module. 

The French equivalent is Dabou, and 
Zay (p. 287) states that at Yanaon hi the 
French Indies forty-six to forty-eight Da- 
bous are equal to one Rupee. 

The Dub with multiples was also issued 
by the Madras East India Company in 
1807 and later. See Neumann (19906), 
and Faluce, infra. 

Dubbeltje, or Dubeltje, meaning twice, 
or double, is the popular name for the 
former Dutch coin of two Stuivers. 

In the currency of the Malay Peninsula 
it is equal to two and one half Duits, and is 
called by the natives Wang Baharu, mean- 
ing “small change.” Conf. Pitje. 

The word is still retained in Holland to 
designate the silver coin of ten Cents. 

Dublone. See Dobla. 

Ducat. Also called Ducato and Dukat. 
The best known of all gold coins. It is 
generally supposed to have been first issued 
by Roger II, King of Sicily, about 1150. 
This coin bore the figure of Christ, and the 
inscription sit tibi xre dat q tv regis iste 
dvcat, i.e., Sit tibi Christe datus, quern tu 
regis iste ducatus — “To thee, O Christ, be 
dedicated this duchy which thou rulest. ” 
From the last word of the inscription the 
coin received its name. 

The Ducat was extensively copied by the 
chief rulers of Europe, and has almost uni- 
versally retained its fineness. The last 
country to issue this denomination was 
Austria. 

There are divisions as low as one thirty- 
second, and multiples as high as pieces of 
over one hundred ducats. It also occurs in 


square and hexagonal shapes. See Zec- 
ehino. 


Ducat. A gold coin of Scotland, struck 
in 1558 after the marriage of Mary Stuart 
to Francis, the Dauphin of France. Its 
weight is 118 grains. See Bonnet Piece. 

Ducat. A money of account in the Vene- 
tian Republic during the fifteenth century. 

Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611 (286), has 
the following: “Now whereas the Venetian 
duckat, is much spoken of, you must con- 
sider that this word duckat doth not sig- 
nifie any one certaine eoyne. But many 
severall pieces do concurre to make one 
duckat, namely six livers ( ? livres] and two 
gazets, ” i.e., Gazzetti. 

Ducatello. A silver coin of the Republic 
of Venice, which appeared under the Doge 
Marco Foscarini (1762-1763). It was evi- 
dently intended for foreign trade, and as 
late as 1823 the Ducatello is referred to 
in Alexandrian coinage as equal to ten 
Medini, or one fourth of the Piastre. 

Ducato. A coin struck in both gold and 
silver for several parts of Italy but espe- 
cially for Naples and the two Sicilies. In 
order to indicate the complicated relation- 
ship of these coins to their multiples and 
divisions the following table is appended: 
Ducato d’Oro = 10 Neapolitan Carlini ; 
Ducato d’Argento = 100 Grani; the half 
of the silver Ducato, of the value of 50 
Grani, being also known as the Pataca. 

Following the ordinance of April 20, 
1818, there were issued the Oncetta, a gold 
coin of three Ducati, with double, quintu- 
ple, and ten Oncetta pieces, and the Ducato 
d’Argento, of ten Carlini or 100 Grani. 

In Sicily the divisions of the Ducato, 
prior to 1818, has only half the value of 
those in Naples, i.e . — 


O 

a 

o 

Q 

Naples 1 
Sicily 1 
especially 
Palermo 


cS 

-t-j pH 

K cj ci 

fc H U 

2 5 10 

10 20 


c T- 

o 3 

40 100 

200 
called 
Baiocci 


w 

O' 


o 

200 


3 .% cl 

O' ft o 
300 600 1200 

1200 


The silver Ducato of Ragusa, struck only 
in the years 1722 and 1723, had a value 
of forty Grossetti. See Vislino. 


Ducato d’Argento. A silver coin of the 
Danaro size, issued for Naples and Sicily, 


[ 72 ] 


Ducato di Banco 


Duit 


Apulia, etc., as early as the twelfth cen- 
tury. Roger II (Ruggiero), Duke of Na- 
ples (1105-1130), and King (1130-1154) 
struck it in concave form in imitation of 
the Byzantine types, with the reverse in- 
scription dh IC XC RE IN AETERN, i.C., JeSUS 
Christus regnat in aeternum. It was issued 
in Venice under the Doge Girolamo Priuli 
(1559-1567), with a value of 124 Soldi. In 
Savoy, Duke Philibert II (1497-1504) 
struck pieces of the same name, and it is 
to be found in the currency of other Italian 
states. It must, however, be remembered 
that these latter Ducats in silver were ap- 
proximately of the size of a Thaler or 
Crown. See Romesine. 

Ducato di Banco. A money of account 
instituted by Cardinal Paletti in 1581 by 
which he decreed that ten Ducati di Banco 
were the equivalent of twelve ordinary cur- 
rent Ducati. As it was simply a scheme 
for local profit it never went into effect. 

Ducato di Camera. Another name for 
the Zecehino of the Papal States, which 
later became a money of account. 

Ducaton, also called Dueatone. A silver 
coin of crown size first struck in 1598 by 
the Spaniards during their occupation of 
the Low Countries. The original types had 
on one side the busts of the Archduke Al- 
bert and his wife Elizabeth, but the name 
had been previously employed to designate 
the Philippus Daalder ( q.v .). It was usu- 
ally computed at thirty Stuivers. 

The Ducaton was extensively copied in 
Savoy, Milan, Parma, etc., and an issue for 
the Dutch Colonies bears the special colo- 
nial mark. 

An obsidional Ducaton was issued for 
Amsterdam in the war against France, 
1672-1673. See Mailliet (Suppl. iii. 4-6). 

Ducats, always used in the plural, is a 
slang or colloquial term for money. 

"Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand (vi.), 
has the following : “From spendthrift King 
John downwards, the Christian has ever 
pocketed the ducats, and abused the do- 
nor. ’ ’ 

Duce. See Deuce. 

Duddu, also variously written Dudu, 
Doudou, and Tuttu. A copper coin of 
Southern India, the value of which varied 
according to the locality. In the Travan- 


core State there are varieties marked Ara 
Chakram, meaning half a Chakram. See 
Elliot (p. 139), who describes two varieties 
of the value of four and eight Cash re- 
spectively. 

In the Madras Presidency these coins 
were issued early in the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and in Bengal they were computed 
as equal to the half Paisa. 

When the French operated their mints 
at Pondichery and Karikal, they struck the 
Doudou, as they called it, with a rude fleur 
de lis on one side, and a Tamil inscription 
on the reverse. There is a dated variety of 
1836, with the Gallic cock on the obverse. 
These coins were also valued at four Cash. 
See Zay (pp. 278, 285). 

Diitchen. The name given in the prov- 
inces of East and West Prussia to the for- 
mer Silbergroschen equal to one sixteenth 
of the Thaler. It is very extensively found 
in the coinages of Bremen, IIolstein-Got- 
torp, Stralsund, etc., at the beginning of 
the seventeenth century. 

See a curious treatise on the etymology 
of the name by Schroder, in the Nieder- 
deutsches Jahrbuch, 1907 (xxxiii.). 

Duetto. A copper coin of Florence, 
Lucca, etc., of the value of two Quattrini. 
It was issued throughout the eighteenth 
century and was gradually abolished from 
the coinage before 1850. 

Duffer. An English slang term for a 
counterfeit coin or noil-negotiable money. 
AV. S. Jevons, in his work on Money, the 
Mechanism of Exchange, 1875 (xxi. 289), 
has the following : ‘ ‘ The cheques, bills, 
[etc.] are regarded by thieves as ‘duffer,’ 
with which they dare not meddle.” 

Duggani. Lewis Rice, in the Mysore 
Gazetteer, 1877 (p. 8), states that a copper 
coin of this name, and of the value of half 
the Duddu, was in circulation in the above- 
mentioned year. 

The Duganih, or Dogganey, probably a 
variant of the above, was a name some- 
times given to the Pice of Bombay, etc., 
when used as a money of account. See 
Moliur. 

Duit, also variously written Duyt,, Dute, 
and Doit {q.v.), is a copper coin of the 
value of one eighth of a Stuiver, issued in 
the various provinces of the Low Countries 


[ 73 ] 


Duitole Asarfi 


Dynders 


from about 1580 to the beginning of the 
nineteenth century. According to the 
Munt Ordonnantie of 1586 it was equal to 
two Penninge. 

The Dutch Government also issued Duits 
in copper and lead for their possessions in 
Ceylon from 1782 to 1792, and for Java 
from 1764 to the early part of the nine- 
teenth century. See Oord, and Pitje. 

The name is retained in the Dutch In- 
dies as a popular appellation for the cur- 
rent one cent copper coin of Holland, and 
the two and one half cent piece is usually 
referred to as a Drie Duitstuk. 

Duitole Asarfi. A gold coin of Nepal 
of the value of four Moliurs. See Suka. 

Duk. The name given to a silver amulet 
resembling a coin, and current in Annam. 
It usually bears an inscription on one side, 
and a figure (rose, swastika, vase, etc.) on 
the reverse. See Fonrobert (2125, 2136). 

Dukat. The German equivalent of Du- 
cat ( q.v .). 

Dumare. According to Kelly (p. 232), 
this was a former money of account used 
on the Malabar coast and equal to four 
cowrie shells. Twelve Dumares were equal 
to one copper Pice. 

Dump. A name generally applied to any 
small coin of unusual thickness, irrespec- 
tive of the metal or value. Well known 
examples are the early coins of Ceylon with 
elephants on the obverse ; the thick small 
half penny of George I of England, issued 
in 1718; the Bit {q.v.) cut out of the Span- 
ish Pesos ; and the centre piece of the Holey 
Dollar {q.v.). 

Dung-tang, and Dung-tse, are names 
given to the Pa-nying Tang-ka by the Ti- 
betans. See Ang-tuk. 

Duodeciaere. Another name for the 
Dodrans, which see. 

Duplo. See Doblengo. 

Duplone. A gold coin of a number of 
the cantons of Switzerland and adopted by 
the Helvetian Republic in 1800. It repre- 
sented in value a double Ducat or sixteen 
Francs, some of the issues reading 16 
SCHWEiZER franken. Quadruples and 
quintuples were occasionally struck. 

Dupondius. A multiple of the Roman 
As after the first reduction. Tt bears on 


the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, 
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and 
the mark ii, i.e., two Asses. 

The Dupondius continued to he coined 
under the Roman Emperors hut in brass 
(in contradistinction to the As, which con- 
sisted of more or less pure copper). Be- 
cause in size it was about equal to the As 
it was distinguished from the latter by 
placing a -radiate crown upon the Em- 
peror’s portrait on the obverse. It was 
discontinued under Trajan Decius and Tre- 
bonianus. 

Durantingi, or Durantini. A mediaeval 
money of Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne. 
Du Cange cites an order of the eleventh 
century showing that these coins were then 
in common use. They were probably some 
variety of Denier or Maille. 

Duriglio. The name given to the gold 
Pezzetta of Philip V of Spain and his suc- 
cessors to the end of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. 

Durih. See Dorea. 

Duro. The same as the Peso {q.v.). 
But the name Duro was used as a designa- 
tion on an obsidional silver piece struck 
for Gerona by Ferdinand VII in 1808 
(Mailliet xlii. 10). 

In the Morocco coinage the gold piece of 
twenty Rials is called a Duro. 

Duro de Plata. See Vellon. 

Duro de Vellon. See Vellon. 

Duro Resellado. See Resellado. 

Dust. A colloquial term for gold dust, 
lienee money. Wilkins, in his play The 
Miseries of Enforced Marriage, 1607 (iv.), 
has the phrase “come, down with your 
dust,” and Smollett, in Ferdinand Count 
Fathom, 1753 (i. 122), says, “I have more 
dust in my fob.” 

John G. Saxe in his poem Jupiter and 
Danae has the line, “open your purse, and 
come down with the dust.” See Darby. 

Dvoiak. The name given to the Polish 
silver coin of two Grossi. See Szelong. 

Dvougrivenik. See Grivna. 

Dwi. A word meaning ‘ ‘ two, ’ ’ and used 
in conjunction with the Pana {q.v.). 

Dyak. A silver coin introduced by the 
Gorldias into Nepal and equal to two Paisa. 
See Suka. 

Dynders. See Dinders. 


[ 74 ] 


Eagle 


Ecu 


E 


Eagle. A base silver coin current in 
Ireland in the latter part of the thirteenth 
century. For a time they were accepted 
in England at the rate of two for a penny, 
but were prohibited in 1310. W. Hemin- 
burgh, in his Chronicon, circa, 1350 (repr. 
ii. 187), says Monet as . . . pessimi metalli, 
pollardorum, crocardorum, . . . aquilarum. 
See Brabant. 

Eagle. The standard gold coin of the 
United Sates of the value of ten dollars. 
They were authorized to be coined by an 
Act of Congress dated April 2, 1792, and 
were to have a fineness of .916 2 / 3 and a 
weight of 270 grains. They were issued 
from 1795 to 1801 with the exception of 
1802. In 1838 a new design appeared, en- 
graved by William Ivneass, and of a fine- 
ness of .900, as provided by an Act of 
Congress dated January 18, 1837. This 
issue continued until the year 1907 when 
it was succeeded by the new design of 
Augustus St. Gaudens. There are also 
double, half, and quarter Eagles. 

Eagle Cent. The popular name for the 
cent of small size issued in the United 
States from 1856 to 1858. It has the figure 
of a flying eagle on the obverse. 

Earnest. Money or goods given to bind 
an agreement; specifically in law, the pay- 
ment of part of the price by the buyer of 
a commodity as a guarantee that he will 
uphold the bargain. 

“If any part of the price is paid down, 
if it be but a penny, or any portion of the 
goods delivered by way of earnest (which 
the. civil law calls arrha and interprets to 
be emptionis venditionis contractae argu- 
ment urn), the property of the goods is abso- 
lutely bound by it.” — Blackstone, Com- 
mentaries (ii. 30). 

“To constitute earnest the thing must 
be given as a token of ratification of the 
contract, and it should be expressly stated 
so by the giver.” Chitty, Common Law 
Practice (iii. 289). 


“Argentum Dei, God’s money, i.e., 
money given in earnest upon the making 
of any bargain. ’ ’ Blount, Law Dictionary , 
1670.' 

Easterling. See Esterlin. 

Ebenezer. A variety of the double 
Krone or piece of eight Marks struck by 
Frederick III of Denmark is so called. It 
was issued to commemorate the unsuccess- 
ful attempt of the Swedes to take Copen- 
hagen on February 11, 1659. 

The obverse has the King’s initials 
crowned, with the inscriptions dominvs 
providebit and ebenezer, the latter word 
referring to the memorial stone mentioned 
in I Samuel (iv. 1 and vii. 12). 

On the reverse is a hand grasping at a 
crown which is being severed from the arm 
by a sword. The motto reads soli deo 
gloria. 

Ebraer, or Hebraer. The name given to 
certain gold and silver coins of Denmark 
issued by Christian IV from 1644 to 1648 
to commemorate the expulsion of the 
Swedes. The reverse of these coins bears 
the inscription iustus iiidex, and between 
these words occurs the name Jehovah in 
Hebrew script. 

Ecclesiastical Coins. A name given in 
general to such pieces as were issued by 
archbishops, bishops, and abbots, to dis- 
tinguish them from those struck by sov- 
ereigns and rulers. 

In England ecclesiastical coins were not 
issued after the reign of Henry VIII. 

Eckige Pfennige. A common designa- 
tion for the mediaeval German issues which 
were not struck on circular planchets. The 
word means “having corners.” 

Ecu, corresponding to the Italian scudo, 
meant originally a shield, from the device 
on the coin. Similarly the Dutch employ 
the term S child, the Spaniards Escudo , etc. 

The silver Ecu, or Ecu Blanc, as it is 
frequently called, appeared under Louis 
XIII in 1641, and had a value of sixty 


[ 75 ] 


Ecu a la Couronne 


Ecu du Parlement 


Sols. There were also struck a number of 
sub-divisions. See Hoffmann (passim). 
Under Louis XV the value of the Ecu 
varied at three, five, and six Livres, and 
under Louis XVI it was made equal to the 
latter figure. 

Ecu a la Couronne, also called Couron- 
nelle. A large French gold coin first is- 
sued by Charles VII (1422-1461). It ob- 
tains its name from the crowned shield, the 
principal design on the obverse. It was 
struck at Paris, Rouen, and Tournay. 

Ecu a la Croisette. A variety of the 
Ecu an Soled issued by Francis I of France 
in Lis second coinage (1540-1547). It lias 
a small equilateral cross on the reverse and 
was struck at Montpellier, Saint Andre, 
Lyons, Paris, and Marseilles. The type 
was retained by his successor, Henri II. 

Ecu a la Croix de Bourgogne. See 
Kruisdaalder. 

Ecu a l’Aigle. A silver coin, the one 
third of the Arends-Rijksdaalder ( q.v .), 
and having a value of twenty Groten. 

Ecu a la Perruque. A name given to a 
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV 
struck in 1686 and later, on account of the 
elaborate head-dress on the bust portrait. 

Ecu a la Salamandre. A variety of the 
gold Ecu issued by Francis 1 in his second 
coinage (1540-1547). It receives its name 
from the obverse design, two salamanders 
supporting the armorial shield of France. 

Ecu au Bandeau. The name given to a 
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XV is- 
sued in 1740 and later, on account of the 
broad baud or ribbon which is a prominent 
feature in the head-dress. 

Ecu au Briquet. A variety of the Ecu 
a la Couronne, having on the reverse alter- 
nate lozenges and fieurs de lis in the angles 
of the cross. 

Ecu au Lion. See Leeuwendaalder. 

Ecu au Porc-epic. A name given to the 
Ecu d’or of Louis XII of France, on ac- 
count of the porcupines on the reverse, in 
the angles of the cross. 

In 1522, in consequence of the lack of 
English coins, several foreign coins of both 
gold and silver were proclaimed current in 
England; among these were “crowns 
named Porpynes, at four shillings and four 


pence Sterling.” Possibly this reference is 
to a silver coin with a porcupine on it, as 
Louis introduced a Gros au Porc-epic into 
his Franco-Italian series, which was issued 
at Milan. 

Ecu au St. Victor. See St. Victor Daal- 
der. 

Ecu au Soleil. The name given to the 
variety of Ecu struck by Louis XI (1461- 
1483) which bears the figure of a small 
sun over the crowned shield of France. It 
was also copied by Charles VII l, Louis XII, 
and Francis I. 

Ecu aux Colliers. A name given to a 
variety of the silver Ecu of Louis XIV 
struck in 1684 and 1685, on account of the 
chains or ribbons of the Order encircling 
the shield. 

Ecu aux Lauriers. The name given to 
a variety of the silver Ecu struck by Louis 
XV in 1737 and later, on account of the 
reverse design which represented a crowned 
shield between two branches of laurels. 
There are divisions of one half, one fifth, 
one tenth, and one twentieth. 

Ecu aux Lunettes. See Louis aux Lu- 
nettes. 

Ecu Blanc. See Ecu. 

Ecu de Six Livres. See Laubthaler. 

Ecu d’Or. A gold coin of France in- 
troduced by Philip VI (1328-1350). The 
earliest types have a figure of the King- 
seated, holding a shield in his hand, and 
this was imitated by Edward III in the 
Anglo-Gallic series. Under Charles VI 
(1380-1422) the new type, with the large 
shield on the obverse, was struck. This 
variety was copied in Gueldres by Maria of 
Brabant (1361-1399). 

A Scottish gold coin issued in 1525 and 
again in 1543 has received the same name. 
See also Chaise. 

Ecu du Dauphine. A gold coin issued 
by Francis I of France (1515-1547) for 
Daupliiny, and struck at Grenoble, Cre- 
mieu, etc. It differs from the Ecu au Soleil 
in having the quartered arms of France- 
Dauphiny on the obverse. 

Ecu du Parlement. A variety of the sil- 
ver Ecu of Louis XIV struck in 1680 and 
later. It has a bust in armor with peruke 
and embroidered cravat, and on the re- 
verse a crowned shield. 


[ 76 ] 


Ecu Heaume 


Engel 


Ecu Heaume. The name given to any 
variety of the Ecu on which a helmet ap- 
pears above the shield. See Heaume. 

Ecu Pistolet. A gold coin of Geneva is- 
sued from about 1562 to 1585. It has on 
the reverse a radiating sun with the motto 
post tenebras lvx. A larger gold coin of 
the same type but struck in the following 
century is known as the Quadruple. 

Edelrost, i.e., “noble rust.” An ex- 
pression used by German numismatic writ- 
ers for patina. 

Egisthaler. A name formerly used in 
Hungary for the Convention Thaler. 

Eight Brothers’ Thaler. See Aclitbrii- 
derthaler. 

Eintrachtsthaler. A name given to such 
coins as were struck jointly by two or more 
rulers ostensibly from pure motives of 
friendship, but frequently a political pur- 
pose of unity is also to be served. 

The following are the principal ones : for 
Baden, struck by the Margraves Bernhard 
and Ernst in 1533; for Saxony, struck by 
the Dukes Kasimir of Gotha and Johann 
Ernst of Eisenach in 1598; for Brunswick, 
struck by Julius Ernst and August in 1599 
and 16i7; and for Stolberg, struck by 
Christian Friedrich and Jost Christian in 
1704. 

All of these have the busts facing or the 
names of the contracting rulers and fre- 
quently a device of clasped hands, etc. 

Eiraku Sen. Originally a Chinese cop- 
per coin introduced into Japan in the fif- 
teenth century and made the sole lawful 
currency of Japan in 1573. The piece was 
coined by the Ming Emperor Cheng Tsu 
in 1403-1425 and has the inscription yung 
no tung-pao. Eiraku Tsuho is the Japan- 
ese pronunciation. 

Ekaba. A name given to a variety of 
glass beads used as money by the Ga ll a 
tribes of Abyssinia. Those most esteemed 
are red with an equatorial zone of white 
enamel. See A. Thomson D’Abbadie, in 
the Numismatic Chronicle (ii. 1839- ’40). 

Ek-ani. The one eighth Mohur intro- 
duced by the Gorkhas in the coinage of 
Nepal. See Suka. 

Ekilik. See Tkilik. 


Electro. An abbreviation of electrotype 
and used in numismatics to indicate a copy 
of an original coin or medal by the elec- 
trotype process. 

Electron, or Electrum. A natural alloy 
of gold and silver employed by the Ionian 
Greeks at an early period for money. The 
name seems to be derived from the Greek, 
Y^Xey.Tpov, i.e., amber, the color of the al- 
loy resembling this product. It was 
found in considerable quantities in the 
river Pactolus in Lydia, and is mentioned 
by Pliny and Sophocles. The electrum of 
Asia Minor contained approximately twen- 
ty-seven per cent of silver, but coins of 
Africa and Sicilian coins of Agathocles in 
this metal contain a larger percentage. 
The pale gold coins of the Merovingians 
and the Postulatsgulden of Liege, issued 
about A.D. 1500 and containing about fifty 
per cent of silver, are not natural electrum, 
but a mixture purposely effected. 

Eleemosyna Aratri. A tribute or tax 
mentioned in the Leges Afhclstan apud 
Lombard, and consisting of “a penny 
which King Ethelred ordered to be paid for 
every plough in England towards the sup- 
port of the poor.” It is also known by 
the name of Carucage. 

Ellilik. A gold coin of the modern Turk- 
ish series of the value of fifty Piastres. 

Elm Seed Money. See Yu Cilia Chien. 

Embase. To depreciate coins in price or 
value. ITolinshed, in his Chronicles, 1577 
(iii. 1192), states that “the teston coined 
for twelue pence and in the reigne of King 
Edward embased by proclamation to six 
pence.” See Debased and Imbasing. 

Emol. The salt money of Abyssinia. 
See Amole. 

Encased Stamps. See Postal Currency. 

Enest. A word meaning “female” and 
used in Abyssinia to designate the Maria 
Theresa Thaler. See Wand. 

Engel. The name frequently applied to 
any coin with the device of an angel. In 
Brabant the Brusselaar ( q.v .) receives this 
name from the figure of the archangel Mi- 
chael on the same. 

An ordinance of 1404 in the archives of 
Frankfort a M. orders the striking of En- 
gels, these coins to he valued at one third 
of the Turnose. Cf. Paul Joseph (p. 223). 


[ 77 ] 


Engelsgroschen 


Escalin 


Engelsgroschen. In the year 1490 rich 
silver deposits were discovered in the 
Schreckenberge in Saxony, and two years 
later mining operations were instituted. 
From the product of these mines the Elec- 
tor Frederick 111 (1486-1525), in conjunc- 
tion with Dukes Albrecht and Johann, or- 
dered a new variety of Groschen to be 
struck in 1498. These coins had on the 
obverse the figure of an angel standing and 
holding a shield, and received the name of 
Engelsgroschen or Schreckenherger. Their 
actual value was four Groschen and twelve 
Kreuzer, and they were issued for a long 
period by both the Albertinian and the 
Ernestinian Lines. 

Engelsk. A Danish coin corresponding 
to the Esterlin. It was current in the latter 
part of the fourteenth century. See Blan- 
cliet (ii. 314). 

Engelthaler. A silver coin of the same 
type as the Engelsgroschen but of a larger 
size and of the value of forty Groschen. It 
was struck for Juliers, Cleve, and Berg at 
the beginning of the seventeenth century. 

Engenhoso. A gold coin of Portugal of 
the value of five hundred Reis, first issued 
by Sebastian in 1562. It differed from the 
older Cruzado in having the date and the 
words in hoc signo vinces in the four an- 
gles of the cross. The letters G.A., the 
initials of the engraver Guimarens, are at 
the side of the shield. The name of the 
coin means artistic or novel. 

Engi Tsuho. See Jin Ni Zene. 

Engrailed, when applied to coins, means 
having an edge or border formed by a ring 
of dots or curvilinear indentations. 

Engroigne. See Angroigne. 

Enneobol (svvso^o Xov) is a sum of nine 
Obols or 1 1/ 2 Drachms. A money of ac- 
count mentioned in inscriptions. 

Enrici, or Enriciani. The name given to 
Deniers struck in Lucca, with the name of 
Henry 11 (1004-1024), but also used in the 
early coinage of Milan where there were 
several rulers named Henry prior to the 
first Republic (1250-1310). 

Enrique. A Spanish gold coin which 
takes its name from Henry IV (1454-1474) 
in whose reign it was struck at Madrid, 
Toledo, and Villalon. It has on one side 


the King seated on a throne and on the 
reverse the quartered arms of Castile, etc. 
There is a half or Medio Enrique of sim- 
ilar type. Conf. Henri d’Or. 

Ephraimiten. A nickname given to a 
series of coins of debased silver and gold 
issued by Frederick the Great in Saxony 
from 1753 to 1756, during the Seven Years’ 
AVar. 

The King appointed a merchant named 
Itzig Ephraim as mint-master and he 
caused these coins to he struck from dies 
of the year 1753 found in Leipzig. They 
consisted principally of the August d’Or 
( q.v .) and pieces of eight and four Gros- 
chen in silver, and they were so debased 
that they contained two thirds or more of 
base metal alloy. They were gradually 
withdrawn from circulation after the peace 
of 1763. 

Equipaga. A Portuguese copper coin 
struck for Angola and other African pos- 
sessions. It is the fourth of the Macuta 
(q.v.). A corresponding half was called 
Pano. 

Ernestus. A silver coin of the Denier 
type issued by Ernest of Bavaria as Bishop 
of Liege (1581-1612). See de Chestret 
(533, etc.). 

Ernst d’Or. The name given to the gold 
Pistole or piece of five Thaler struck by 
Ernst August, Duke of Hanover (1837- 
1851). 

Escalin. A silver coin current in the 
various provinces of the Low Countries 
since the latter part of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. It is the same as the Schelling (q.v.), 
but the term Escalin was generally applied 
to such coins as were employed in the trade 
outside of the Netherlands proper. Thus 
the issues of the Compagnie van Verre of 
Amsterdam struck for Java in 1601 were 
called Escalins or Reals, and had a value 
of 48 Dutes. See Netcher and v.d. Chijs 
(i. 4). Verkade (199. 4). 

Mailliet (cxxxi.) cites an obsidional Esca- 
lin struck for Zeeland in 1672. 

Escalin. A silver coin issued for Santo- 
Domingo and Guadeloupe. The type for 
the former province was struck by order of 
General Leclerc about 1801. The pieces for 
Guadeloupe issued during the English occu- 
pation of 1810 and 1813 are countermarked 


[ 78 ] 


Escalin a la Rose 


Esterlin 


with a letter G crowned, and those under 
French rule have the initials R. F. for Re- 
publique Francaise. See Zay (pp. 227, 
230). The Escalin of Curacao was com- 
puted at three Sous. 

Escalin a la Rose. See Roosschelling. 

Escalin au Cavalier. See Snaphaan. 

Escalin au Lion. See Bankschelling. 

Escalin au Navire. See Scheepjeschel- 
ling. 

Escoufle. The nickname given to a coin 
of Flanders of the fourteenth century, of 
the value of twelve Deniers Parisis. Du 
Cange, who cites several ordinances show- 
ing its value, thinks that it is from the old 
French word escouble, meaning a kite, the 
eagle on this coin being mistaken for this 
bird. 

Escudillo d’Oro. A gold coin of Spain 
struck by Charles III about 1770 and con- 
tinued by his successor, Charles IV. It 
was valued at ten Reales. 

Escudo, meaning a shield, is the Spanish 
equivalent for the French Ecu, and the 
Italian Scudo. The term Escudo de Oro 
is generally applied to t he gold Ducat type 
issued in the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, and the value appears to have been 
one eighth of the Doubloon. 

In the silver series there is an obsidional 
Escudo of five Pesetas issued for Tarra- 
gona in 1809, and another for Lerida of 
the same date. The silver Escudo was also 
extensively struck during the Spanish occu- 
pation of the Low Countries. Under a 
law of 1864 the Escudo was made the Span- 
ish monetary basis with a value of ten 
Reales. 

It has now disappeared as a monetary 
unit in Europe, and the only country where 
it is still in use is Chile, where the Escudo 
is a gold coin of the value of five Pesos. 

Escudo. A gold coin of Portugal origin- 
ally issued about 1720 with a value of 1600 
Reis, and which receives its name from the 
large shield on the reverse. It was imme- 
diately adopted by the colonial possessions 
and struck at Rio and Minas. 

When the new monetary system went 
into effect, on May 22, 1911, the unit fixed 
for the entire territory of the Republic, 
except the possessions in India, was the 

[I 


gold Escudo, which contains the same 
amount of gold as the Milreis, and is di- 
vided into one hundred equal parts called 
Centavos, so that one Centavo is equal to 
ten Reis of the old system. There are mul- 
tiples of two, five, and ten gold Escudos, 
and a silver Escudo was struck, bearing the 
date October 5, 1910, to commemorate the 
proclamation of the new Republic. 

E Sen, or Picture Sen. Japanese tokens 
or charms ; they are either made at govern- 
ment mints or privately, and for the most 
part have pictures on them rather than 
inscriptions. They are about the size of 
the old Japanese copper coins and often- 
times passed as money. 

Espadim. A gold coin of Portugal is- 
sued by Joannes II (1481-1495), and the 
half of the Justo ( q.v .). It obtains its 
name from the device of a hand holding a 
sword ( espada ). A silver coin of the same 
type was issued by Alfonso V (1438-1481). 
See Spadin. 

Esphera. The name given to a gold semi- 
Cruzado, issued under Manuel I (1495- 
1521 ), and struck at Goa under the govern- 
ment of Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509- 
1515). The obverse has the word mea 
(half) under a large crown, and the re- 
verse shows a large sphere from which the 
coin derives its name. See Teixeira de 
Aragao (i. 1). 

A copper coin of the same name was 
struck under Antonio (1580) for the Por- 
tuguese colonies in India. 

Essays, called in French Monnaies d’- 
essai, and in German Probemunzen, are 
trial pieces, the object of which is to test 
the die and note the details of the design. 
They are frequently made of a different 
thickness and in other metals than the 
coins subsequently to be struck from the 
same die. See Piefort. 

Esterlin. A small silver coin current in 
the thirteenth century and later. The 
name is also found written as Easterling, 
Sterling, and in a mint ordinance issued 
at Antwerp in 1525 there is a reference to 
Estrelin. 

Their characteristic is a bust or head of 
the ruler or mint master on the obverse, 
and a cross with pellets in the angles on 
the reverse. 

9 ] 


Estevenante 

The Esterlins were originally introduced 
into England and were copied in Brabant, 
Flanders, various parts of France and in 
Germany. See Sterling. 

Estevenante, or Stephanensis. The name 
given to money struck in Besangon, the 
original issues bearing a figure of St. Ste- 
phen. The town had a mint as early as 
the ninth century. The type was imitated 
in other places, especially in Burgundy, 
and by the Princes of Orange. 

Etampe. See Tampe. 

Etschkreuzer. See Kreuzer. 

Etschvierer. See Yierer. 

Euboean League. See League Coinage. 

Eulendukaten. A name given to certain 
gold coins struck by the Emperor Charles 
VI from 1712 to 1715 from metal obtained 
from the Eule mine near Prague. A figure 
of an owl which they bear refers to this 
incident. 

Ewiger Pfennig. The name given to a 
variety of Bracteate issued by Henry II of 
Klingenberg, Bishop of Constance (1293- 
1306). The word means eternal, and was 
applied to the coin because the type was 
retained for many years. 


E Yien Ch’ien 

Exagium. A piece of circular or rectan- 
gular bronze which was employed to deter- 
mine the standard weight of the Solidus. 

Excelente. A Spanish gold coin first 
issued in the reign of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella. It is of the size of a Ducat and its 
value was eleven Reals and one Maravedi 
or 375 Maravedis. There are quadruples, 
doubles, and halves of corresponding val- 
ues. See Aquila de Oro. 

Excoctum. Aurum excoctum is a Latin 
term for pure gold. See also Obryzum. 

Exergue. The lower segment usually on 
the reverse of a coin and separated by a 
horizontal bar. It frequently contains the 
date, initials of the designer, and in some 
instances the place of minting. 

Exurgat Money. A name applied to the 
Oxford Crowns issued in the reign of 
Charles 1, derived from the inscription on 
these pieces which reads: Exurgat Deus 
dissipentur inimici, from the Book of 
Psalms (lxviii. 1). See Oxford Unite. 

E Yen Ch’ien. See Goose Eye Coins. 


[ 80 ] 


Face 


Farthing 


F 


Face. The two faces of a coin are the 
Obverse and Reverse ( q.v .). 

Face. The French term for obverse. 

Face. A French slang expression for 
any coin having a portrait stamped upon it. 

Fadge is cited by J. H. Vaux, in his 
Flash Dictionary, 1812, as a slang term for 
a Farthing. 

Falconer’s Half Crown. A name given 
to a variety of half Crown of Charles I, 
issued by the Scottish mint, and bearing 
the letter F under the horses’ feet. This 
type was executed by John Falconer, the 
son-in-law of Nicholas Briot and the war- 
den of the Edinburgh mint. 

Falkendukat. The name given to a 
variety of the gold Ducat issued by the 
Margrave Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, of 
Brandenburg- Anspach (1729-1757). It 
bears on the obverse a hooded falcon, and 
on the reverse a falconer on horseback. A 
corresponding silver coin is known as the 
Falkenthaler. 

Falken Schild. The Chaise d’Or struck 
at Antwerp during the fourteenth century 
is so called, from Falco of Pistoia, the 
mint master. 

Fals. See Fels. 

Falsche Miinzen. The German equiva- 
lent for counterfeit coins. 

Faluce, or Falus. A copper coin of 
Madras and vicinity, issued early in the 
eighteenth century, and of a value of 
twenty Cash, or Kas. 

On a Madras copper of 1801 the obverse 
has an Arabic inscription indicating its 
value to be two Falus, and the reverse in- 
scription is partly in English and partly 
in Telugu, stating a value of two Dubs. 
The Dub and the Falus may therefore be 
considered as synonymous. 

In 1794 a one forty-eighth copper Rupee 
was struck by the United East India Com- 
pany for the Circars, a large district on 
the coast of the Bay of Bengal to the north 


of the Carnatic country. In this coin an 
attempt was made to assimilate the Mu- 
hammadan with the Hindu monetary sys- 
tem, as the forty-eighth part of a Rupee 
is just equal to the piece of twenty Kas. 

Falus. The plural of Fels (q.v.). 

Family Coins. See Consular Coins. 

Fanam. A word probably corrupted 
from Panam by Europeans. A name given 
to both gold and silver coins which are 
common in the southern part of India. 

The gold Fanam is a minute coin circu- 
lating in Travancore and on the Malabar 
Coast. 

The silver Fanam probably originated at 
the Bombay mint in the middle of the 
seventeenth century. The earliest types 
have on the obverse two C ’s interlinked, 
and on the reverse the figure of a deity, 
Vishnu or Swami. 

In Travancore the silver Fanam has a 
value of four Chakrams; in Madras it is 
equal to four Falus. 

A silver piece of five Fanams was issued 
by Denmark, in 1683, for its possessions 
in Tranquebar. France struck Fanams 
from the time of Louis XIV to the year 
1837 for its possessions in Pondichery, 
Chandernagor, etc. There are many varie- 
ties, for detailed account of which see Zay 
(p. 295 et seq.) . 

The Fanam struck by the French at 
Pondichery for use at Make on the Mal- 
abar Coast is the fifth part of a Rupee and 
is divided into fifteen Biclies, i.e., Pice. 
Conf. also Elliot (part IV). 

In the coinage of early India the Fanam 
was a gold coin weighing somewhat over 
five grains and equal to the tenth part of 
the Pagoda. See Pana and Panam. 

Fanon. The French name for the Fa- 
nam (q.v.). 

Farthing. This word was originally 
feorthing, and the term “fourthling” oc- 
curs in the Anglo-Saxon version of the 
Gospels (Matthew v. 26, and Luke xxi. 2). 


[61 ] 


Farthing 


Fels 


At first the Farthing was the fourth part 
of a silver penny, and it no doubt received 
its name from the practice of cutting pen- 
nies into quarters ; specimens of these have 
been found dating back to the time of Ed- 
ward the Confessor. 

Farthings of silver were first struck un- 
der Edward I for England, although John 
had coined them as Lord of Ireland in 
1210. Gold farthings are mentioned in an 
Act of the ninth year of Henry V, i.e., 
1421 ; and a project for coining farthings 
in tin was brought up about 1679, and this 
metal was used for them to a small extent 
in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. 

James I, in 1613, granted a patent to 
Lord Harington, of Exton, in the county 
of Rutland, to strike Royal Tokens, each 
of the nominal value of one farthing. 
These pieces were nicknamed Haringtons. 

The silver farthings were last coined in 
the reign of Edward VI, and in 1561 a 
three-farthing piece was ordered to be 
struck. This was discontinued in 1582. 

The copper farthing was originally 
struck in the reign of James I. In 1635, 
a farthing token, called the Rose Farthing, 
or Royal Farthing, was issued ; it was 
coined in copper, but was sometimes com- 
posed of two metals to make counterfeiting 
more difficult. It obtained its name from 
the rose surmounted by a crown on the re- 
verse. 

The proclamation of Charles II, dated 
August 16, 1672, made the farthing a legal 
tender only for sums less than sixpence. 
In the reign of James II the farthings 
were made of tin, with a square plug of 
copper in the centre. 

During the reign of Queen Anne no cop- 
per money was struck for currency, but 
patterns for farthings were minted. One 
of these, executed shortly before the 
Queen’s death, gave rise to the vulgar 
error that only three farthings were issued 
in this reign. This variety was put in cir- 
culation and is not rare. 

Half Farthings were struck in 1828 and 
later, for nse in Ceylon; one third Farth- 
ings appeared in 1827 to supersede the 
Grani of Malta ; quarter Farthings have 
also been issued for colonial use. 

Farthing. The translators of the New 
Testament nse this word several times, and 


in each instance the original text indi- 
cates a different coin. 

In the Gospel of St. Matthew (x. 29) 
the Greek text reads asaaptov; in St. Luke 
(xii. 6) the Vulgate has dupondius; finally 
in St. Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 
42), the Greek word is xo$pavxT]<;. 

Faruki. The name given to the gold 
Pagoda of Mysore by Tipu Sultan in the 
year A.M. 1216, i.e., 1787, that is the year 
following his new system of dates based on 
the Muludi, the year of the birth of the 
Prophet. 

The name is derived from Omar Faruk, 
the second Khalifa. 

Federal Coinage. See League Coinage. 

Fedem Thaler. A popular name for a 
Thaler which was supposed to be worth one 
Groschen more than the ordinary issues. 
Berthold Auerbach refers to them in his 
novel Barfiissele (p. 245), but does not 
specify what district they belong to. 

Fedgat. A name given to pieces of 
coarse cotton cloth, about nine inches in 
width, and eighteen or twenty feet in 
length, which circulated as money in Ethio- 
pia and other parts of Africa. One piece 
of this cloth is of the value of sixty pieces 
of the iron “Hashshah” (q.v.). 

Fehrbelliner Sieges Thaler. See Sieges 
Thaler. 

Fei. The native name for the Stone 
Money (q.v.) used on the Island of Yap. 

Feingoldgulden. The name given by 
German numismatists to the Fiorino d’Oro. 

Feinsilberthaler. A denomination struck 
by William IV of Hanover in 1835 and 
1836 and copied by Ernst August in 1838. 
See Schwalbach (88, 92). 

Feldthaler, Feldklippe. The general 
name for a coin struck during the course 
of a campaign. See Mailliet (passim). The 
Dutch have a similar term, Velddaalder, 
which includes obsidional coins. 

Felipo. See Filippo. 

Fels, plural Fains. The general Arabic 
name for a copper coin ; the name denotes 
any piece of money accepted by weight, 
though it is commonly used to indicate a 
particular copper issue. Possibly the name 
was derived from the Roman Follis. See 
Pagoda. 


[ 82 ] 


Felus 


Fewreysen 


The coin is very common in Morocco, 
where multiples of two and four Falus 
occur as early as the reign of Muley Solei- 
man (A.H. 1207-1238). Its characteristic 
design consists of two equilateral triangles 
so overlaid as to form a six-pointed star. 
The type was copied in other Muhamma- 
dan countries. 

Felus. See Kasbegi. 

Femtia. The popular name for the 
Swedish bank-note of fifty Krona. 

Fen, or Fun. The Chinese name for 
what foreigners call the Candareen. The 
modern Chinese silver coins are found with 
the following values inscribed on them : 

7 Muce, 2 Camlareens = one Yuan, or Dollar 
3 Mace, 6 Canclareens = one half Yuan, or Dollar 
1 Mace, 4.4 Camlareens = one fifth Yuan, or Dollar 
7.2 Canclareens = one tenth Yuan, or Dollar 
3.6 Canclareens = one twentieth Yuan, or Dollar 

The Fen is used in some instances as 
the equivalent of the Cent. 

In the Sino-Tibetan coinage a Tael of 
silver is computed at eighteen Fen. The 
latter coin is valued at one tenth of the 
Chien ( q.v .). Pieces of five Fen issued for 
Kashgar have a square hole in the centre 
and Chinese characters. 

The Chinese rebel ruler, Wu-san-Kwei, 
of the Tschao-wu epoch (1673-1679), issued 
the Fen extensively. 

Fenice. See Phoenix. 

Feorlainn. The Gaelic name for a 
Farthing. 

Feorthing. See Farthing. 

Ferding. A silver coin issued by the 
Bishops of Dorpat as early as 1528, and 
by Erik XIV of Sweden, for Reval, in 1561 
and later. It also belongs to the currency 
of the Order of Livonia. The name means 
one fourth, and four were originally com- 
puted to the Mark, but the later issues 
became so depreciated that they were only 
worth one half the original amount. See 
Mite. 

Ferling Noble. A name given to the 
quarter Noble, first issued by Edward III. 
See Noble. 

Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 Per- 
cival de Porche, master of the mint, “cov- 
enanted to make Mailles and Ferlinges of 
the alloy of old sterling. The Mailles to 
be of the weight of the standard of the 
Tower of London, and 23 shillings and 
three pence in number to the pound.” 


Fernandino, or Ferrandino. The popu- 
lar designation for the Neapolitan Ducati 
struck by Ferdinand I of Aragon (1458- 
1494). 

Ferrarino. A billon coin of Ferrara. 
See Bolognino. 

Fert. A gold coin of Savoy struck by 
Duke Lodovico (1439-1465). It is sup- 
posed to have received its name from the 
initial letters of the motto Fortitude) Eius 
Rhodurn Tenuit, which was used by the 
family since the thirteenth century. Mrs. 
Bury Palisser, in Historic Devices , 1870 
(p. 230), demolishes the story of the de- 
fense of Rhodes by Amedeus IV (1232- 
1253). 

On a ten Scudi d’Oro of Victor Amedeus 
I (1630-1637) the legend reads Foedere et 
Religione Tenemur. Both the Scudo d’Oro 
and the Testone of Carlo II (1504-1553), 
struck at Nizza, Aosta, etc., have on the 
reverse a shield dividing the letters fe-rt. 
Conf. also Forte. 

Ferto. The one fourth of the Mark 
(q.v.). 

Festing Penny. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon , 1864, this was “earnest given 
to servants when hired or retained in ser- 
vice.” It was called the God Penny. See 
Earnest. 

Fettmannchen. The popular name for 
the billon pieces of eight and six Heller 
which appeared from the latter part of the 
sixteenth to the middle of the seventeenth 
centuries at Cologne, Trier, .Tuliers, Cleve, 
etc. The name is said to be derived from 
the short, stout figure of some saint or 
ecclesiastic on the obverse. 

Under the Abbesses of Essen (1646- 
1688) their value was fixed at one one 
hundred and twentieth Thaler. 

Feuchtwanger Metal. A composition 
resembling nickel, which receives its name 
from Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger, who en- 
deavored to induce the United States Con- 
gress in 1837 to adopt it for the manufac- 
ture of the minor coins. 

Fewreysen, or Vureysen. This is men- 
tioned by Budelius, De Monetis , 1591 (pp. 
250, 253), as a silver coin worth nine and 
one half Pfennige. It is no doubt a cor- 
ruption of the German word Feuer-eisen , 
i.e., a steel for striking fire, and the coin 


[ 83 ] 


Fiat Money 


Fiver 


referred to is probably the Briquet (q.v.). 
See also Azzalino. 

Fiat Money. The name given to a paper 
currency issued by a government but which 
is not redeemable in coin or bullion. 

Fiddle. A slang English stock-exchange 
term and used for transactions involving 
the one sixteenth part of a Pound ster- 
ling. 

Fiddler. An English slang expression 
meaning a six pence. Grose, in A Diction- 
ary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785, has, 
“Fiddlers’ Money, all sixpences.’’ The 
term may have originated from the old 
custom of each couple at a dance paying 
the fiddler sixpence. 

Field. The blank space on either side 
of a coin not occupied by the head, in- 
scriptions, etc. 

Fierer. See Yierer. 

Filiberto. The popular name for a gold 
coin, issued by Emanuel Filibert of Savoy 
(1553-1559), of the value of three Scudi 
d’Oro. The silver coin of the same was 
equal to one twelfth of the silver Scudo. 

Filippo, or Felipo. A name given to the 
silver Scudo struck by Philip II of Spain 
and his successors for the Duchy of Milan. 
There are dated specimens as early as 
1598, and halves, quarters, and eighths 
exist. 

The Scudo di Oro of Milan is also occa- 
sionally referred to by this name. 

Filippone. A base silver coin of Filippo 
of Savoy, Prince of Achaia (1297-1334) ; 
it was valued at one twenty-fourth of the 
Grosso Tornese. 

Filipsdaalder. See Philippus Daalder. 

Filips Gulden. The name given to a 
variety of the gold Florin issued by Philip, 
Archduke of Austria, for Brabant, in the 
latter part of the fifteenth century. There 
is a dated specimen with St. Philip with 
a sceptre and book on the obverse, and the 
inscription : sancte phe intercede pro 
nobis. 1499. 

The reverse has an ornamented cross, 

and PHS DEI GRA ARCHIDVX AVST DX BVR BRA. 

There is a half of the same type. See 
Philippus. 

Filler. A copper denomination of Hun- 
gary introduced in 1892. It represents the 
one hundredth part of the Korona. 


Fillet Head. The name given to a vari- 
ety of the United States Cents and half 
Cents issued from 1796 to 1807 on which 
the hair of the head of Liberty is tied with 
a ribbon. 

Filthy Lucre. See Lucre. 

Finances. The revenue of a sovereign 
or state, or the money raised by loans, 
taxes, etc., for the public service. 

Find. A term applied to a discovery of 
coins, and corresponding to the French 
trouvaille. 

Finif. A Yiddish term for the five-dol- 
lar bill of the United States; the word is, 
no doubt, a corruption of the German 
“fiinf, ” meaning five. 

Finkenauge. See Vinkenauge. 

Fiordaliso d’Oro. See Lis d’Or. 

Fior di Conio. See Fleur de Coin. 

Fiorino. See Florin. 

Fip. A corruption of “fipny bit,” i.e., 
a “five-penny bit.” It was used in the 
Eastern Middle States for the Spanish 
Medio or half Real. 

Firdung. The one fourth of the Mark 
(q.v.). 

Firleyoe Mont. A Danish term mean- 
ing “four mints,” and applied to coins 
which were current in the four Hanseatic 
cities : Liibeck, Rostock, Wismar, and 

Stralsund. 

Fisca. A former silver denomination of 
the Canary Islands and equal to one six- 
teenth of the Spanish Piastre. 

Fish-Hook Money. See Larin. 

Fish Money. A name given to a variety 
of copper coins issued at Olbia, in Sar- 
matia, which resemble a fish in shape. Au- 
thorities differ, however, whether these 
“fishes,” as they are called were true coins 
or only commercial tokens used in the fish 
trade, for which Olbia was famous. Conf. 
Babelon (pp. 8 and 83), and von Sallet, 
in Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, 1883 (x. 
144). 

Fitpence. A corruption of fivepence. It 
is an English dialect term, and is used in 
Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and Devon- 
shire. 

Fiver. A popular name for the five- 
pound note of the Bank of England. 


[ 84 ] 


Flabbe 


Florin 


Whyte Melville, in Digby Grand, 1853 
(i.), says: “Spooner . . . loses a five-pound 
note, or, as he calls it, a fiver ’ ’ ; and Doyle, 
in Sherlock Holmes, has, “I’ll lay you a 
fiver . . . that you will never hear from 
him again.” 

Flabbe. A billon coin struck in Gron- 
ingen from the middle of the fifteenth cen- 
tury, and copied at Deventer Zwolle, and 
other towns. It had a value of four Stui- 
vers. See Langrok. 

Flag. An obsolete English slang ex- 
pression for a Groat or fourpence. Thomas 
Harman, in A Caveat or Warening for 
Vagabones, 1567 (85), says: “A flagge, a 
wyn, and a make (a grot, a penny, and 
a halfe penny).” 

Flan. The blank piece of metal which 
is to receive the impression for the coin. 
In old French the word is written flaon, 
and it is derived from flatum. The verb 
flare is employed to designate the casting 
of metal into a mold, and the Roman mint- 
masters were officially termed III viri 
A.A.A.F.F., i.e., Triumviri auro, argento, 
aeri, flando, feriundo. See Planchet. 

Flan Bruni. An expression used by 
French numismatists to indicate a coin or 
medal struck from a polished die and 
corresponding to our proof. 

Fledermaus, meaning a bat, was the 
nickname given to the Groschel of Silesia, 
and the base silver Kreuzer of Prussia 
struck at the beginning of the nineteenth 
century, on account of the supposed re- 
semblance of the eagle on these coins to a 
bat. 

Fleur de Coin. A French term which, 
when applied to describe a coin, signifies 
in mint condition. The Italian equivalent 
is fior di conio. 

Fleur de Lis. An early French gold 
coin. See Franc a Pied. 

Flicca, or Flica. A popular name used 
in Fiume and other parts of Northern 
Italy for a piece of ten Soldi. 

Flimsy. An English slang expression 
for a bank-note or paper money in gen- 
eral, which name is probably due to the 
frail nature of paper as compared with 
metallic currency. Barham uses the term 
in the Ingoldsby Legends. 


Flinderke. A money of account used in 
Bremen and computed at four Groten. 

Jungk (p. 100) quotes a system of reck- 
oning based on Peter Roster’s work, Neue 
Wohlgegriindete Bremer Miinze, 1664, as 
follows : 

1 Reichsthaler = 2 Gulden 

G Kopfstiicke 
10 Diiteken 
18 Flinderkerj 
72 Groten 
360 Schwaren 
720 Pfennige 

Flindrich. A silver coin of East Fries- 
land, Oldenburg, etc., issued during the 
fifteenth century. It was valued at three 
Stuber. 

Flitter. A very small base silver coin 
of thin workmanship and resembling the 
Bracteates. They appeared in Goslar as 
early as 1620, and later in Hameln, Lippe, 
Northeim, etc. 

Florette. A variety of the Gros struck 
by Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and 
which had a value of twenty Deniers Tour- 
nois, or sixteen Deniers Parisis. It ob- 
tained its name from the three large fleurs 
de lis on the obverse. See Hoffmann (17- 
21, etc.). 

The type was copied in the Anglo-Gallic 
series by Henry V (1415-1422). 

Florin. The gold Florin, according to 
Villari, was first coined in the Republic 
of Florence, in the year 1252. The ob- 
verse bore a full-length figure of St. John 
the Baptist, with the legend s. ioannes. b., 
i.e., Sanctus Johannes Baptista. On the 
reverse was a lily, the arms of the city of 
Florence, and the inscription florentia, 
usually preceded by a small cross. 

The excellence of the gold made the 
fiorino d’oro, as it was commonly called, 
speedily current throughout Europe, and 
the type was adopted by all the principal 
powers, as well as by other potentates who 
possessed the right to strike money. 

In England the gold Florin was first 
issued by Edward III in 1343, for Aqui- 
taine. The indenture made states that it 
was “to be equal in weight to two petit 
florins of Florence of good weight,” i.e., 
108 grains, and of the same fineness, name- 
ly, 23 carats and 3 y 2 grains pure gold to 
half a grain of alloy; and the half and 
quarter Florin in the same proportion. By 
the proclamation of January 27, 1343, these 


[ ] 


Florin 


Follis 


coins were described as “one coin with two 
leopards, each piece to be current for six 
shilling’s, another piece of one leopard, 
and another piece of one helm, being re- 
spectively the half and quarter of the 
larger coin,” and they were ordered to be 
accepted by all persons. It was, however, 
soon discovered that the coins were valued 
too high, and they were consequently gen- 
erally refused ; this led to their being dis- 
continued in the following year. The half 
Florins were commonly called Leopards 
( q-v .). 

In France, King Charles V issued a gold 
coin called the Florin d’Or, which was cop- 
ied after the Florentine type ; it was, how- 
ever, not very long in use, as, according 
to Leblanc, it was considered “derogatory 
to the dignity of the crown, being bor- 
rowed. ’ ’ 

The gold Florin was also extensively 
copied in other parts of Italy, as well as 
in Spain, the Low Countries, and especially 
in Hungary and Germany. These imita- 
tions usually retained the obverse inscrip- 
tions of the Florentine type, but to the 
same were added small marks, letters, fig- 
ures, crowns, and similar devices; while on 
the reverse the name of the mint appears 
in some cases, and the armorial shield of 
the locality or the mintmaster is frequently 
substituted for the lily. 

Prior to the introduction of the Florin 
the coinage of the German States consisted 
chiefly of silver of the denarius and pfen- 
nig types, all of which were more or less 
base. The new coin was, therefore, called 
the Gulden Penning, or gold Pfennig, a 
designation which was gradually abbrevi- 
ated into Gulden (q.v.). 

Florin. The silver Florin, or fiorino 
d’argento, of Florence was introduced 
about the same time as the gold coin of 
the same name, its value being one tenth 
of the latter. It bore the rhyming Latin 
verse : 

Det tibi florere 
Ohristus, Florentia, vere. 

The Florins of Germany and Austria are 
multiples of 100 Kreuzer, and those of the 
Netherlands of 28 Stuivers. All these coins 
are of the same value as the silver Gulden 

Silver Florins, or two shilling pieces, 
were issued in England in 1849 with the 


The English Florin circulated extensive- 
ly in Cyprus, but was replaced by a silver 
coin of 18 Piastres in 1901. 

In 1910 and after, a silver coin inscribed 
one florin-two shillings was coined for 
Australia. 

Florin-Georges. A gold coin of France 
issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). 
The obverse has a figure of St. George on 
horseback slaying a dragon with a spear. 
The inscription reads : philippvs dei gra 
fracor rex. These Florins were struck at 
Languedoc, pursuant to an ordinance of 
April 27, 1346. 

Flury. A Florin. See Altun. 

Flusch. See Mahmudi. 

Flying Money. One of the names given 
by the Chinese to their early paper money. 

Foghetti. The name given to half Grossi 
struck in Parma by Pope Adrian VI (1522- 
1523). They are also known as Pelegrini, 
from the figure of Saint Thomas in a pil- 
grim’s habit. 

Follaro. A copper coin common to a 
large number of the Italian states, of which 
the Follis (q.v.) was the prototype. 

They were issued in Naples before the 
ninth century, those of Stefanio (821-832) 
having a figure of St. Januarius. Capua 
and Salerno struck them about the same 
time. At Gaeta and Mileto they appear in 
the eleventh century, and at Messina, Brin- 
disi, and Cattaro before the termination of 
the twelfth. Those of the last-named town 
bear the figure of St. Trifon, the patron 
saint. Ragusa and Scutari issued them be- 
fore the fourteenth century, but after this 
period they were gradually superseded by 
other coins. 

Follis. The original meaning of this 
word was a purse, or a bag containing 
money Juven. (xiv. 281). After the mon- 
etary reform of Constantine the Great this 
term was employed alongside of the older 
sesterces (which soon disappeared) in ac- 
counts, i.e., so many bags of gold ( follis 
auri), of silver ( follis argentei), or of cop- 
per (follis ad denarismum, follis denarior- 
um, or follis aeris). The use of this term 
was commonest for sums in bronze, and 
soon the name follis was transferred to the 
actual coin once contained in the follis 
or purse. Certain decrees of Constantine 



Follis ad Denarismum 

view to establishing a decimal system in the 
coinage. The piece was greatly objected 
to, on account of the omission of the let- 
ters d. G., or Dei Gratia, in the legend, 
and it received the name of the Godless, 
or graceless, Florin. Three quarters of a 
million were struck, all dated 1849. The 
next issue, in which the omission was rem- 
edied, appeared in 1851, and is a broader 
and thinner coin. The Florin of Edward 
VII, issued in 1902, shows the figure of 
Britannia standing on the prow of a ves- 
sel, her right hand holding a trident and 
her left resting on a shield. ... _ 

•the"Great and his immediate successors al- 
ready use follis as the name of a bronze 
coin — the nummus centenionalis. 

In the Byzantine Empire, from the time 
of Anastasius, the name follis seems to 
have been applied to the large copper 
pieces of forty nummi first issued by that 
Emperor. 

Its divisions were indicated by Greek 
letters, as follows : 

M =: 1 Follis, or 40 Nummi 

A = %, Follis, or 30 Nummi 
K = Vo Follis, or 20 Nummi 
I — Follis, or 10 Nummi 

(also called Dekauummion) 

E = % Follis, or 5 Nummi 

(also called Pentanummion) 

Later, the name came to be used for a 
copper coin in general and was adopted 
by the Arabs as Fels, pi. Fains. See Babe- 
Ion, Traite (i. 761-771). 

Follis ad Denarismum. A purse or sum 
of two hundred and fifty Denarii of bronze. 
See Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). 

Follis Aeris. See Follis. 

Follis Argentei. A purse or sum of one 
hundred and twenty-five Arguria. From 
ancient sources we learn that in the Con- 
stantin ian period a Follis Argentei was val- 
ued at one hundred and twenty-five Mil,- 
larenses, or two hundred and eighteen Sili- 
quae plus eight Nummi of bronze. It was 
equal to one eighth of the Follis Auri, or 
nine gold Solidi. Babelon, Traite (i. 764, 
765) and Hultsch, Script, (vol. I, p. 308). 

Follis Auri. A purse or sum of seventy- 
two gold Solidi, equal in weight to a gold 
Pound (libra). The term was also used 
for its equivalent in silver (one thousand 
silver Millarenses), or in bronze (six thou- 
sand bronze Denarii). 

Follis Denariorum. See Follis ad De- 


Fractional Currency 

Fond. A variety of the “cut money” 
and equal to three Mocos or two Shillings 
and six Pence sterling. It was established 
in the Windward Islands in 1840. See 
Chalmers (p. 91). 

Fondug. See Funduk. 

Forint. The Hungarian word for Flor- 
in. It occurs usually in the abbreviated 
form Frnt on the Austrian silver issues 
special ly struck for Hungary. 

Forli. A former money of account used 
in Egypt and computed at one sixth of 
the Medino. 

Fort. A rare gold coin struck at Bor- 
deaux by Charles of France, as Duke of 
Aquitaine (1469-1474). It has on the ob- 
verse a lion, two leopards, and two fleurs 
de lis, and on the reverse the quartered 
arms of France and England. See Blan- 
cliet (i. 298). It is sometimes called the 
Samson d’Or. 

Forte. This term, like the Italian titolo, 
is used to indicate the fineness rather than 
the value, and in this sense it is applied 
to Portuguese silver coins issued under 
Fernando I ; to those struck in Savoy dur- 
ing the fourteenth century under Amedeo 
VI, to the issues of the Fieschi Family for 
Messerano, etc. See Fert. 

Fortuna Thaler, or Glucksthaler. A 

general term for any Thaler with the fig- 
ure of Fortuna, such as those struck in 
Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel, Mecklenburg, etc. 

In 1623 and 1624 Christian IV of Den- 
mark issued Thaler for Gluckstadt, which 
bore the figure of Fortuna, the armorial 
bearings of the city. These receive the 
same name. 

Fouage. See Smoke Farthings. 

Fouang. See Fuang. 

Fourre. See Plated Coins. 

Fourthling. See Farthing. 

Fractional Currency. This term is usu- 
ally applied to an issue of paper money of 
the United States of America which ap- 
peared from 1862 to 1876 inclusive. The 
values ranged from three to fifty Cents. 
There are five general issues, as follows : 

First issue, August 21, 1862, to May 27, 1863. 

Second issue, October 10, 1863, to February 23, 1867. 
Third issue, December 5, 1864, to August 16, 1869. 
Fourth issue, July 14, 1869, to February 16, 1875. 
Fifth issue, February 26, 1875, to February 15, 1876. 


[ 87 ] 


nansmum. 


Franc 


Frelucques 


Franc. Originally a French silver coin 
of nearly the size of the Ecu or Crown, 
the latter coin superseding it in 1642. The 
Franc was created under Henri III by a 
decree dated March 31, 1575, which estab- 
lished its value at twenty Sols. The first 
Revolution created a new silver coin on 
which the name Franc was bestowed. By 
an ordinance of March 28, 1803 (7 Ger- 
minal, an. xi), it was decreed that the 
Franc was to be nine hundred one thou- 
sandths of pure silver, and that gold pieces 
of twenty and forty Francs were to be 
struck. At the same time the ratio of 
silver and gold was made at fifteen and 
one half to one, and the decimal system 
was introduced. 

The Franc, divided into one hundred 
Centimes, has been adopted by the French 
Colonies, Belgium (see Frank), Luxem- 
burg, Monaco, Switzerland, etc. 

The term also occurs on the gold issues 
for Sweden in 1868 and on the Austrian 
gold coins for Hungary in 1880. In both 
instances an attempt was made to har- 
monize with the French decimal system but 
was abandoned. 

Beginning in 1904 the monetary system 
of the Danish West Indies was changed 
and fifty Franc or ten Daler pieces and 
twenty Franc or four Daler pieces in gold 
were issued, as well as two and one Francs 
or forty and twenty Cents in silver. 

Franc a Cheval. The name given to an 
early French gold coinage dating from 
John II (1350-1364). The coins received 
this name from the figure of the King on 
horseback, the type of the Gouden Rijder. 
They were copied in the Low Countries, 
and in Brabant, under Joanna (1355- 
1405). 

Franc a Pied. An early French gold 
coin which receives its name from the 
prominent figure of the ruler standing on 
foot under a canopy. It was also called 
the Fleur-de-Lis from the large number of 
these devices which are found on it. It 
was introduced by Charles V (1364-1380), 
and was copied in Ligny, Provence, and 
the Low Countries in general. 

Francescone. The name given to the 
Scudo struck by Francis III of Lorraine 
(1737-1765) for Florence, Pisa, and other 
cities of Etruria. Its value was ten Paoli 


and the designation was retained in the 
coinage until the provisional government of 
1859. 

Franchi. The plural of Franc in the 
Italian language. The word occurs on the 
modern series of paper money issued for 
Switzerland. Conf. also Frank. 

Franciscus. See Dixain. 

Franco. A silver coin of . the Dominican 
Republic of the value of one hundred Cen- 
tesimos. It was introduced in 1891. 

Francois d’Or. The name given to the 
gold double Ducat issued by Francois III, 
Duke of Lorraine (1726-1737). See De 
Saulcy (xxxiv. 5). 

Frank. A silver coin of Switzerland, 
struck in Luzerne, Schwyz, and other can- 
tons, and the counterpart of the French 
Franc. Its usual divisions were one hun- 
dred Rappen. 

In the recent Belgium coinage those 
pieces that have Flemish legends have the 
spelling Frank instead of Franc. 

In the Napoleonic kingdom of Westpha- 
lia gold coins of five, ten, twenty, and 
forty Franken were issued from 1809 to 
1813. 

This spelling occurs on the recent issues 
of paper money for Switzerland as well 
as the word Franc, the French equivalent. 
The note in question bears the triple in- 
scription, CINQ FRANCS, FUNF FRANKEN, 
CINQUE FRANCHI. 

Franklin Cent. See Fugio Cent. 

Fransida, plural Fransidor or Fransi- 
dorna. An expression used by Swedish 
numismatists to signify the reverse of a 
coin or medal. It is a compound word 
meaning “the side away from the person.’’ 
See Atsida. 

Franzi. The name formerly used for 
the Levant Dollar in Arabia, and prob- 
ably derived from the portrait of the Em- 
peror Francis on the obverse. See Noback 
(p. 679). 

Frazione. A copper coin of Cagliari is- 
sued by the Kings of Spain as rulers of 
Sardinia in the seventeenth century. 

Fredericks d’Or. A gold coin of Den- 
mark struck by Frederick VI pursuant to 
an ordinance of February 3, 1827. 

Frelucques. Minor coins of the Dukes 
of Burgundy frequently referred to as be- 


[ 88 ] 


Fretin 


Fun 


ing in use during the fifteenth century. 
Du Cange thinks they were of small value, 
their name meaning a trifle. 

Fretin, or Fretone. A former base sil- 
ver coin of France. It is cited in a mon- 
etary ordinance issued by Charles VI in 
1357 while Dauphin, and another ordin- 
ance of 1371 mentions “huit pieces d’ ar- 
gent autrement Fretin.” 

Friedrichsdor. A former Prussian gold 
coin. Although originally issued by Fred- 
erick William I, it receives it name from 
Frederick II, who struck it in large quan- 
tities. It was abolished when the Mark 
system went into effect. 

Frignacco, Frisaco, or Frisacense. The 

name given to the Denari struck by the 
Patriarchs of Aquileja early in the thir- 
teenth century and copied by the Bishops 
of Salzburg. Du Cange cites a document 
of 1278 in which their value is given as 
equal to thirteen Piccoli of Verona. 

Fruste (Latin frustum). A term used 
by French numismatic writers to indicate 
a coin or medal that has been badly worn 
from usage. 

Fu. The Chinese name for a species of 
water-beetle. The word lias been applied 
to the copper Cash from very early times. 

Fuage. See Smoke Farthings. 

Fuang, or Fouang. A Siamese silver 
coin, the eighth part of the Tical ( q.v .). 
It is equal to two Song Pais (song mean- 
ing two or double). The Fuang was ex- 
tensively copied in Cambodia. 

Fuchs. A German slang or popular 
name for a red copper coin, and formerly 
frequently applied to the Pfennig. The 
word means a fox, and the allusion is of 
course to the color. 

Gold Fuchs is used for a Ducat. Thus 
Langbein, Gedichte (ii. 137), has the lines: 

“Statt rler gehofftpn goldenen Fiichse, 

Fancl man nur Iiupfer in tier Biichse.” 

Fuddea, or Fuddih. Another name for 
the double Pice of Bombay, etc., when used 
as a money of account. See Molnir. 

Fuerte. See Peso. 

Fiinfer. A billon coin of Freiburg, 
Lausanne, and other Swiss cantons, issued 
originally in the sixteenth century with a 
value of five Heller, and later five Kreuzer. 


The name is also applied to the five 
Kreuzer pieces of Bamberg, Salzburg, 
Henneberg, etc., and to the five Ferding 
pieces of Riga. 

Funfzehner. A silver coin of Austria, 
Tyrol, etc., which receives its name from 
its value, i.e., fifteen Kreuzer. There is a 
reference to this coin in the Chronica of 
Melchior Balthasar Kupferschmit, 1668, 
where he states (p. 882) that attempts 
were made to introduce counterfeit pieces 
of this denomination from Turkey into 
Austria. 

Furstengroschen. A silver coin of the 
Margraves of Meissen first struck by Bal- 
thaser at the close of the fourteenth cen- 
tury. They resembled the Breitgroschen 
but were somewhat less in value and size. 

They were extensively copied in other 
localities, notably in Hessen, and there is 
a series of them for Magdeburg from 1570 
and later, their value there being twelve 
Pfennige. 

Fugio Cent, sometimes called the Frank- 
lin Cent, on account of the motto, “Mind 
your Business,’’ which was one of the say- 
ings of Benjamin Franklin, was the earli- 
est type of Cent issued by the Government 
of the United States. It bears the date 
1787, and there are a number of varieties. 

The obverse shows a sundial with the 
words fugio 1787 and the above-men- 
tioned motto in the exergue. The sundial 
and motto are copied from the similar de- 
sign on the so-called Continental pewter 
dollar struck in 1776. The latter has the 
initials eg fecit, hence it is assumed that 
Edward Getz prepared the dies. 

The reverse of the Fugio Cent bears an 
outer circle of thirteen links in a chain, 
indicative of the thirteen original states. 
An inner circle is inscribed united states, 
and this again encloses the motto we are 
one in three lines. 

Fuju Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Fumage. See Smoke Farthings. 

Fun. The denomination of certain of 
the modern struck coins of Korea. These 
were first issued about 1886. There are 
one Fun pieces in brass, five Funs in cop- 
per, and quarter Yangs in nickel with the 
value expressed by 2 Chun 5 Fun. See 
Fen and Candareen. 


[ 89 ] 


Funduk 


Fyrk 


Funduk, also called Fonduq. A gold 
coin of the Ottoman Empire, issued early 
in the sixteenth century, and used not only 
in Turkey but also in Egypt, Algiers and 
Tripoli. It corresponds to the Sequin, and 
originally weighed fifty-four grains, but at 
later periods has been under fifty. 

Under Ahmed III (A.H. 1115-1143) ap- 
peared the Toghralu-Funduk on which 
the toghra or royal cipher was introduced. 
See Fonrobert (No. 5039). 


Funeral Pieces. See Mortuary Pieces. 

Fusil. A silver coin of the Bishopric 
of Liege issued by Louis de Bourbon (1456- 
1482). There are corresponding halves 
and doubles. See de Chestret (passim). 

Fyrk. A copper coin of Sweden which 
originally appeared under Gustavus Wasa 
about 1522, and was continued until the 
beginning of the seventeenth century. Un- 
der Gustavus Adolfus it was struck for 
Arboga, Safer, and Nykoping. 


[ 90 ] 


Gabella 


Gehelmdeschelling 


G 


Gabella. A silver coin of Bologna, is- 
sued in the sixteenth century under Popes 
Julius III and Marcellus II. It appears 
to have been a variety of the Carlino. 
There is a double and a triple, the latter 
also known as Gabellone. 

Gabulus Denariorum. According to 
Selden, History of Tithes (321), this was 
the legal term for rent paid in money. 

Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-ka. See Tang- 
ka. 

Galeazzo. A silver coin of Venice 
struck by the Doge Alvise Pisani (1735- 
1741) for Dalmatia and Albania. It had 
a value of three Lira, and halves and quar- 
ters were also issued. 

Gall. A former small silver coin of 
Cambodia. See Kelly (p. 216). 

Galley Halfpence. A name given to 
half pennies of base metal and somewhat 
thinner though larger than the regal issues. 
The name is said to be derived from the 
fact that they were brought from Genoa 
by the galleymen who traded in London, 
and a spot known as the Galley Key 
( ? quay) , in Lower Thames Street, near 
Tower Hill, was the locality from which 
they were circulated. 

They were declared fraudulent by Acts 
of Henry IV and Henry V, but continued 
to be brought into England until their 
circulation was finally prohibited by stat- 
ute in 1519. 

Gallus Pfennig. A billon coin of the 
canton of St. Gallon, Switzerland, struck 
by the abbots and by the civic authorities 
during the fourteenth century. It resem- 
bles the Bracteates in fabric and bears the 
figure of a saint. See Blanchet (ii. 264). 

Ganza. A former base metal coin of 
Burma, consisting of copper and tin. It 
is mentioned by a number of writers early 
in the nineteenth century as being equal 
to two or three French Sous. It was abol- 
ished about 1840 and the Kabean ( q.v .) 
succeeded it. 


Gass. A denomination of Maskat, the 
four hundredth part of the Piastre. See 
Mahmudi. 

Gastmael-Penning. See Labay. 

Gazzetta. A copper coin of Venice 
which was originally struck for the Colon- 
ies and later adopted by the city. Pieces 
of one and two Gazzette were issued for 
Candia about 1632, and Mailliet mentions 
a piece of ten Gazzette struck during the 
war against the Turks (1646-1650). 

For Zante it was struck with the inscrip- 
tion corfv. cefal. zante ; and for Zara the 
pieces of two Gazzette have isole et ar- 

MATA, or ARMATA ET MOREA. 

It is claimed that the first newspaper 
ever published, which was issued at Venice, 
obtained its name from this coin, which 
was the price of a copy, and from which 
the English word “gazette” is derived. 

The Gazzetta was issued for the Ionian 
Islands as recently as 1801, when those ter- 
ritories were under Russian protection. 

Geburtstagsthaler, i.e., Birthday Thaler, 
is the name given to a large silver coin 
struck in 1666 to commemorate the eighty- 
eighth birthday of August, Duke of Bruns- 
wick- Wolf enbiittel. The obverse shows a 
bust of the Duke in a wreath of laurel and 
the inscription favstum. ivstitae. et. pa- 
cts. CONSORTIVM. 

Gedachtnismiinzen. See Jubileums Tha- 
ler. 

Geeltje. A Dutch popular name for a 
gold coin and derived from “geel,” i.e., 
yellow. See Gelbvogel. 

In some parts of Holland the term Geel- 
vink, i.e., “yellow-finch,” is used for a 
Ducat or any gold piece. 

Gefutterte Munzen. See Plated Coins. 

Gehelmde Leeuw. See Botdrager. 

Gehelmdeschelling. A variety of the 
Schell ing struck for the Low Countries at 
the beginning of the seventeenth century, 
which receives its name from the device of 


[ 91 ] 


Gelbvogel 


Geusenpfennige 


a helmet on the obverse. It was issued 
chiefly in Deventer and Zwolle. See 
I lean me. 

Gelbvogel. The popular name in South- 
ern Germany for a gold coin. The word 
means “yellow bird.” See Geelt.je. 

Geld, the German equivalent for money 
in general. 

Gelegenheitsmiinzen. A term used both 
for coins issued occasionally, and to com- 
memorate some special event. 

Gelso, possibly a corruption of Guelfo 
( q.v .). A term used in Verona to describe 
coins of live Soldi issued from circa 1349 
to 1428. 

Genevoise. The name given to the Re- 
publican Thaler of Geneva issued in 1794. 
Its value was twelve Florins, but upon the 
adoption of a decimal system it was ex- 
changeable at ten Decimes. 

Genovino. A gold coin of Genoa in- 
troduced in the twelfth century. The type 
usually exhibits a gateway on the obverse, 
and a cross on the reverse, with the in- 
scription conradvx rex romano. There 
exist halves, thirds (Terzaroli), and quar- 
ters, the latter receiving the name of Quar- 
tarola. The Genovino di Oro remained as 
the current gold coin in Genoa until the 
termination of the Sforza dynasty. 

The Genovino di Argento dates from the 
sixteenth century and was of the same 
value approximately as the Scudo. 

Gerstil. See Dobra Gentil. 

Genuini. See Januini. 

Geordie. See White Geordie and Yel- 
low Geordie. 

George. An English slang term for 
a coin bearing the image of St. George. 
Grose, in his Dictionary of- the Vulgar 
Tongue, 1785, has, “George, a half-crown 
piece.” See Decus (supra). 

The English Guinea was popularly 
known as a “Yellow George.” Robert 
Burns, in his Epistle to Rankine, 1784 
(xii.), says, “An ’baith a yellow George 
to claim.” 

George. The name given to the five- 
dollar gold piece issued in Canada in 1912, 
from the fact that it bears the head of 
George V, King of England. 

George Noble. A rare gold coin of 
England which appeared only in the sec- 


ond coinage of Henry VIII, i.e., from 1526 
when they were authorized, to 1533 when 
the divorce of Katharine of Aragon oc- 
curred, the latter date being fixed by the 
letters H and K on the obverse. It was 
current for six shillings and eight pence, 
and the half George Noble (of which only 
one specimen is known) in proportion. 
About four varieties of the Noble exist, all 
having the rose mint mark. The reverse 
legend is a quotation from a hymn by Pru- 
dentius, written in the latter half of the 
fourth century. 

Georgius Triumpho. A copper coin, of 
the half-penny size struck in England in 
1783, for circulation in the Colonies of 
North America. The reverse bears a figure 
of Liberty with the legend voce populi 
(q.v.). 

Georgsthaler. The name applied in gen- 
eral to any coin of Thaler size on which 
there is a figure of St. George slaying the 
dragon. 

There is an extensive series of them for 
Mansfeld during the sixteenth century 
and later, and they were also issued in 
Hungary and in Hanover. See Florin- 
Georges. 

Gerah. An early Jewish weight stand- 
ard and equal to one twentieth of a Shekel. 
See Exodus (xxx. 13), Leviticus (xxvii. 
25), Numbers (iii. 47), Ezekiel (xlv. 12). 

Gerefa. Among the Anglo-Saxons this 
was the chief officer of the mint. See 
Ruding (i. 15, 137). 

Gerlacus. The name given to the gold 
Gulden struck by Gerlach, Archbishop of 
Mainz (1346-1371). An ordinance of circa 
1400 states that this piece was of light 
weight compared with the Ducat. See 
Paul Joseph (p. 214). 

Gersh. See Ghrush and Guerche. 

Gessnerthaler. A very rare silver coin 
of Zurich, issued in 1773, and after thirty- 
six specimens were struck the dies broke. 
It was designed by the painter and poet 
Salomon Gessner, and the dies were cut 
by Balthaser Vorster. 

Gettone. The Italian equivalent of Je- 
ton (q.v.). 

Geusenpfennige are not coins but small 
medalets bearings the figure of Philip II 
of Spain. After the compromise of Breda 


[ 92 ] 


Gewere 


Giustina 


in 1566 certain of the nobles of the Low 
Countries were contemptuously referred to 
as gueux, i.e., beggars. They adopted this 
nickname and issued tokens with the in- 
scription en tout fiddles au roy. The re- 
verses bore clasped hands and a beggar’s 
bag with jusques a porter la besace. 

Gewere. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1291 reading sub annuo censu . . . 
denariorum Flandrinsium monetae quae 
dicitur gewere; but no such coin can be 
identified. 

Ghost’s Face Money, or Ghost’s Head 
Money. See Ant’s Nose Coins. 

Ghrush. A silver coin of the Ottoman 
Empire, originally issued under Soleiman 
II (A.H. 1099). The name recalls the Gros, 
Groschen, and Groat, and by travellers it 
was termed Piastre, which however must 
not be confused with the modern coin of 
the same name. 

The name of the coin is variously written 
Grush, Gurush, Gersch, etc. The later is- 
sues are of billon. See Asadi Ghrush and 
Guerche. 

Its value was forty Paras, and the issues 
for Egypt in billon were equal to forty 
Medins. 

The modern Egyptian nickel coin of five 
Milliemes is known as a Guersh. 

Gianuino. The name given to a variety 
of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa is- 
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di 
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has 
on the obverse a crowned shield supported 
by two griffins, and on the reverse a Janus 
head with male and female faces. 

Gigliato. An Italian word meaning 
strewn or decorated with lilies. The name 
was originally applied to a variety of the 
Carlino (q.v.) issued by Charles II of 
Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (1285- 
1309). The reverse of this silver coin 
bears a short cross surrounded with lilies. 
The type was copied in Piedmont, Durazzo, 
by the Grand Masters of the Order of 
Malta, etc. 

The Fiorini d’Oro of Florence bearing 
the figure of a lily are also called by the 
same name. 

Gigliato d’Oro. See Lis d’Or. 

Gigot. A copper coin of the value of 
half a Liard struck at Antwerp, Mons, 


Reckheim, Bois-le-Duc, and other places in 
Brabant during the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries. 

Gildepenningen. The common name for 
the tokens formerly issued by the numer- 
ous guilds in Holland. 

Gin Kwan. Early Japanese silver ring 
money (q.v.). The word “Gin” in Jap- 
anese means silver. 

Ginocchiello, meaning a “Knee-piece, ” 
was the common name used in Venice in 
the fourteenth century for a variety of 
the Soldino which bore a figure of the 
Doge in a kneeling position. See Papado- 
poli (i. ix. 14). 

Giorgino. A billon coin of Modena is- 
sued by Cesare d’Este (1597-1628) and 
continued until the middle of the eigh- 
teenth century. It has a portrait of St. 
Geminian on the reverse. See Luigino. 

Girasoli. A nickname or popular name 
for the silver coin of 160 Sols struck at 
Mantua when that city was besieged by 
the Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629-30. 
The name means a sunflower and both of 
these objects are depicted on the coin. See 
Mail 1 iet (lxxviii. '2) . 

Giulio. A Papal silver coin, which un- 
der the name of Grosso Largo was intro- 
duced in the thirteenth century, and re- 
ceived its more common designation from 
Pope Julius II (1503-1513). In a tract 
entitled A Mittimus to the Jubilee at Rome, 
1625, it is said to be worth eight Soldi. 

It was copied at Guastalla under Cesare 
Gonzaga (1570-1575) ; at Avignon under 
Gregory XIII and his successors ; at Cam- 
erino, Mantua, etc. 

Giustina. The name given to a Vene- 
tian silver coin originally issued under the 
Doge Alvise I Mocenigo (1570-1577) and 
continued by his successors until the latter 
part of the seventeenth century. The 
name is derived from the figure of St,. 
Giustina on the coin, on whose name day, 
October 7, 1571, the battle of Lepanto was 
fought and the Venetians gained an im- 
portant naval victory over the Turks. The 
coin is consequently what may be called 
a Victory Thaler, which is confirmed by 
the view of ships on the open sea, and 
the inscription memor. ero. tvi. ivstina. 

VIRGO. 


[ 93 ] 


Giustino 


Go 


There are two varieties : the Giustina 
Maggiore, of a value of 160 Soldi, with 
divisions of one half, one quarter, one 
eighth, and one thirty-second, and a 
smaller type, the Giustina minore, of 124 
Soldi, with similar divisions. 

The latter coin was imitated by Cesare 
d’Este, Duke of Modena (1597-1628), with 
a value of twenty Bolognini. 

Giustino. The name given to a variety 
of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa is- 
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di 
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has 
on the obverse a crowned shield supported 
by two griffins, and on the reverse a figure 
of Justice seated. 

Glass Beads. See Borjookes. 

Glass Coins. The Nummi Vitrei, or 
Monnaies de Verre, originated under the 
Roman Emperors in Egypt, continued 
through the Byzantine period, and were 
then adopted by the Arab invaders. Those 
resembling Arabic coins in size, weight, and 
inscriptions are nothing else but standard 
weights issued mainly for the purpose of 
testing the accuracy of current coins. They 
were issued by the governors under the 
Amawee and Abbasee Khaleefehs, but were 
commonest under the Fatimide rulers and 
lasted until the Turkish conquest. 

Conf. Lane-Poole, Catalogue of Arabic 
Glass Weights in the British Museum, 
1891. 

Glaubensthaler. See Catechismusthaler. 

Glaukes. D.au7.e<;, or “Owls,” the pop- 
ular name in ancient times for the famous 
Tetradrachms of Athens which always bore 
an owl, the emblem of Athene, for their 
reverse type. 

Globe Dollar. The name given to a 
silver coin introduced by Charles III of 
Spain (1759-1788) which bears on the ob- 
verse the two hemispheres. It was contin- 
ued to the brief reign of Joseph Napoleon. 

Globular Coins. A term generally ap- 
plied to any coins more or less spherical 
in shape. The best examples are certain 
Byzantine coins of a considerable thick- 
ness and small diameter, and the so-called 
“Bullet” money of Siam. 

Glockenthaler. A series of seven Tha- 
ler, all dated 1643, and struck by Duke 
August the Younger of Brunswick Liine- 


burg to commemorate the evacuation of 
the fortress and city of Wolfenbiittel. 

These coins have their divisions of halves 
and quarters, and with one exception they 
all bear the picture of a large bell. The 
first three varieties have the bell without 
a clapper; the fourth shows only a clap- 
per; the fifth and sixth liave the complete 
bell with the clapper, and the last variety 
has a view of the city, above which are 
three hands ringing the bell. 

For a detailed account of the inscrip- 
tions, circumstances of their issue, etc., see 
Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde (No. 5, 1908). 

Gloriam Regni. The name given to sil- 
ver coins of fifteen Sols and five Sols struck 
in Paris in 1670 for use in the French col- 
onies in America. The reverse inscription 
reads gloriam. regni. tvi. dicent., which 
is taken from Psalms (cxlv. 11). See Zay 
(p. 45). 

Glove Money. It was formerly the cus- 
tom in England for clients to send a pair 
of gloves to the counsel who undertook 
their causes, and even to the judges who 
were to try them. These presents usually 
partook of the nature of a bribe, and it 
is recorded that a Mrs. Croaker presented 
Sir Thomas More, the Lord Chancellor, 
with a pair of gloves lined with angels, 
which he returned. 

A bribe given under these circumstances 
continued to be called “glove money” long 
after the gloves had ceased to be a feature 
in the transaction. 

Gluckhennen Thaler. The nickname 
given to a silver coin of Basle, issued with- 
out. date but struck in the latter part of 
the seventeenth century from designs by 
Friedrich Fechter. It lias on the reverse 
the figure of a hen with a brood of young 
chickens. 

Gliicksthaler. See Fortuna Thaler. 

Gnadenpfennig is not a coin but a 
medal usually of oval form with a ring 
or similar attachment for suspension. They 
were chiefly issued for weddings of princes 
and the nobility, and are common to Bam- 
berg, Paderborn, various parts of Pom- 
merania, Courland, etc. 

Go. A Japanese word meaning five. A 
Gin Go Monnne, i.e., “silver five momme, ” 
was issued as early as 1767. See Fon- 
robert (No. 1034). 


[ 94 ] 


Gobbi 


Gosseler 


Gobbi, or Gobi. A popular name used 
in Bologna to describe the Papal Baiocci, 
many of which were said to have been 
struck at the Gubbio mint. 

Gobog. A species of copper temple 
money issued in the island of Java. Mil- 
lies (p. 23) calls these pieces medals and 
compares them with the Chinese temple 
money. Netcher (p. 141), however, gives 
a table of equivalents, as follows: 

1 Gobog = 5 K&t&ng 

400 Gobog = 1 silver Dirhem 

4000 Gobog = 1 gold Dirhem ( ? Dinar) 

See Kangtang. 

Gobrecht Dollars. The name given to 
a series of United States pattern coins 
struck in 1836, 1838, and 1839, and of 
which there are twenty varieties. 

They receive their name from Christian 
Gobrecht, who was assistant engraver at 
the mint in Philadelphia, and whose name 
appears on some of the specimens. 

Godless Florin. See Florin. 

God Penny. See Festing Penny. 

Gosgen, or Gosken. A copper coinage 
of the city of Hameln issued from about 
1580 to 1628. See Neumann (8198, etc.). 

Gold. The accepted standard of value. 
It was first coined by the Lydians, in Asia 
Minor, in the sixth century before our era, 
and has been adopted in the monetary sys- 
tem of nearly every country. 

Gold Fuchs. A gold coin. See Fuchs. 

Gold Thaler. A former money of ac- 
count in Bremen, the one four hundred and 
twentieth part of a pound of fine gold. It 
was equal to seventy-two Groten, and in 
1871 silver coins were issued bearing the 
inscription bin thaler gold, based on the 
above standard. 

Goldy. An English dialect term for a 
Sovereign. It is common to a large num- 
ber of counties. 

Gontzen Pfenning. Johann Stumpf, in 
his Schweizer Chronik, 1606 (393a), states 
that “Herzog Gontzen von Schwaben . . . 
schlug ein Muntz mit einem Lowen, die 
wurde lang hernach genennt Gontzenpfen- 
ning.” > 

Good Fors. The name given to a paper 
currency circulated at the Cape of Good 
Hope by private individuals “to the great 
prejudice of trade and public credit.” 


They were prohibited in 1822. See Chal- 
mers (p. 233). 

Good Samaritan Shilling. A silver 
piece dated 1652, which was never intended 
for a coin although it is an imitation of 
the New England and Pine Tree issues. 
In the American Journal of Numismatics 
(vii. 40) Dr. Green states that the original 
was “undoubtedly the work of some Eng- 
lish apothecary, who, without any special 
object in view, stamped the piece with his 
trade-mark. It is figured in Felt’s Ac- 
count of ‘Massachusetts Currency ’ (plate, 
p. 38).” The Good Samaritan Shilling 
attracted attention as early as 1767, when 
Thomas Hollis wrote about it to the Rev. 
Andrew Eliot, D.D., of Boston, and in his 
letter said: “Shilling, No. 10, Masathvsets 
in Pourtraiture of the good Samaritan. 
Over it Fac Simile No Reverse. , . . If 
the shilling, No. 10 . . . can be procured 
for T.H. in fair, unrubbed, uncleaned con- 
dition, he will be glad of them at any 
price.” To this Dr. Eliot replied: “The 
portraiture of the good Samaritan no one 
among us ever heard of. I am persuaded 
that it was not a current coin ; but a medal 
struck on some particular occasion.” It 
will be noted that the piece Hollis asked 
for, nearly a century before Wyatt, had 
“no reverse,” and was a fac simile copy 
of an earlier issue. 

Goose Eye Coins. The name given to 
certain debased coins of China struck in 
the Yung Kuang period A.D. 465. The 
Chinese name is E Yen Cli’ien. 

Gorgoneion, or Gorgona. A general 
term for Greek coins of Olbia, Populonia, 
etc., which bear a representation of the 
Gorgon’s head. 

Gormo, meaning “round coin,” is a 
name given to the Indian Rupee in Tibet ; 
they are valued at three Tang-Kas. 

Goslar. See Arenkopf. 

Gossarius. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1192 in which duos gossarios auri are 
mentioned, but we can only conjecture 
what gold coins are referred to in this 
passage. 

Gosseler. A small base silver coin is- 
sued in various parts of the Low Countries 
during the sixteenth century. It was cur- 
rent for the fortieth part of a Daalder. 


[ 95 ] 


Gothic Crown 


Grano 


There are numerous varieties. Some of 
those struck at Zwolle have an effigy of 
Saint Michael ; others struck at Deventer 
(1534) bear the figure of Saint Lievin, etc. 

Gothic Crown. A pattern by Wyon, 
struck only in the years 1846, 1847 and 
1853, and occurring with both plain and 
lettered edges. It was never popular on 
account of the mediaeval character of the 
lettering. 

Gottesfreund Thaler. See Pfaffenfeind 
Thaler. 

Gouden Kroon. A gold coin of Bra- 
bant, struck by Jean IV (1417-1427), and 
copied in the Low Countries. The obverse 
shows the quartered armorial shield of 
Brabant and Burgundy, above which is a 
large crown, from which circumstance the 
coin receives its name. 

Gouden Lam, also called Gulden Lam, 
and frequently abbreviated Lain, was the 
name given to a gold coin of the type of 
the Agnel (q.v.) struck by the Dukes of 
Holland, Brabant, Gueldres, etc. The 
larger coin or Mouton received the name 
of Groot Lain. 

The Gouden Lam is mentioned in the. 
monetary records of Vilvoorden, as early 
as 1330. See Van der Chijs (p. 71). 

Gouden Leeuw. See Lion d’Or, and 
Leeuw. 

Gouden Nobel. See Rozenobel. 

Gouden Peter. See Peter. 

Gouden Reaal. See Reaal. 

Gouden Rijder. See Rijder. 

Gouden Schild. See Schild. 

Gouden Torens. See Torentje. 

Gouden Vlies. See Vlies. 

Gourde. A French colonial term, and 
equivalent to the Spanish gordo, i.e., thick. 
Zay (pp. 203-205) describes jetons rang- 
ing from one quarter Gourde to sixteen 
Gourdes struck in 1825 for Guadeloupe. 

The silver coin of this name is now the 
standard of value in Haiti, and is divided 
into one hundred Centimes. See Piastre 
Gourda. The piece of twenty-five Cen- 
times is known as the Gourdin. 

Go Yo Sen. (Lit. Honorable use, mean- 
ing here “for service of the government”.) 
A Japanese Kwanei Sen (q.v.) made to 
pay the workmen engaged in repairing the 
great temples at Nikko. 


Goz. See Mahmudi. 

Graceless Florin. See Florin. 

Graici. In the Rivistn Italiana di Nu- 
mismatica (x. 476) mention is made of a 
tax in Bologna in which Graici boni are 
quoted as equal to eight Danari. 

Grain. The popular name for the Grano 
or one third Farthing of Malta. See Chal- 
mers (p. 324). 

Gralosken. The name given to Hun- 
garian silver coins of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, which bore on one side tlie armorial 
shield and on the reverse the seated Ma- 
donna with the infant Savior on her arm. 
According to Adam Berg, New Miinzbuch , 
1597, one hundred Gralosken were equal 
to a Thaler. 

Gramo. The inscription tin gramo oc- 
curs on a private gold coin struck in 1889 
by Julius Popper at Paramo in the archi- 
pelago of Tierra del Fuego. It is prob- 
ably intended for the weight of the coin 
and not for the denomination, as the piece 
is usually called a Peso. A larger gold 
coin of the same type is inscribed 5 
gramos and is known as five Pesos. 

Granas, or Granatas. Evidently the 
name of certain gold coins struck in Cra- 
cow during the fourteenth century. Du 
Cange quotes an inventory of 1366 in 
which they are mentioned. 

Granby Coppers. See Higley Coppers. 

Grand Blanque. See Blanc. 

Grand Bronze. The popular name for 
the Roman Sestertius of Imperial times. 

Grand Dauphin. See Dauphin. 

Grand Ecu. See Laubthaler. 

Grande Plaque. See Gros Blanque au 
Lis. 

Grano. A small copper coin which ap- 
pears to have been originally issued by 
Ferdinand I of Aragon, as King of Naples 
and Sicily (1458 to 1494). Its value was 
the one hundredth part of the Ducato 
(q.v.) and multiples of two, three, five, 
and ten Grani were struck at later periods. 
The silver Grano, also called Obolo, was 
struck by Philip II of Spain, while ruler 
of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and mul- 
tiples as high as twenty-six Grani appeared 
in 1686. 


[ 96 ] 


Grave 


Grivna 


In Malta the Grano was struck in cop- 
per as early as the middle of the sixteenth 
century, but its value was much lower 
than the Sicilian type. In 1825 when the 
various British silver and copper coins 
were proclaimed as current in Malta, the 
Penny was made the equivalent of twelve 
Grani, and it was recommended that in 
addition to halfpence and farthings, a coin 
of the value of one third of a farthing, or 
a Grano, should be issued, “as many arti- 
cles of primary necessity are often sold 
here to the value of one grano.” The 
recommendation was carried out in 1827, 
when 1 ‘ British grain ’ ’ were first intro- 
duced. 

Grave. See Aes. 

Grave. A billon Portuguese coin issued 
in the reign of Fernando (1367-1383) and 
struck at Lisbon and Porto. The obverse 
has the letter F in a crowned compart- 
ment, and the reverse a shield between 
four castles. 

Gray. A slang term for a halfpenny 
with both sides alike, and used by sharp- 
ers. 

Mayhew, in his book London Labour 
and London Poor , 1851 (i. 199), has the 
following passage: “I don’t like tossing 
the coster lads ; they ’re the wide-awakes 
that way. The thieves use ‘ grays. ’ They’re 
ha’pennies, either both sides heads or 
tails. ’ ’ 

Gray Groat. A Scotch nickname for a 
Groat or fourpenny piece. There is a 
Scotch phrase or proverb, “Not worth a 
gray groat, ’ ’ which is used to imply worth- 
lessness. 

Grazia, or Crazia. A base silver coin 
common to several Italian states and which 
probably originated in Florence under 
Cosmo I (1536-1574). The Medici Family 
also issued it for Siena and Pisa, and it 
occurs in the coinage of Lucca and Piom- 
bino to the end of the seventeenth century. 
The name may have been derived from 
the inscription dei gratia usually found 
upon it, an early copper issue for Lodi, 
however, has the words i grazia in two 
lines. 

Greenbacks. The name given to certain 
legal-tender, non-interest-bearing notes of 
the United States, because the reverses 
were printed in green ink. 


Green Silver. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a feudal cus- 
tom in the manor of Writtel in Essex, 
where every tenant whose front door opens 
to Greenbury shall pay a halfpenny, year- 
ly, to the lord, by the name of green sil- 
ver or rent.” 

Gregorina. A gold coin of Pope Greg- 
ory XVI (1821-1846) struck in Rome, and 
of the value of five Scudi. Those dated 
1834 are of the greatest rarity as only 
eleven were made. 

Gregorio. A silver coin of Pope Greg- 
ory XIII struck at the mint of Bologna, 
pursuant to an order of December 14, 1574. 
Its value was one Paolo, and it bears the 
figure of St. Petronius. A double and half 
were also issued. 

Grenadine. A silver coin of eight 
Reales, a variety of the Peso, issued at 
Santa Fe de Bogota from 1847 to about 
1850. See Fonrobert (8102). 

Greschel. See Groschel. 

Grif. See Grivna. 

Griffon. A base silver coin struck in 
Brabant early in the fifteenth century, and 
corresponding to the Stuiver of the Low 
Countries. See van der Chijs (passim). 
It receives its name from the figure on the 
obverse of a griffin holding in its claw a 
short sword or briquet. The inscription 
usually reads: denaris simplex nomina- 

TVS GR1FONVS. 

There are corresponding doubles and 
halves. 

Grimellin. A former money of account 
of Tripoli. The Piastre was computed at 
thirteen Grimellini. 

Gringalet. The popular name for a 
coin of three Denari struck in Geneva in 
the sixteenth century by Johann Gringalet, 

Griscio. See Abuquelp. 

Grivna. (Plural Grivenki.) A Russian 
base silver coin of the value of ten Ko- 
pecks, or the tenth part of a Ruble. They 
were struck at Novgorod, Pskof, Kiev, 
Novotorjok and other mints, the later is- 
sues being in copper. They were originally 
of an oblong or bar form, and about 1701 
the circular shape was adopted. The ma- 
jority of these coins have ten dots or glob- 
ules on the reverse, indicative of their 
value. 


[ 97 ] 


Groat 


Gros 


The Grif, referred to by Adam Olearius 
in Travels of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636 
(p. 97), is the same coin. 

For an extensive account of the etymol- 
ogy of the name see Chaudoir (p. 17 et 
j If). The corresponding double, i.e., the 

piece of twenty Kopecks, is called Dvou- 
grivenik. 

Groat. This word, and its equivalents 
in German, Grosehen or Grosch, in Dutch 
and Low German, Groot and Grote, and in 
Polish, Grosz, is derived from the Latin 
adjective grossus, i.e., thick ; these coins 
being of a thicker and heavier fabric than 
the fragile Bracteates that preceded them. 

The English silver coin of this denomina- 
tion and of the value of four Pence is first 
referred to in Grafton’s Chronicle, who 
states that about the year 1227 a parlia- 
ment was held in London, which ordained 
that a Groat should be coined, having on 
one side the King’s effigy, and on the other 
a cross reaching to the edge, “to avoyd 
clippyng. ” No specimens, however, are 
known prior to the reign of Edward III, 
who, by virtue of the indenture of 1351, 
coined “grosses” to the value of four ster- 
lings, and “half gros,” to equal two ster- 
lings. These coins were copied from the 
Gros Tournois, or four Denier piece of 
Tours made by Louis IX of France. 

The Groat is continuous in English 
coinage until the reign of Charles 1 1 when 
the introduction of milled coins led to its 
abolishment except for the Maundy issues. 

A double Groat was struck by Edward 
IV for Ireland. The Scottish Groats, in- 
troduced by David II, originally bore a 
profile instead of a full face of the ruler. 
In the reign of James V a one-third Groat 
was issued. 

In 1888 a Groat was issued for British 
Guiana and it is now current throughout 
the British West Indies. See Gros, Gros- 
chen, Britannia Groat. 

Grocery. An obsolete English slang 
term for money of small denominations 
such as would be likely to lie paid at the 
grocery for purchases. 

Bailey, in his English Dictionary, 1721, 
has : ‘ 1 Grocery, . . . small Money as Farth- 
ings and Half-Pence.” 

J. IT. Vaux, in the Flash Dictionary , 
1812, has: “Grocery, half-pence, or copper 
coin, in a collective sense.” 


Groschel, or Greschel, a diminutive of 
Grosehen, is the designation for the small 
silver coins issued for Silesia during the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These 
consisted of one quarter Grosehen of the 
Holy Roman Empire, and later the Ger- 
man riders continued the practice and 
struck coins at one quarter and one half 
of the Kaisergroschen of the respective 
values of one Groschel and two Groschel. 

A copper coin with the inscription ein 
greschl was issued in 1763-65 by Maria 
Theresa for Transylvania. See Pataz. 

Grolla. A billon coin of Turin, issued 
by Count Edoardo (1323-1329) and men- 
tioned in an ordinance of December 5, 
1335. It was valued at one sixteenth of 
the Grosso. See Promis (ii. 12). 

Groot. (Plural Grooten.) The Dutch 
equivalent of the Grosehen. At the begin- 
ning of the seventeenth century a Daalder 
was usually computed at sixty Grooten. 

Grootken. A small Groot. A billon 
coin of Utrecht and Brabant of the six- 
teenth century and later. By an ordinance 
published at the Hague in 1617, its value 
was established at sixteen Mites. 

Groot Lam. See Gouden Lam. 

Gros. In Bohemia under King Wen- 
ceslaus II (1278-1305) large Denarii were 
struck to take the place of the Bracteates 
and similar small coins in use all over 
Europe, which were insufficient to meet 
the demands of increasing trade. These 
new coins received the name of Nummi 
Grossi, i.e., “thick coins,” a term later ab- 
breviated into Grosz, plural Groszi (q.v.). 
They were rapidly copied by other nation- 
alities, and the German Grosehen, the Eng- 
lish Groat, the Russian and Polish Grusch, 
and the Grote of the Low Countries, are 
practically synonymous terms. 

Their value in Deniers varied, averaging 
from four to ten, and sometimes even more. 
The Gros Tournois (q.v.) was the most 
popular of these, and the Gros Blanque 
and half Blanque of the Anglo-Gallic coin- 
age were copied after them. The name 
was frequently abbreviated into Blanque or 
Blanc (q.v.), probably on account of then- 
light color. 

The double Gros occasionally received 
the name Drylander and Vierlander (q.v.). 


[ 98 ] 


Gros a l’Aigle 


Grossetto 


Gros a l’Aigle. A name given to such 
varieties of the Gros Blanque as have a 
large eagle on the obverse. Specimens ex- 
ist for Dinant, a mint of the Counts of 
Namur. 

Gros a la Madone. See Mariengros- 
chen. 

Gros a la Marie. A variety of the 
Blanque issued by Mary of Burgundy 
(1476-1482), so called from the letter M 
on the obverse. 

Gros a Sainte Anne. See Annengros- 
clien. 

Gros au Cavalier. See Cavalier. 

Gros au Chatel. The name given to 
varieties of silver coins issued by Jean II 
of Brabant (1294-1312) and his successor 
Jean III (1312-1355). They have on the 
obverse a well executed castle. 

Gros au Lion. A variety of the pre- 
ceding, struck by Jean III, with the figure 
of a lion. 

Gros au Porc-Epic. See Ecu au Porc- 
Epic. 

Gros Blanque. See Blanc. 

Gros Blanque a la Couronne. A vari- 
ety of the Blanque distinguished by the 
prominent crown on the field. See Blanc 
a la Couronne. 

Gros Blanque a la Croisette. This vari- 
ety of the Gros receives its name from a 
small ornamented cross which is used in- 
stead of a cross pattee. 

Gros Blanque a la Salamandre. A 
name given to a variety of the Gros which 
bears two small salamanders on the field. 

Gros Blanque a l’Etoile. A variety of 
the Gros, so called from a star in the centre 
of the field. 

Gros Blanque au Lis, also called the 
Grande Plaque, is the name given to a 
variety of the Blanque, issued by Charles 
VII of France. It has three lilies on one 
side, and on the reverse the letters frac 
in the angles of the cross. This coin was 
struck at Tournay. See Hoffmann (12). 

Gros Blanque au Soleil. A variety of 
the Blanque so called from a small figure 
of the sun on the field. 

Groschen. Originally this was the Ger- 
man form of the Gros Tournois ( q.v .) 
which it resembled ; even the name Turnos- 


groschen was retained and later abbrevi- 
ated into Turnose and finally into Grosch- 
en. 

These coins appeared first in the Rhine 
Provinces and Saxony, but they were rap- 
idly introduced throughout all Germany. 
The divisions in the northern part con- 
sisted of Pfennige and in south Germany 
of Kreuzer of which usually twelve, but in 
some instances, eight or sixteen were con- 
sidered an equivalent. Their composition, 
while originally of very good silver, be- 
came debased and their corresponding 
value reached as low as from two to four 
Pfennige. 

In the German money of account the 
term Schockgroschen frequently occurs. 
Schock is an old German word, meaning 
sixty, and it is commonly used in conjunc- 
tion with small portable articles, such as 
fruit, eggs, etc. It was applied to these 
coins on account of the quantity that were 
an equivalent of the Mark, as a weight ; 
and the term was dropped when the Gul- 
dengroschen or Thaler was introduced. 

Gros de Nesle. A billon coin of France 
first struck by Henri II (1547-1559), with 
an approximate value of fifteen Deniers. 
It derives its name from Nesle in the De- 
partment of Somme, where a regal mint ex- 
isted since the twelfth century. The name 
of the coin was frequently abbreviated to 
Nesle, to distinguish it from other types of 
the same value. 

Gros du Roi. A name given to the Gros 
Blanque of Charles VII of France which 
bears three lilies surmounted by a crown. 

Gros Heaume. See Heaume. 

Gros Parisis. A variety of the Gros 
Tournois which was made one fourth 
heavier. It was extensively struck by 
Philip VI (1328-1350) and bears fleurs 
de lis in the angles of the cross. 

Grossello. A silver coin current in Ber- 
gamo in 1361 and of the value of half a 
Soldo. See Bivista Italiana di Numismat- 
ica (i. 313). 

Grossetto. The diminutive of Grosso, a 
base silver coin struck in Venice in the 
latter part of the fourteenth century, and 
which replaced the Matapan (q.v.), a 
larger and thicker coin. Its value was four 
Soldi. The later Grossetti of Dalmatia, 


[ 99 ] 


Grossi Lati 


Grote 


Illyria, etc., were worth only about two 
thirds of the Venetian. 

Grossi Lati. See Breite Groschen. 

Grossi Praecisi. See Breite Groschen. 

Grosso. An Italian silver coin, the 
name of which is an equivalent of the 
Gros, Groschen, and Groat ; in fact the 
term Gros Tournois becomes the. Italian 
Grosso Tornese. 

It appeared in the fourteenth century 
and some varieties were current until the 
eighteenth. The value varied, the Grossi 
of Milan being worth from five to eight 
Soldi at different periods. There are mul- 
tiples as high as eight Grossi, and the divi- 
sions were the Mezzanine or one half, the 
Quattrino or one quarter, and the Sesino 
or one sixth. See Matapan. 

Grosso Affonsim. A Portuguese silver 
coin struck in the reign of Alfonso V 
(1438-1481), and of the value of eleven 
Dinheiros. For convenience the name is 
frequently abbreviated into Affonsim. 

Grosso Aquilino. See Aquilino. 

Grosso Clementino. See Clementi. 

Grosso Guelfo. See Guelfo. 

Grosso Largo. See Giulio. 

Grossone. An Italian silver coin issued 
by the Republic of Pisa both with Imperial 
and autonomous legends. It is also found 
in Mantua under Louis III (1444-1478), in 
the two Sicilies under Ferdinand and 
Isabella, and occurs in the Venetian coin- 
age of the fifteenth century. The latter 
variety had a value of eight Soldi, and 
the Florentine type was equal to seven 
Soldi. 

Grosso Romanino, also called simply 
Roman ino. A Roman Senatorial silver 
coin struck by the Senator Brancaleone 
d'Andalo (1252-1255) and continued until 
about the year 1417. It has on the ob- 
verse an emblematic seated female figure 
representing Rome, with a globe in one 
hand and a palm leaf in the other. 

Grosso Tirolino. See Tirolino. 

Grosso Veneto. See Matapan. 

Grossus Albus. See Albus. 

Gros Tournois. A billon French coin 
of the value of four Deniers, originally 
issued by Louis IX about the middle of 


the fourteenth century, and extensively 
copied by other nations. It receives its 
name from the city of Tours, at which place 
it was first struck. 

The general type has on one side a 
chapel or city gate and the inscription 
tvronis civis surrounded by a wreath of 
lilies, and on the I'everse a cross pattee 
enclosed by legends in two circles, the 
inner circle bearing the name of the ruler 
and the outer one the words bndictv. sit. 
nome. dni. nri. ihv. xpi., an abbreviation 
of benedictum sit nomen domini nostri 
Jesu Christi. 

In the latter part of the fourteenth cen- 
tury the type was imitated in the Rhine 
Provinces where it received the name of 
Turnosgroschen, later abbreviated into 
Turnose. 

The coin enjoyed such a popularity that 
the term Turnois distinguished money 
based on the standard of Tours down to 
the time of Louis XIV. 

For an interesting treatise showing that 
the Gros Tournois is not an imitation of 
the Dinar issued at Saint Jean d’Acre in 
the year 1251, see Mons. Adrien Blan- 
chet’s communication to the Comptes ren- 
dus de I’Academie des Inscriptions et 
Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1901. See Groat. 

The Tournay Groat was the last of the 
Anglo-Gallic series issued by Henry VIII 
in 1513. 

The Denier, also struck at Tours, and 
of the same design was generally known 
as the Petit Tournois. 

Grosz. (Plural Groszy or Grosze.) The 
Polish name for the Gros (q.v.). The 
earliest issues under King Wenceslaus II 
(1278-1305) were of silver and read grossi: 
pragenses ; their popular name being Pra- 
ger Groschen. 

Later the Groszy were made of copper 
and thirty were equal to a Gulden. By an 
imperial ukase of 1841 the coinage ceased 
and the Russian Kopecks took their place. 

Grote. (Plural Gro ten.) The Low Ger- 
man equivalent of the Groschen, and the 
seventy-second part of the Thaler. It oc- 
curs in base silver and copper in the coin- 
age of Bremen, Oldenburg, Jever, etc. 
There are multiples of from three to forty- 
eight Groten. The issue of Groten in Bre- 
men can be traced to the period of Arch- 


[ 100 ] 


Grouch 


Guillot 


bishop Baldwin (1435-1442). In the year 
1800, 360 Groten were equal to one Pistole. 

Grouch. See Ghrusli. 

Grueso. The Spanish equivalent of the 
Gros. There is a series of these for Na- 
varre and Aragon, beginning with the 
reign of Juan II (1441-1479). 

Grusch. See Ghrusli. 

Gubber. This is conjectured by Yule 
to come from the Persian Dinar-i-gabr, i.e., 
“money of the infidel.” The name was 
formerly applied in India to the gold 
coins of Europe. 

C. Lockyer, in Trade of India, 1711 (vii. 
201), says, “they have Venetians, Gubbers, 
Muggerbees, and Pagodas,” and in the 
same work (viii. 242), “When a parcel of 
Venetian Dncats are mixt with others, the 
whole goes by the Name of Chequeens at 
Surat, but when they are separated, one 
sort is called Venetians, and all the others 
Gubbers indifferently.” 

Giildener. See Guldengroschen. 

Gulden Lam. See Gouden Lam. 

Guelfo, or Grosso Guelfo. A silver 
coin of Florence of the value of four Soldi 
or double the Popolino ( q.v .). It was 
struck about the middle of the fourteenth 
century and continued in use until the 
period of the Medici Family. It is char- 
acterized by the representation of the ar- 
morial bearings of a large number of the 
Florentine nobility, e.g., the Houses of the 
Acciaioli, Capponi, Guicciardini, Lanfre- 
dini, Pandolfi, Strozzi, Venturi, etc. 

Guenar, also called Blanc Guenar. A 
variety of the Blanc, struck by Charles VI 
of France (1380-1422). Its value was ten 
Deniers, and the obverse showed the ar- 
morial shield of France, while the reverse 
had a cross pattee with lilies and crowns 
alternately in the angles. The Guenar 
Delphinal of the same tj^pe was issued for 
Dauphiny, and there is a corresponding 
demi-Guenar in both series. It was copied 
in the Anglo-Gallic series by Henry V 
(1415-1422). See Hoffmann (22-29, etc.). 

Guerche, or Gersh. A silver coin of 
Abyssinia, the one twentieth part of the 
Talari (q.v.). Under the reign of Menelik, 
however, a decree was passed abolishing 
the decimal system, and making the 
Guerche the one sixteenth of the Talari. 


The name is synonymous to Ghrusli (q.v.), 
or Piastre. Copper Guerches and their 
subdivisions were issued by Menelik pre- 
vious to the silver pieces. 

Guilder. The equivalent of the Gulden 
in the Low Countries. Two and one half 
Guilders were equal to one Rijksdaaler, 
and the Guilder is divided into 100 cents. 
It weighs 154.32 grains. Of the Dutch 
gold coins the largest is the piece of ten 
Guilders, sometimes called the Florin, 
which weighs 103.7 grains. These values 
also apply to the Dutch possessions in the 
East and West Indies. The colony of 
British Guiana, formerly a part of Esse- 
quibo and Demerara, used silver three 
Guilders and smaller denominations struck 
by George III in 1816, and by William 
IV in 1832. 

The Guilder or Florin of the United 
Provinces was a silver coin originally 
struck by Friesland about 1600 and con- 
tinued in use until the close of the seven- 
teenth century. This is the piece men- 
tioned by Shakespeare in The Comedy of 
Errors (i. 1), and by other contemporary 
writers. 

It had a value of twenty-eight Stuivers, 
and on the obverse is the bust of a warrior 
who holds a sword in his right hand. This 
figure divides the denomination : 28 | st. 

From its value the coin was ordinarily 
called Acht en twintig ; the half was known 
as Veertienstuiver, and the quarter was 
called Zevenstuiver. 

Guillaume d’Or. See Wilhelm d’Or. 

Guillemin. The name given to a variety 
of Denier issued by Guillaume I (1094- 
1129) and Guillaume II (1150-1220), 
Counts of Forcalquier in Provence. 

The term was also used in Brabant, 
Gueldres, etc., to indicate coins struck by 
any one of the numerous rulers named Wil- 
lem, Wilhelm, or Guillaume. Du Cange 
cites an ordinance of 1449 reading, “Deux 
pieces d’or c’est assavoir ung Guillelmins 
de vint solz parisis.” 

Guillot. An ordinance of the Parlia- 
ment of Paris dated in July, 1378, men- 
tions this coin as being one sixth of the 
Gros Tournois. Another monetary regula- 
tion for Le Mans, in the Department of 
Maine, dated 1466, reads “quod dicti abi- 
t antes Cenomanenses . . . guillot os ant semi 


[ 101 ] 


Guinea 


Gunda 


guillotos, receptione indignos quorum sex 
unum turonum valebant tradebant.” 

Guinea. A gold coin of England origin- 
ally of the value of twenty shillings, and 
made current by a proclamation of March 
27, 1663. It received its name from the 
gold of which it was made, and which was 
brought from Guinea by the “Company of 
Royal Adventurers of England trading 
into Africa.” As an encouragement to 
bring over gold to be coined, they were 
permitted by their charter to have their 
stamp on the coins. This device was 
originally an elephant, and after 1675 an 
elephant with a castle on its back ; the 
stamp was discontinued in the reign of 
Queen Anne. 

Rottier made the dies, and the original 
issue consisted of five and two Guinea 
pieces, both of which were discontinued in 
1753, and Guineas and half Guineas dis- 
continued in 1813. The Guinea of the 
latter date is sometimes known as the Mil- 
itary Guinea, as it was struck for the use 
of the troops then embarking for France. 

Quarter Guineas were issued only with 
the dates 1718 and 1762, and one third 
Guineas, or seven shilling pieces appeared 
from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. 

In the reign of William III, the Guinea 
was at first current for £1 8s., but was 
reduced to £1 6s., then to £1 2s., and 
finally in 1698 to £1 Is. 6d., at which rate 
they were received by the officers of the 
revenue. On December 22, 1717, the 
Guinea was reduced to 21s., which value 
it retained until abolished. See Spade 
Guinea. 

Guinnois. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin, 
first issued by Edward III, and which is 
supposed to have received its name from 
the territory in which it was struck. 

These coins have on the obverse the 
King walking through a Gothic portico and 
at his feet two recumbent lions. The re- 
verse has the motto Gloria in Excelsis, etc. 

A silver and billon coinage of similar 
type has received the same name. 

Gulden. The gold Gulden was a name 
given in Germany to the Florin ( q.v .). 
These coins gradually deteriorated in fine- 
ness, whereas those of Hungary and Aus- 
tria retained their original value and 
purity and were distinguished by the name 


of Ducats. The Ducat gradually sup- 
planted the gold Gulden and by the end 
of the seventeenth century the coinage of 
the latter was practically obsolete. 

Austria and Hungary issued gold coins 
of eight Gulden (twenty Francs) and four 
Gulden (ten Francs) in recent years. 

Gulden. This silver coin was originally 
of the same weight and valne as the Thaler 
(q.v.). However, in the latter part of the 
seventeenth century it was reduced in size 
and made of the valne of two thirds of a 
Thaler or half of a Speciesthaler, which 
standard it retained with slight modifica- 
tions until 1871, when the Mark was in- 
troduced in Germany. 

r l he terms Gulden and Florin were fre- 
quently used synonymously. See Florin 
and Guilder. 

Gulden, also called Florin. A silver 
coin of Austria of the value of sixty Kreu- 
zer until January 1, 1859, and after that 
it was made one hundred Kreuzer for both 
Austria and Hungary. 

lor Lombardy- Venice and the Austrian 
offices abroad it was divided into one hun- 
dred Soldi, and for Bosnia and Montene- 
gro into one hundred Novica. 

All of the above coins were superseded 
in 1892 when the Krone (q.v.) went into 
effect, which cut the previous monetary 
system into one half. 

Guldengroschen. The earliest type is 
described under Thaler (q.v.). The name 
was applied to the new coin on account of 
its value being equal to that of the gold 
Gulden, and because up to the time of its 
appearance no silver coins were in circu- 
lation of a larger size than the Groschen. 
In Latin documents of the sixteenth cen- 
tury they are generally referred to as 
Uneiales, from their weight, which was one 
ounce. 

The name Guldengroschen was soon ab- 
breviated into Giildener ; the coins were 
popular for a time but were eventually 
superseded by the Thaler. See Florin. 

Gulden Penning. See Florin. 

Gunda. A money of account in the 
Maidive Islands, and equal to four Cow- 
ries (q.v.). The name is probably derived 
from the ganda or rati berry. 


[ 102 ] 


Gun Money 

Gun Money. A debased coinage issued 
by James II in Ireland, from June, 1689, 
to .Tune, 1690. The series consisted of 
crowns, half-crowns, shillings, and six- 
pences. The last two denominations are 
dated with the month as well as the year. 

These coins derive their name from the 
circumstance that they were principally 
struck from metal, the product of old can- 
non. The reverses all bear two sceptres 
in saltire, through a crown, between the 
letters I and R. 

See an extended description of these 
coins contributed by Philip Nelson to the 
British Numismatic Journal (i. 187). 

Gute Groschen. The name given to cer- 
tain silver coins current in Hanover, 
Brunswick, Prussia, etc., during the 
eighteenth century. The Gute Groschen 
was computed at one twenty-fourth of a 
Thaler and must not be confused with the 


Gyllen 

Mariengroschen ( q.v .), which was valued 
at one thirty-sixth of a Thaler. 

Gutfreitagsgroschel. A base silver coin 
of Silesia, a variety of the Dreier {q.v.). 
It was struck by the Princes of Liegnitz, 
and distributed as alms to the poor on 
Good Friday. Musaus refers to it in one 
of his legends of Riibezahl. 

Gygeades, or ruyaSat. A name sup- 
posed by some modern writers to have 
been given to money perhaps issued by 
Gyges King of Lydia. The passage in 
Herodotus (i. 14) from which this infer- 
ence is made is now interpreted differently. 
See Babelon, Traite (i. 468). 

Gyllen. The Swedish equivalent of 
Gulden. The Silfvergyllen was originally 
struck in 1528 and the Ungersk Gyllen, or 
Ducat, in 1568. In the following year ap- 
peared the Krongyllen, a gold coin so 
called from the crowned shield. 


[ 103 ] 


Habbeh 


Halb 


H 


Habbeh. A grain, i.e., a Barleycorn 
is equal to four Aruzzehs, one third Kirat, 
one eighth Danik ; or two Barleycorns are 
equal to one third Tassuj or one sixtieth 
Dinar. See Danik. 

Habitant Tokens. In 1837, through an 
ordinance passed by the special Council, 
the four banks doing business in Lower 
Canada were authorized to issue regular 
bank tokens. As these bore the figure of 
a Freneh-Canadian farmer on the obverse, 
they are known as the “Habitant” tokens. 
They came to be recognized and accepted 
as a regular provincial coinage. See Pap- 
ineau. 

Hacienda Tokens were formerly re- 
deemable at a known value, on presenta- 
tion to the proprietor who had issued 
them. They are of various shapes and 
usually bear devices suggestive of a trade- 
mark, from which their place of issue can 
be determined. 

Hacksilber means cut or chopped sil- 
ver and is a term used by German numis- 
matic writers to indicate the cut and frag- 
mentary coins which constitute a part of 
a “find.” The buried treasure dating 
from the tenth to the twelfth centuries 
frequently consists of silver in bars or 
cakes with a mixture of both cut and per- 
fect coins. 

Halbling, or Helbling. This word means 
a half, and as the Pfennig was the German 
equivalent for the Denarius, so the Halb- 
ling was originally used to designate the 
half of this coin, i.e., the Obolus. It occurs 
among the Bracteates and was the prede- 
cessor in Southern Germany and Austria 
of the Heller, and in more northern Ger- 
many of the Scherf. 

Haller, or Haller. The Swiss equiva- 
lent of the Heller ( q.v .). It was issued 
in the Cantons of St. Gallen, Zug, etc., 
and 480 were computed to the Gulden. 

Handelheller. The name given to small 
thin silver coins which were originally 
struck about the beginning of the four- 


teenth century at Hall in Wiirttemberg. 
They are without any inscription and have 
on one side a cross and on the other a 
hand, from which the name is derived. 
They are mentioned in an ordinance of 
the Emperor Wenceslaus of the year 1385, 
in which it stated that the cities of Augs- 
burg, Nuremberg, Him, and Hall, are the 
only localities in which these coins are to 
be struck. 

Haha Sen, or “Mother Sen.” The Jap- 
anese name for the first impressions made 
from the Hori Tane Sen (q.v.) or original 
hand cut Sen, and from which the Tane 
Sen (q.v.) are made. These are naturally 
very rare and much prized as most of them 
are cast in pewter. See Mu Cli’ien, the 
Chinese equivalent. 

Hahnrei Thaler. The word means a 
cuckold and it is usually applied to a class 
of medallic Thaler which have obscene in- 
scriptions. 

It is also used to designate a Thaler 
struck by Philip Reinhard I, Earl of 
Solms, in 1627 from silver found in the 
fortress of Wolfenbiittel, and dedicated to 
Christian IV of Denmark. 

Haidari, or Heideri. A name given to 
the double Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sul- 
tan, in 1786, when he adopted his new 
system of reckoning, based on the Muludi, 
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. 
The coin is so called from Haidar, a sur- 
name of the first Imam. 

Haies d’Or. The common designation 
for a gold coin of William IV, Count of 
Hainaut, in Flanders (1404-1417), which 
was copied from the Ange d’Or, of Philip 
VI of France. 

Halard. A coin cited by Andrew 
Boorde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, 
1547 (xiv. 161), who says.: “They haue 
Norkyns, Halardes, Phenyngs, Crocherds, 
Stiuers. ’ ’ 

Halb. The German equivalent for one 
half and generally used in connection with 
Thaler, Groschen, etc. 


[ 104 ] 


Halbag 


Hard Head 


Halbag. See Judenpfennige. 

Halber. An abbreviated form of the 
half of some unit of value, and extensively 
used in Southern Germany for half a 
Kreuzer, half a Pfennig, etc. 

Halbskoter. See Skoter. 

Halfje. The popular i\ame for the cur- 
rent copper half Cent of the Netherlands. 

Halfling. The half of a Silverling or 
old silver Penny. Sir Walter Scott in 
Ivanhoe has the sentence, “ ‘Not a shekel, 
not a silver penny, not a halfling’ . . . 
said the Jew.” 

Half Penny. Probably no other Eng- 
lish coin has so many dialect forms. In 
Yorkshire it is called Awpenny; in West- 
ern Yorkshire Awpney and Haupenny; in 
Devonshire Ilapmy; in Cornwall Hap- 
peny; in Lancashire Iiawpny; and in Cum- 
berland Ho ’penny. 

Half Shiner. A coin mentioned in the 
monetary ordinances of Gibraltar and in 
1762 fixed at a value of eleven Dollars and 
two Reales. From this value it must have 
been the Johannes, which was half the 
Dobra. See Chalmers (p. 298). 

Hammered Coins date from a very early 
period and an interesting account of their 
manufacture is to be found in the Kosmo- 
graphie of Sebastian Munster, which was 
printed early in the sixteenth century. 
The hammered coinage was superseded by 
the use of the mill and screw. The Eng- 
lish hammered silver money was called in 
during the reign of William III, and the 
hammered gold coins were declared to be 
no longer current in 1732-1733. See Milled 
Money. 

Hams, also known as Boars’ Feet, is the 
common name for a variety of copper 
coins, struck by the Gallic city of Nemau- 
sus. They are of the shape of a ham, and 
their exact use lias not been determined. 
Conf. the exhaustive treatise on this sub- 
ject, bv Goudard, Notice sur les Medailles 
elites Piecls de Sanglier, Toulouse, 1880- 
1893. 

Han. A Japanese word meaning “one 
half” and used as a prefix on coins, e.g., 
Han Shu on the coins of the Lu Chu Is- 
lands. 


Hana Furi Kin, or “Raining Flowers 
Gold Coin.” Certain thin small oval Jap- 
anese gold pieces were called by this name, 
and were said to have been issued by Hi- 
deyoshi for the invasion of Korea in 1592. 
To this day the word liana is used for a 
reward. 

Handsel. Earnest money on a contract ; 
a corruption of “hand sale.” See Earnest. 

“Anciently, among all the Northern na- 
tions, shaking of hands was held necessary 
to bind the bargain; a custom which we 
still retain in many verbal contracts. A 
sale thus made was called hand sale, ven- 
ditio per mutuam manuum complexionem ; 
till in process of time the same word was 
used to signify the price, or earnest, which 
was given immediately after the shaking 
of hands, or instead thereof.” Blaekstone, 
Commentaries (ii. 30). 

Hanover Sovereign. A name given to 
a brass medalet, dated 1837, with a gallop- 
ing rider on the reverse, and the inscrip- 
tion to hanover above. The mounted 
figure is intended for the Duke of Cumber- 
land, who was very unpopular in England, 
and the motto signifies that his return to 
Hanover would be desirable. 

Hansatsu. Early Japanese paper cur- 
rency. See Kinsatsu. 

Hantpennige. See Pfennig. 

Hao. The Chinese name for the silver 
ten-cent piece introduced at Hong Kong 
under British rule, and later used on the 
Kwang Tung silver coins. See Chiao. 

Hape. A Scotch nickname for a half- 
penny and common to Lanarkshire. 

Nicholson, in his Idylls, 1870 (106), has: 
“Dae ye want the Citeez [Citizen]? 
Evenin’ or Weekly? It’s only a hape.” 

Hapmy. See Half Penny. 

Happeny. See Half Penny. 

Hard Head. A name given to a Scotch 
billon coin first issued in the third coinage 
of Mary (1555-1558). The term is a cor- 
ruption of the French Hardit. 

Some authorities refer to this piece un- 
der the name of a Lion, from the lion 
rampant, crowned, which it bears. 

These coins, originally of the value of 
one and one half Pence, were struck to 
afford relief to the poor, who suffered much 
loss on account of the lack of small change. 


[ 105 ] 


Hardi 


Hat Piece 


Under James VI the value was raised to 
two Pence, and indicated by two pellets. 

The Hard Head was discontinued in the 
reign of Charles I. 

Hardi, or Hardit. An Anglo-Gallic 
silver and billon coin issued by Edward 
III, King of England, and copied by the 
French Kings as Dukes of Aquitaine. It 
bears on the obverse a half-length figure 
holding a sword. 

The Hardi d'Or is a similar coin of gold. 
Edward the Black Prince had them struck 
at Bordeaux, and Charles de France, the 
brother of King Louis XI, issued them for 
Aquitaine from 1469 to 1474. 

The name is probably derived from a 
small copper coin issued by Philip le 
Ilardi, King of France, and later repre- 
sented by the Liard. Some authorities 
claim that as its original value was one 
fourth of the Sol, the name is a corrup- 
tion of the English word Farthing, corre- 
sponding to the one fourth of the Penny. 

Hard Times Tokens. A popular name 
for a series of copper tokens struck from 
1834 to 1841, and bearing inscriptions re- 
ferring to the movement for and against 
the Bank of the United States. 

Harf. An Abyssinian money of ac- 
count. See Wakea and Kharf. 

Harington. The popular name for the 
copper Farthing issued in the reign of 
James I. The term is derived from the 
patentee, John, Lord Harington, of Exton. 
He died in 1614, but the tokens continued 
in circulation long afterward. See Farth- 
ing. 

Harp. The colloquial name for the 
Groat and half Groat struck in 1536 and 
later, by Henry VIII for Ireland, on ac- 
count of the figure of the harp on the re- 
verse. 

In contemporary documents there is 
mention of ‘red harpes, ” being worth three 
Smulkyns (q.v.). See also Numismatic 
Chronicle (4th Series, xv. 192-229). 

Harpe d’Or. See Davidstuiver. 

Harps. The name given to a series of 
copper tokens issued in Canada in 1820, 
and later. They bear on the obverse a 
bust of George IV, and on the reverse a 
large harp, and the date. They were so 
popular as currency that large numbers of 
brass counterfeits were made. 


Harry Groat. A popular name for the 
Groat of Henry VIII of England (1509- 
1547). Shackerly Marmion in his play 
The Antiquary, 1633 ( ii. ) , lias the lines: 
“A piece of antiquity; sir, ’tis English 
coin; and if you will needs know, ’tis an 
old Harry groat.” 

Harry Sovereign. The designation some- 
times applied to the Sovereign of Henry 
VII of England who first struck this coin 
in 1489. J. Stephens, in his Satyrical Es- 
sayes, 1615 (371), writes: “She hath old 
harry soveraignes ... to give away on her 
death bed.” 

Harzgold Dukat. A gold coin of Bruns- 
wick and Luneburg struck by the electors 
in the eighteenth century and which re- 
ceives its name from the fact that the metal 
was obtained from mines in the Harz 
Mountains. See Ausbeutemunzen. 

Hashshah. Semicircular pieces of iron, 
somewhat resembling the knives used by 
leather-cutters, are current as money in 
Kordofan and other African localities. 

Hashtkani. See Nasfi. 

Hassa. See Toweelah. 

Hat Money. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a small duty 
paid to the captain and mariners of a ship, 
also called primage.” 

The custom appears to have been in force 
in the seventeenth century, for C. Molloy, 
in a work De Jure Maritimo, 1676 (ii. 9, 
§6), says: “Petty Averidge is another 
small Duty which Merchants pay to the 
Master. . . . The French Ships commonly 
term the Gratuity Hat-money.” 

Hat Money. See Tampang. 

Hatome Sen, or “Pigeon Eye” Sen. A 
very small thin coin used at one time in 
the Lu Chu Islands. A hundred were 
strung together and a string was worth 
about ten Japanese Mon (q.v.). 

Hat Piece. A Scottish gold coin issued 
in 1591 to 1593, upon which the King, 
James VI, is represented wearing a high 
crowned hat. 

On the reverse is a lion sejant, holding 
a sceptre in his paw, above which, in a 
cloud, are the Hebrew letters for Jehovah. 
The legend is te. bolvm. vereor., i.e., 
“Thee only do I fear.” The weight is 
seventy grains. 


[ 106 ] 


Haupenny 


Heller 


It is claimed that this coin was issued 
“for the purpose of harmonizing the Scot- 
tish currency with the English, and to 
lessen the inconvenience caused by their 
disagreement. ’ ’ 

It must have been counterfeited at a 
very early period, as Pitcairn, in his Crim- 
inal Trials of Scotland, 1599 (ii. 99), men- 
tions “False hat-peiceis, pistulettis, and 
crownis. ’ ’ 

Haupenny. See Half Penny. 

Hausgroschen. A base silver coin struck 
by Frederick the Great. In course of time 
it deteriorated in purity to such an extent 
that instead of the original value, one 
twenty-fourth of a Thaler, it was finally 
worth only one forty-second of a Thaler. 
It was succeeded by the Silbergroschen in 
1821. 

Hawpny. See Half Penny. 

Hayaki. Japanese paper currency of 
the value of one half or one quarter Koban. 
See Kinsatsu. 

Hazardinar. A gold coin of Persia 
which the English called Mildinar, and the 
Russians Rouble. It was introduced in the 
second year of the reign of Nadir, i.e., 
1738, and had a value of one thousand 
Dinars. 

Head Silver. Wharton, in his Law Lex- 
icon, 1864, states that this was the name 
given to “dues paid to lords of leets; also 
a fine of £40 which the sheriff of Northum- 
berland heretofore exacted of the inhab- 
itants twice in seven years.’’ It was abol- 
ished by a statute of 23 Henry VII c. 7. 

Heads or Tails. A phrase used to de- 
cide any proposition by tossing a coin in 
the air; the “head” representing the ob- 
verse, and the “tail” corresponding to the 
reverse. 

The custom dates back to ancient times, 
the Romans using the term “heads or 
ships.” Macrobius, a Latin grammarian of 
the fifth century, in his Saturnalia (i. 7), 
has : Cum pueri denarios in sublime jac- 
tantes, “ capita aut navia,” lusu teste ve- 
t us tat is exclamant. 

In Ireland the expression “heads or 
harps” was formerly common, the allusion 
being to the harp on the reverse of the 
half Pennies of the seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries. 


The phrase is common in many modern 
languages. The French say a pile ou face; 
the Germans, Kopf oder Flack ; the Scan- 
dinavians, Krona eller Klafve; the Span- 
ish, Cara o Sella; the Italians, Croce o 
Testa, etc. 

Hearth Money. See Chimney Money. 

Heaume, i.e., a helmet. A name ap- 
plied to any coin on which the helmet is 
a prominent feature. A silver Gros 
Heaume was issued bj r Charles VI of 
France (1380-1422), and Jean de Horn 
(1485-1505) copied the type for Liege. 
Louis de Male (1346-1384), Count of Flan- 
ders, struck the Heaume d’Or, the obverse 
of which shows two lions supporting a hel- 
meted shield under a Gothic dais. See 
Botdrager. The Helmpfennige of the city 
of Hanover issued in the seventeenth cen- 
tury have similar designs. 

Hebraer. See Ebraer. 

Heckmiinzen, Heckpfennige, are terms 
used by German numismatists to indicate 
coins that are below the regular standard 
as to size and fineness. 

Hecte. A Greek coin, the one sixth of 
the Stater ( q.v .). It was struck both in 
gold and electrum. The electrnm Hectes 
of Phocaea and Mytilene are the common- 
est and enjoyed a wide vogue in ancient 
times, being known as exTai 

Heideri. The double Rupee of Mysore. 
See Haidari. 

Heilandsmiinzen. The popular name 
for any coins bearing the figure of the 
Savior. See Salvator. 

Heitje. A slang term for the current 
silver coin of twenty-five Cents issued by 
the Netherlands. 

Helbling. See Halbling. 

Heliens. The name given to Deniers of 
Perigord which bear the name of Count 
Elie II (1006-1017). See Blanchet (i. 22). 

Heller. Originally a small silver coin 
which takes its name from Hall, in Wiirt- 
temberg, where it was originally issued in 
the early part of the thirteenth century. 
Conf. Handelheller. 

In the fifteenth century it degenerated 
to a base silver, and later to a billon coin, 
and was not only common throughout 
southern Germany, but was used extensive- 
ly in Silesia, Pommerania, etc. At a some- 


[ 107 ] 


Hellier 


Hexadrachm 


what later period, the Heller became a cop- 
per coin altogether. Its value varied ac- 
cording to the locality. Eight Heller were 
generally equal to a Kreuzer or two Heller 
to a Pfennig. 

It is still retained in Austria and in Ger- 
man East Africa, being the one hundredth 
part of the Krone and the Rupie respec- 
tively. 

Hellier. An obsolete form of writing 
Heller. See Poy. 

Helmarc. A corruption of Halb Mark. 
Du Cange cites it as a denomination used 
as early as 1080. 

Helmpfennig. See Heaume. 

Helsing is defined by Wharton, in his 
Law Lexicon , 1864, as “a Saxon brass 
coin, of the value of a half penny,” but 
it is doubtful what particular coin can be 
intended. 

Hemiassarion. The Greek name for the 
half As. Polybius, Ilistoria (ii. 15). 

Hemichalk. The half Chalcus ( q.v .). 

Hemichrysos is mentioned by Pollux. 
It is the half Stater of gold and was most 
commonly struck at Cyrene. 

Hemidanake, the half of the Danake 
(q.v.)- The Y]j j.i$avay.Y) or Y)g.i8avavuov is 
mentioned by Hesychius and was a Persian 
coin. 

Hemidaric, or half Darie, principally a 
money of account and so used in the well- 
known passage in the Anabasis of Xeno- 
phon (i. 3, 21), where he speaks of the 
Y)[/.t8apetxa. 

Hemidrachm. The half of the Drachm 
(q.v.), and spoken of as the Triobol. It 
was extensively coined in ancient times. 

Hemihecte. The half of the Hecte 
(q.v.) and equal to the Obol of gold, or 
one twelfth of the Stater. In gold it was 
coined principally at Cyrene; in electrum 
it appeared at many mints in Asia Minor. 

Hemilitrion. The half of the Litra 
(q.v.) of silver and frequently coined at 
Leontini, Entella, and Syracuse. Later the 
Hemilitrion in bronze (commonly known 
by its Latin name of Semis) appeared at 
many mints in southern Italy and Sicily. 

Hemiobol. The half of the Obol (q.v.) 
and the one twelfth of the Drachm. The 
commonest examples are those of Athens. 


Hemisium is quoted by Du Cange as an 
old form of the half As. 

Hemistater. The half of the Stater 
(q.v.) or the Hemi-chrysos (q.v.). The 
T)giuTaTY)pov is mentioned by Pollux and 
Hesychius. 

Hemitartemorion is the one eighth of 
the Obol or the one forty-eighth of the 
Drachm. Specimens in silver were struck 
at Athens, other places coined their equiv- 
alents in bronze. 

Hemitetarte. The one eighth of the 
gold Stater (q.v.). A very rare denomina- 
tion. 

Henri d’Or. A French gold coin struck 
by Henri II in 1549, it being the first 
coin of France with a date. The reverse 
lias the inscription dvm totvm compleat 
orbem. Conf. Enrique. 

Heptadrachm. The multiple of seven 
Drachms (q.v.). Actual specimens are not 
known. 

Heptobol. The multiple of seven Obols 
(q.v.). This term was often used in Egypt 
in monetary accounts. 

Heregeld. This word occurs as early as 
the year 1018 in a charter of King Canute. 
Cowel, in The Interpreter, 1607, states that, 
it “is a Tribute or Tax levyed for the 
Maintenance of an Army.” Conf. German 
Ileer Geld. 

Herescarius. A small coin mentioned in 
a codex of Folquino. 

Herrengroschen. The name usually 
given to silver coins of the sixteenth cen- 
tury bearing a figure of the Savior. The 
word means “Groschen of the Master.” 

Herring Silver. An old English term 
implying a payment in money for the 
custom of supplying herrings for the pro- 
vision of a religious institution. 

Herzogsgroschen. The name applied in 
general to any type of the Gros or double 
Gros on which the principal feature is the 
ducal figure. Examples exist for Diiren, 
struck by William I de Juliers (1357- 
1361), and reading wilhelm dux-ivlia- 
cesis and moneta durensi. 

Hexadrachm. A Greek silver coin of 
the value of six Drachms (q.v.). It was 
rarely struck, though specimens from the 


Carthaginian mint are known. 
[ 108 ] 


Hexas 


Hock Tuesday Money 


Hexas. The one sixth of the Litra 
(q.v.). Coins of this denomination were 
struck in southern Italy and Sicily both in 
silver and bronze. In bronze it corre- 
sponds to the Roman Sextans. 

Hexastater. The denomination of six 
Staters, better known as the Dodekadrachm 
(q.V.). 

Hexobol. A multiple of the Obol (q.v.) 
struck in bronze in Egypt under the Ptole- 
mies. 

Heymannchen. A nickname given to 
certain Prussian Mariengroschen struck in 
Aurich in 1761. They were a temporary 
money of necessity and were put forth by 
a mint-warden named ITeymann. 

Hibernias. A name given to the brass 
half Pence struck at Limerick during the 
siege of 1691. These pieces were generally 
re-struck on Gun-money Shillings and have 
on the reverse a seated figure of Hibernia 
holding a harp. 

Hieronymus d’Or. A gold coin of 
Westphalia of the value of five Thaler; 
it obtains its name from Jerome Napoleon. 

Higley Coppers. The name given to a 
variety of threepence struck by John Hig- 
ley of Granby,- Connecticut, from which 
circumstance these pieces are also referred 
to as Granby Coppers. Higley was born 
in 1673, and the coins are dated 1737 and 
1739. There are a number of varieties, one 
of which was discovered as recently as 1913 
with a wheel on the reverse. For de- 
tails as to this private coinage, see Crosby, 
and Woodford, Currency and Banking in 
Connecticut. 

Hip. A slang name for the current sil- 
ver coin of fifty cents issued for the 
Netherlands. 

Hirschgulden. A name given to the 
Gulden or two thirds Thaler of Wiirttem- 
berg which has a stag supporting the ar- 
morial bearings. The large silver coins of 
Stolberg which bear a stag standing against 
a pillar are known as Hirschthaler. 

Hirtenpfennig. A nickname given to a 
uniface copper coin of Buchhorn. The ar- 
morial bearings of this city are a beech 
tree and a horn, and from the latter figure, 
resembling a shepherd’s horn, the name 
was probably coined. 


Histiai'ka. A name given in ancient 
times (Tcm cdy.a or Taxtat’y.ov apyuptov) to the 
well-known Tetrobols of Histiaea in Eu- 
boea. See Homolle, Bull. corr. hell. (vol. vi. 
1882, p. 133). 

Hitarc Pfennige. The name given to a 
type of small silver coins struck in the 
Archbishopric of Cologne during the 
twelfth century. They were principally 
issued under Arnold II von Wied (1151- 
1156), and Reinald von Dassel (1159- 
1167). All of the coins have a church with 
three spires on the reverse. 

Ho. A Japanese word meaning treas- 
ure. The term is used in conjunction with 
Tsu, i.e., currency, on coins, forming two 
of the usual four characters on the obverse. 
See Pao and Tsu and conf. Munro (pp. 
251, 264). 

Hobby Horse, also known as Stecken- 
reiter. The name given to both a gold 
and silver square coin which the Imperial 
Ambassador in N uremburg ordered to be 
struck in the year 1650, on the conclusion 
of the Peace of Westphalia. He was ten- 
dered an ovation by the youths of the city, 
who appeared in front of his residence 
riding on hobby-horses This incident is 
depicted on one side of the coin and the 
reverse bears the inscription vivat ferdi- 

NANDVS III. ROM. IMP. 

Hochmuths Thaler, also called Waser 
Thaler. A silver coin of Zurich struck in 
1660. 

Hock Money. An obsolete English 
term for the money collected by various 
persons at Hoektide. In the Churchwar- 
dens’ Accounts of St. Dunstan’s Church 
in Canterbury, under the date 1484-1485, 
occurs the following entry: “Ress. by vs 
the seyde Wardeynes of Ilockemoneye at 
Ester ix. s. xd.” 

In other old records the word is vari- 
ously written Hok Money, Hoke Money, 
and Oke Money. 

Hock Tuesday Money. Cowel, in The 
Interpreter, 1607, states that this was “a 
duty given to the landlord, that his tenants 
and bondmen might solemnize the day on 
which the English conquered the Danes, 
being the second Tuesday after Easter 
week. ’ ’ 


[ 199 ] 


Hoedjesschelling 


Ho’penny 


Hoedjesschelling. A variety of the 
Schelling which receives its name from the 
figure of a hood on a staff, the latter being 
held in the claws of a lion rampant. It 
was issued only for the Province of Zee- 
land, and the coinage originated in 1672 
and extends to about 1720. 

Ho Ei Sen. A large round Japanese 
bronze coin made in 1707 at the value of 
ten ordinary Sen and withdrawn two years 
later despite the fact that the reverse in- 
scription reads “For the Everlasting Use 
of the World.” 

Hog. The slang name for a Shilling. 
R. Head, in his Canting Academy, 1673, 
lias “Shilling, Bord, or Hog”; Cruikshank 
in Three Courses and Dessert (412), re- 
marks, “What’s half a crown and a shil- 
ling? A bull and a hog.” 

Hog Money. The popular name for a 
series of coins issued for the Bermuda 
Islands early in the seventeenth century. 

It is stated that in 1515 a Spanish vessel 
commanded by Juan Bermudez, and con- 
taining a cargo of hogs, was wrecked on 
one of these islands, while on its way to 
Cuba. In 1609 George Somers was ap- 
pointed Governor of the Colony of Vir- 
ginia, and on his voyage from England he 
was cast away on the Bermudas, where he 
found a large number of wild hogs. He 
victualled a vessel with them, proceeding 
later to Virginia. In the same year, 1609, 
a charter was granted to the Bermuda 
Company by James 1, and it is assumed 
that from about 1616 to 1624 the first 
coins consisting of copper shillings, six- 
pences, three-pences, and two-pences were 
struck. 

These pieces have on one side the figure 
of a hog, with the inscription sommer 
islands, and on the reverse a galleon. See 
Numismatic Chronicle, 1883 (p. 117), and 
Crosby (pp. 17, 18). 

Hohlblaffert. See Blaffert. 

Hohlpfennige. A name given to certain 
uniface coins resembling the Bracteates but 
containing a smaller percentage of silver. 
They were originally issued in the northern 
portions of Germany, Pommerania, Bran- 
denburg, Mecklenburg, etc., and were cop- 
ied in the Rhine Provinces in the fifteenth 


century and received the name of Liibische 
Pfennige. The latter are usually found 
with a raised edge, by which they can 
easily be distinguished from the Hohlpfen- 
nige. 

Hohlringheller. A minute base silver 
uniface coin of Aix-la-Chapelle, Aremberg, 
etc., current in the latter part of the six- 
teenth century. It bears a resemblance to 
the Hohlpfennige ( q.v .) but is of much 
smaller module. 

Hok Money, or Hoke Money. See 

Hock Money. 

Holey Dollar, also called Ring Dollar. 
In the year 1813 Governor Macquarie of 
New South Wales procured some £10,000 
worth of Spanish Dollars from the centres 
of which he had circular discs cut. Around 
the edges of the perforation, which is 
milled, the words new south wales, 1813, 
were stamped, and on the reverse five shil- 
lings, 1813. This coin received the name 
of the Holey Dollar. The circular central 
piece was known as a Dump ; it was 
countermarked with a crown and the value, 
fifteen pence. The Holey Dollar was 
current until 1829. See Numismatic Chron- 
icle (Series iii. 3, pp. 119-120). 

Homage Coins are such as indicate by 
their inscriptions that homage or respect 
is tendered to some ruler. They occur ex- 
tensively in the German series and are 
known as Huldigungs Miinzen. 

Homereus, or 'Op.rjpstov. This name, as 
we learn from Strabo (xiv. 1, 37), was 
given to certain bronze coins struck at 
Smyrna which bear the type of Homer 
seated. Illustrations of these coins will 
be found in the British Museum catalogue, 
Ionia (Plate xxv. Nos. 15-17). 

Hongre. An obsolete form of the On- 
garo or Ungaro. Richard Hayes, in The 
Negociators ’ Magazine, 1740, mentions “a 
Hongre at 15% Livres, ” current at Ber- 
gamo; “an Hongre, or Hungarian Sequin, 
of about 240 or 250 Aspers,” used in Con- 
stantinople; and “a Gold Hongre at 8% 
Livres,” current at Bologna. 

Hook Money. See Larin. 

Ho’penny. See Half Penny. 


[ 110 ] 


Hoppers’ Money Hybrid Coins 


Hoppers’ Money. A variety of tokens 
or tallies, made of lead, and paid to pick- 
ers of hops in lieu of money. They repre- 
sented the amount of bushels picked and 
were redeemed when the work was fin- 
ished. See Spink (xx. 13872). 

Ho Pu. The Chinese name for certain 
copper coins issued by Wang Mang, 7-11 
A.D., and meaning exchangeable cloth 
money. 

Hori Tane Sen. The Japanese name for 
the original hand cut model for a coin, 
from which carefully made impressions are 
made for other Sen. They are generally 
cut in copper, silver or ivory. See Haha 
Sen and Tane Sen. 

Horngroschen. The name given to a 
series of silver coins issued by the Elector 
Ernst of Saxony, jointly with his brother 
Albrecht and his uncle Wilhelm (1464- 
1486). There are numerous varieties of 
mint-marks for Leipzig, Colditz, Freiberg, 
Zwickau, etc. Dated specimens exist as 
early as 1465. See Frey (No. 109). There 
are also Hornpfennige of the same design 
for various parts of Thuringia including 
the city of Erfurt. All of these coins ob- 
tain their names from the shield on the 
reverse which is surmounted by a helmet 
with ox horns. 

Horse and Jockey. A nickname for the 
Sovereign of George ill of England, which 
has on the reverse St. George on horse- 
back in combat wittu the Dragon. 

Hosenband Thaler. A silver coin struck 
in Dresden in 1678 to commemorate the 
conferring of the Order of the Garter on 
the Elector Johann George 1 1 of Saxony. 

Hsien. A Chinese word used on the 
Cantonese and Ilong Kong coinage of the 
one Cent denomination. The word is a 
phoneticism for the sound Cent. 

Hsing Yeh. See Lai Tsu. 

Hua. The Chinese for “exchange.” 
The character is found on some of the an- 
cient coins and the word is used in the 
sense of exchange for money. 

Huan. A Chinese weight of six ounces 
in which fines were paid. The word also 
means a ring, and also a round coin in 
which the field and the central hole is 
equal. See Pi and Yuan. 


Huang Kai Tsu. See Kua Teng Ch’ien. 

Hubertusthaler. A silver coin of the 
Palatinate issued during the eighteenth 
century, which bears a figure of St. Hubert, 
the patron saint of huntsmen. He is gen- 
erally represented as kneeling before a 
stag. 

Duke Gerhard VI of J illicit founded the 
Order of St. Hubertus, and it was reor- 
ganized by the Elector Palatine Johann 
Wilhelm in 1709. A smaller coin, called 
the Hubertusgroschen, was struck at Miihl- 
heim in 1482. See Frey (No. 233). 

Hudson’s Bay Tokens. A name given 
to four varieties of brass tokens which 
were issued about the year 1857 and used 
by the Hudson’s Bay Company in its trad- 
ings with the Indians. The largest of 
these tokens is of the value of one beaver 
skin, and the others are fractions of one 
half, one quarter, and one eighth. See 
Breton (926-929). 

Huitain. A name given to the one 
eighth Thaler of Geneva issued in 1624 and 
later. 

Huitieme d’Ecu. See Quart d’Ecu. 

Huldigungs Miinzen. See Homage 
Coins. 

Hun. The Hindustani name for the 
Pagoda (q.v.). 

Hunting Dollar. See Jagdthaler. 

Huo. A Chinese term for money. It 
is composed of the characters Hua “ex- 
change” and Pei “Cowries” ( q.v .). 

Hussthaler. A general name for all 
coins of Thaler size which bear a portrait 
of Johann Huss. They are of a medallic 
nature and are supposed to have been 
struck in 1515, a century after the Re- 
former met his death, but were actually 
made at a later period. 

Hvid. A silver coin current in Den- 
mark. Oldenburg, East Friesland, etc., 
early in the sixteenth century. Its value 
was four silver Pfennige. The name may 
be a contraction of Korsvide (q.v.). 

Hybrid Coins. A name given to such 
coins as have an obverse belonging to one 
type and a reverse belonging to another. 
See Mule. 


[ ID ] 


Iabus 


Inchquin Money 


I 


Iabus. Another name for the Deunx 
(q.v.). 

Ibramee. A money of account of Cutch 
and Kathiawar, and computed at eighteen 
Koris {q.v.). 

Ichi Bu. See Bu. 

Icossadrachmon. The common name for 
the gold coin of twenty Drachmai struck 
in Greece in 1843 by Otto I, and continued 
by his successor George I. 

Idra, meaning a hydra, was the name 
given to the Testone of Hercules I, Duke 
of Ferrara (1471-1505), which bears the 
figure of this fabled monster on the re- 
verse. 

Iesimok. In 1798 there was a project 
in Russia to make Ecus, i.e., Iesimki, of 
54% Stuivers, to be used for foreign trade. 
Only a few essays, however, were struck, 
and the Iesimok, as this silver piece is 
called, is very rare. See Chaudoir (i. 173). 

Ikilik, or Ekilik. A silver coin of the 
Ottoman Empire of the value of two Pias- 
tres or eighty Paras. Its weight varies 
from 390 to 480 grains. The name is 
derived from iki, i.e., two. 

The issues for Tunis, which appeared 
under Mahmud I (A. II. 1143-1168), are of 
billon, and valued at, only two Paras. See 
Fonrobert (5316). 

Ilahi. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor 
of Hindustan, of the value of twelve Ru- 
pees. See Sihansah. 

Imami. A name given to the silver 
Rupee of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, 
when he adopted his new system of reck- 
oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating 
from the birth of the Prophet. The name 
was given in honor of the twelve Imams. 

Imbasing of Money. Hale, in Pleas of 
the Crown (i. 102), states that this con- 
sists of “mixing the species with an alloy 
below the standard of sterling.” 

Sir Thomas More in his Utopia, 1551, 
uses the phrase “Enhauncynge and imbas- 
yng of coyne.” See Debased and Embase. 


Imbiamcate. An Italian expression usu- 
ally applied to such of the Roman bronze 
coins of the later Empire as were coated 
with tin to give them the appearance of 
silver. 

Immune Columbia. A copper experi- 
mental issue belonging to the colonial series 
of the United States. They are dated 1785 
and 1786, and some varieties have the re- 
verse of the Nova Constellatio {q.v.). 

Imperial. A Russian gold coin, first 
struck under Elizabeth in 1745, of the 
value of ten Rubles. Since 1817 only half 
Imperials are coined but they retain the 
name of Imperial. These are worth five 
Rubles in gold or five Rubles and 15 Ko- 
pecks in silver. 

Imperial Ducat. A former gold coin of 
Russia of the value of three and one tenth 
Rubles. These Russian Ducats appear in 
the coinage early in the seventeenth cen- 
tury and their issue ends in the reign of 
Paul (1796-1801). 

Imperiale. Frederick II, Viscount of 
Milan, struck a silver coin of this name 
in 1225 on the occasion of the marriage of 
his son Henry. The Danaro of Azzone 
Visconti (1329-1339) is also so called; it 
has the inscription mediolanvm in three 
lines. Barnabo Visconti (1354-1385) struck 
the Imperiale Nuovo with imperialis. 

The value of these coins gradually de- 
clined owing to the impurity of the metal 
and in 1410 the pieces were only worth 
one half of the early issues. 

Impression. The entire design on both 
the obverse and reverse of a coin. The 
word is also used to denote a reproduction 
of a coin in paper, wax, plaster, etc. 

Inchquin Money. A series of necessity 
money issued in 1642 by Lord Inchquin, 
Vice-president of Munster. 

They consist of the Pistole and double- 
Pistole in gold, and Crowns, half-Crowns, 
Shillings, nine Pence, six Pence, Groats, 
and three Pence in silver. See British 
Numismatic Journal (ii. 333-341). 


[ 112 ] 


Incuse Coins 


Irmilik 


Incuse Coins. A name given to such 
coins as present their obverse or reverse 
types in intaglio. On early Greek coins the 
design often appears raised on one side, 
while on the other side it is sunk, or its place 
taken by a more or less crude punch. The 
early incuse coins of Magna Graecia usually 
present the obverse type in intaglio on the 
reverse. The same is the case with certain 
mis-strikes of a later period where a similar 
effect has been produced, because the coin, 
in the hurry of striking, has remained in 
the die and has then left its own impress on 
the succeeding blank or flan. 

Indian Head Cent. The popular name 
for the small cent introduced in the United 
States coinage in 1858 and struck until 
1909. The earlier issues were in nickel, 
and in 1863 bronze Avas substituted. 

Indio. A silver Portuguese coin of the 
value of thirty-three Reis, issued in the 
latter part of the fifteenth century. See 
Fernandes (p. 116). 

Infortiati. A term meaning ‘ ‘ to strength- 
en, ” and applied in a general Avay to 
coins of a thick and heavy fabric to dis- 
tinguish them from those of a lighter and 
thinner type. 

It is used specially for the Denaro of 
Lucca, current in the twelfth century, to 
avoid the confusing of this coin with the 
Denaro Nuovo of the same period. The 
latter was of thinner fabric and was also 
known as the Lucchese Nuovo. 

Ingot. An amorphous mass of gold, sil- 
ver, or other metal cast in a mold and 
stamped with some device to pass for cur- 
rency. Silver ingots are knoAvn of the 
Greek period and both gold and silver of 
the Roman Empire. Copper ingots occur 
in the money of Java, silver ones in Japan, 
etc. 

The name has been recognized since the 
sixteenth century, for Stanyhurst, in his 
translation of Virgil’s EEneid, 1583 (i.), 
says, “he poincted, where the vnknowne 
ingots of gould and siluer abounded.” 

Ingot Money. See Yuan Pan, Shoe and 
Sycee. 

Inpierans Golt is gold with a consider- 
able amount of alloy. It is referred to 
in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430. 
See Paul Joseph (p. 172). 


Inscription. The letters or words Avrit- 
ten across the field of a coin, or upon any 
figure in the device. See Legend. 

Inspection Note. A peculiar currency 
of paper, founded upon tobacco valua- 
tions. It was introduced in the Province 
of Maryland in 1763, and still existed to 
a limited extent at the beginning of the 
nineteenth century. The system was akin 
to and based upon that which had existed 
for some years previously in Virginia, 
Avhere it bore the name, yet more expres- 
sive, of Tobacco Notes. The staple was 
placed by the producer or owner in the 
public warehouses for his county, was duly 
inspected and branded by the proper offi- 
cer, who gave for it a receipt, specifying 
the quality and quantity of the deposit ; 
this receipt, or, as it was called, Inspection 
Note, was a legal tender for all purposes 
in the county wherein it Avas issued, and 
the holders possessed the right of obtaining 
at any time from the storehouses the 
amount of tobacco which the face of the 
note called for. This currency superseded 
that of the staple, which was then declared 
no longer to be a legal tender. 

Interimsthaler. The name given to a 
satirical silver coin struck at Magdeburg 
in 1550 and 1551, during the temporary 
declarations of peace between the contest- 
ing Protestant and Roman Catholic fac- 
tions. It has on one side the baptism of the 
Savior, and on the reverse the figures of 
Christ and a triple-headed monster. One 
bead is that of an angel, the second bears 
the Papal tiara, and the third a fool’s cap. 

Ionian League. See League Coinage. 

Iriden. See Regenbogenschussel. 

Irlandes d’Argent. Ruding (i. 278) 
states that at the Parliament at Drogheda 
in 1460 it was enacted that “a proper coin 
separate from the coin of England, Avas 
with more convenience agreed to be had in 
Ireland,” and among the proposed coins 
Avas one “of half quarter of an ounce troy 
weight, on which shall be imprinted on 
one side a lion, and on the other side a 
crown, called an Irlandes d’Argent, to 
pass for the value of one penny sterling.” 

Irmilik. See Medjidie. 


[ 113 ] 


Iron Coins 


Itzi Bu 


Iron Coins. There is a tradition that 
Lycurgus banished gold and silver from 
Sparta, and compelled the Lacedaemonians 
to use small iron bars as money, and pro- 
claimed it to be the only legal tender. 
These bars or spits received the name of 
o(JeX(a*oi. 

At Tegea, Argos, and perhaps Heraea, 
iron was used in the fourth century B.C., 
and their types are similar to those of the 
silver coins of the same localities. 

Iron money was employed in China 
during the Liang dynasty, A.D. 502-556, 
but was discarded in the latter year when 
the Tch’en dynasty came into power. An 
iron four Mon piece was issued in Japan 
in 1863, and iron coins were also struck 
by the feudal lords (Dai'mios) of Japan 
for exclusive use in their own dominions. 

According to Schroeder (p. 47) iron 
coins were issued for Annam as early as 
A.D. 401. 


The most recent coinages in iron are the 
German five and ten Pfennig pieces issued 
in 1915 on account of the scarcity of cop- 
per. See Kriegsfiinfer. 

Isabelina. The name given to the gold 
coins of Isabella 1 1 of Spain. 

Isabella. The popular name for the 
gold coin of 100 Reales struck by Queen 
Isabella II of Spain pursuant to an act 
of June 26, 1864. 

Isabella Quarter. The popular name for 
a quarter Dollar of the United States, is- 
sued only in 1893. It bears on the obverse 
a bust of Isabella, Queen of Spain, who 
gave assistance to Columbus. 

Isargold Dukat. A gold coin of Bavaria 
issued in 1830 and which receives its name 
from the fact that the metal was obtained 
from washings in the river Isar. See Aus- 
beutemiinzen. 

Itzi Bu. See Bu. 


[ H4] 


Jack 


Jane 


J 


Jack. Evidently the name of an early 
Irish coin, as at a Parliament held at 
Drogheda, 1460, for the reformation of the 
Irish coinage, it was decreed among other 
measures that “the coin called the Jack 
be hereafter of no value and void.” See 
Ending (i. 278). 

Jack. A slang name for the English 
Farthing. The use of this term can be 
traced to the beginning of the eighteenth 
century ; later the name was applied to 
card counters, resembling in size and ap- 
pearance Sovereigns and half Sovereigns. 

Jacobsthaler. See Jakobsthaler. 

Jacobus. The popular but not official 
name for the Unite of James I ( q.v .). It 
was retained as late as the nineteenth cen- 
tury, as Macaulay uses it in his History of 
England, 1855 (iii. 585). 

Jacquesa. See Jaquesa. 

Jafari, or Jafri. A name given to the 
eighth Rupee or silver Fanam of Mysore 
by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he adopted 
his new system of reckoning, based on the 
Muludi, i.e., dating from the birth of the 
Prophet. The coin is so called after Jafar 
Sadik, the sixth Imam. 

Jafimske. A Russian silver coin men- 
tioned by Adam Olearius, in his Travels 
of the Ambassadors, 1636 (p. 97). He 
states that the Russians apply this name 
to the Rixdollar, and assumes it to be a 
corruption of Joachimsthaler. 

Jagdthaler. A silver coin of Bohemia 
struck by the Emperor Ferdinand II in 
1626, from designs by Hans Rieger, of 
Breslau. It has on the reverse a city view 
and the Emperor on horseback riding to 
the chase, accompanied by a huntsman and 
two dogs. 

Jager. A base silver coin issued in many 
parts of the Low Countries, but especially 
Groningen, in the latter part of the fif- 
teenth century. It is sometimes known as 
the Halve Braspenning. See van der 
Chijs (passim), and for the early dated 
specimens, Frey. 


Jakobsthaler. The name given to cer- 
tain silver coins struck in 1633 and 163*1 
by Duke Frederick Ulrich of Brunswick 
Wolfenbiittel from metal obtained from 
the St. Jakob mine at Lautenthal. They 
bear a figure of Jacob, the patron saint, in 
pilgrim’s costume, and a view of the town 
of Lautenthal. The pieces were struck not 
only as simple Thaler, but also as doubles 
and sextuples. 

Jaku. Ending (i. 187) states that in the 
Gentleman’s Magazine for 1812 (p. 331) 
there is a communication from Dr. Pegge, 
who imagined that he had discovered the 
gold Penny of Henry III in a Jewish doc- 
ument under the name of Jaku. This he 
considers as equivalent to pure or sterling. 
The Jews, he says, “used Denarim and 
Jaku, just in the same manner as the Chris- 
tians applied their words Denarius and 
Sterlingus. ’ ’ 

Jalalah. Another name for the square 
Rupee struck by Akbar, Emperor of Hin- 
dustan and his successors. See Sihansah. 

Jamis Kori. See Kori. 

Jamodi. See Pice. 

Jampal. See Djampel. 

Janauschek Thaler. The name given to 
the silver Thaler and double with the head 
of Frankofurtia, designed by A. von Nord- 
heim, and struck for the city of Frankfort 
a.M. in 1857 and later. 

Joseph and Fellner in their work on the 
coins of this city (No. 1265) state that 
Fanny Janauschek, the actress, is said to 
have served as the model, and they add 
that at one time this Thaler and double 
Thaler were sold in the United States at 
high prices under the name of Rothschild 
Love Dollars, and the public were in- 
formed that the figure represented a mis- 
tress of Rothschild. 

Jane. This word is probably a corrup- 
tion of Genoese, and it was applied to a 
coin of very inferior metal brought to Eng- 
land by traders from Genoa. 

Spenser, Faerie Queene (iii. 7. 58), says: 
“Because I would not give her many a 
Jane.” 


[ H-5] 


Januini 


Joe 


Januini, or Genuini. The name given 
to Denarii struck in Genoa. Du Cange 
cites ordinances showing that the term 
was used in 1240 and 1278. 

Jaquesa, or Jacquesa. A copper coin of 
Spain which probably received its name 
from Jacca or Xaca, the old capital of 
Aragon. It is referred to in ordinances 
of the fourteenth century, but Engel and 
Serrure (ii. 824) state that it was origin- 
ally struck by Sanzio Ramirez I (1063- 
1094). 

The Lira Jaquesa or Lira Aragonese 
was a money of account used in Spain at 
the beginning of the nineteenth century 
and was computed at ten Reales. 

Jarimlik. See Yigirmlik. 

Jaunet. A French nickname for any 
gold coin in allusion to its color. 

Jeneuoser, or Jenuersch, are gold coins 
referred to in ordinances of Frankfort 
a.M. during the years 1409 and 1430. The 
coin is probably the Genovino. See Paul 
Joseph (pp. 130, 172). 

Jermelik. See Yigirmlik. 

Jesus Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer 
Bundesthaler. 

Jeton. A counter which can be traced 
in France to the thirteenth century. Some 
of the earliest types bear the inscription 
“de la chambre des comptes,” and later 
issues have portraits, lieurs de lis, the 
makers’ names, etc. 

The name is derived from the verb 
“jeter” to throw, to cast. The pieces orig- 
inally served the same purpose as the 
Rechenpfennige ( q.v .). They were first 
struck in copper, brass, and other base 
metals, but at a later period when they 
were intended as gifts, they were fre- 
quently made of silver and gold. 

Tournay was one of the chief manufac- 
turing places of Jetons during the fif- 
teenth and sixteenth centuries. 

Jettal, or Settle. A money of account 
formerly used in lvanara and other parts 
of Madras, and computed at 48 to the 
Pagoda. See Noback (p. 193). 

Jetton. See Jeton. 

Jihadiyeh Beshlik. A silver necessity 
coin of the Ottoman Empire issued under 
Mahmud II. Lane-Poole states (N^lmis- 
matic Chronicle, 3d Series, ii. 182) that 


the “Beshlik here means five Ghrush, and 
not five Para, and the coin was issued at 
the low weight of 410 instead of 1000 
grains. ’ ’ 

Jilaleh. A silver coin of a square form 
and equal to the Rupee in value. Its first 
appearance is in the reign of Akbar (A.I4. 
963-1014), one of the Moghul emperors of 
Hindustan. 

Jingle Boy. An English slang term for 
a gold or silver coin, and specifically for a 
Guinea. 

Thomas Day, in his play, The Beggar of 
Bednall Green, 1600 (v.), has: “Come, old 
fellow, bring thy white Bears to the Stake, 
and thy yellow gingle boys to the Bull- 
ring. ’ ’ 

Jingo Kaiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Jitney. Originally a token or counter of 
about the size of the current nickel five 
Cent piece of the United States, and later 
the name was applied to the coin itself. 
The term is now generally used in con- 
nection with the normal fare for trans- 
portation within town limits. 

Jiu Ni Zene. The twelve ancient Sen of 


Japan. They are as 

follows 


1. Wado Kaiho 

Issued in 

708 A.D 

2. Mannen Tsuho 

“ “ 

760 “ 

3. Jingo Kaiho 

“ “ 

705 “ 

4. Ryuhei Eiho 

“ “ 

796 “ 

5. Fuju Jimpo 

“ “ 

818 “ 

6. Showa Shoho 

“ “ 

835 “ 

7. Chonen Taiho 

“ “ 

848 “ 

8. Nyuoki Jimpo 


859 “ 

'J. Jogwan Eiho 

“ “ 

870 “ 

10. Kampei Taiho 


890 “ 

11. Engi Tsuho 

“ “ 

907 “ 

12. Kengen Taiho 

“ “ 

958 “ 


Joachimsthaler. See Thaler. 


Joannes. A gold coin of Portugal, first 
issued in 1722 under John V from which 
ruler it obtains it name. Conf. Dobra; 
and for an account of its underrating see 
Chalmers (pp. 82, 396). 

Joanninus. This term was originally 
applied to the money issued at Rhodes by 
the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and 
later to the Grossi struck by Pope John 
XXII (1410-1415). 

Jodocus Thaler. A silver coin of Jever 
struck by the Duchess Maria (1517-1575). 
It takes its name from Jodocus, the patron 
saint, who is figured in armor and holding 
a flag in his right hand. See Madai (1738). 

Joe. The common designation for the 
gold Joannes of Portugal (q.v.). 


[llfi] 


Joe 


Jux 


Joe. A paper currency issued about 
1809 for Essequibo and Demerara. The 
Joe was equivalent to twenty-two British 
Guilders. 

Joey. A nickname given to the English 
silver four Pence. See Britannia Groat. 

Jogwan Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Jora. See Zahrah. 

Jubilee Money. An issue in both gold 
and silver struck in England in 1887 to 
commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of 
Queen Victoria’s reign. 

These coins bear an effigy of the Queen 
modelled from life by Sir Edgar Boehm. 
The gold pieces consist of the five Pound 
piece, double Sovereign, Sovereign, and 
half Sovereign. The largest of the silver 
coins was the Crown. 

Jubileums Thaler. A commemorative 
coin, struck, as the name indicates, for a 
jubilee, anniversary, etc. They are also 
known as Denkmunzen or Gedachtnis- 
miinzen. 

There are a number issued on the cen- 
tennials of the Augsburg Confession, 1530, 
1630, 1730, and 1830 ; and in 1755 Fred- 
erick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotlia, struck a 
Thaler on the peace of the religions. See 
Madai (4013). In Holland similar pieces 
have been issued known as Gedenkpennige. 

Judenkopfgroschen, or Judenkopfe. A 

nickname given to certain Groschen struck 
by Frederick II and William III of Meis- 
sen in the latter part of the fifteenth cen- 
tury. The bearded head with the peculiar 
pointed bat on the reverse of these coins, 
which constitutes one of the ornaments in 
the Meissen armorial bearings, was taken 
by the populace as resembling a Jew’s por- 
trait. Other nicknames for the same pieces 
are Bartgroschen and Judenhiite. 


Judenmedaillen. This term is applied 
to a class of gold and silver medals which 
were the product of Jewish goldsmiths of 
Prague in the early part of the seventeenth 
century. They are east and then re- 
engraved to give them the appearance of 
having been made about two hundred 
years earlier. The obverses bear portraits 
of Charles VI of France, the Emperor 
Maximilian I, etc. 

Judenpfennige. The name given to a 
series of counterfeit copper coins which 
originated in Frankfort a.M. in 1703, and 
were continued until 1822. 

Joseph and Fellner in their history, of 
the coinage of this city give a list of these 
unauthorized pieces (Nos. 1990-2004). The 
issues from 1703 to 1807 are stamped 1 
Theler; in 1809 appeared the 1 Atribuo, 
and in 1818 the one quarter Ilalbag. These 
are all rated at the value of one Pfennig. 

See also Spink (xi. 128) for an ex- 
haustive treatise on the subject. 

Jugate. Placed side by side ; i.e., ac- 
colated or accolled. See Bajoire. 

Juik, Juk, or Jux. A former Turkish 
money of account computed at 100,000 As- 
pers, and in some localities at twelve Beu- 
tel ( q.v .). 

Julier. The Swiss popular name for the 
Giulio {q.v.). 

Juliuslbser. See Loserthaler. 

Jun Pei. See Chun Pei. 

Justo. A gold coin of Portugal issued 
by Joannes II (1481-1495) which had a 
value of about six hundred Reis. The de- 
vice on one side is the armorial shield, and 
on the other the King seated on a throne 
or standing before it, with the motto ivstvs 
vt palma florebit, from which inscription 
the coin obtained its name. There is a cor- 
responding half, known as Espadim {q.v.). 

Jux. See Juik. 


[ 117 ] 


Kabean 


Kanna Drick 


K 


Kabean. The name given to a form of 
money used in Tenasserim, a former prov- 
ince of Siam and later of Burma. The 
coins consist of a mixture of lead and tin. 
R. C. Temple, in the Indian Antiquary, 
1902 (p. 51), states that 40 Kabean are 
equal to one Madras Rupee, and 88 are 
equal to a Spanish Dollar. See Ganza. 

Kabir, also variously known as Caveer, 
Kabukt, and Buckscha. An Arabian 
money of account computed at one eighti- 
eth of the Piastre. It was formerly ex- 
tensively employed at Mocha. See Noback 
(pp. 678-679). 

Kaczen Gulden. See Katzen Gulden. 

Kasperlein. See Kasperle. 

Kagami Sen, or “Mirror” Sen. The 

Japanese name for a form of counter re- 
sembling the old round Sen, but heavier 
and flat on one side. The designs on these 
are largely floral. Another name was Ana 
I chi Sen. 

Kahan. See Cawne. 

Kahapana. See Pana. 

Kaird Turner. An obsolete Scotch term 
for a small base coin made by tinkers. 
Caird or Kaird means a tinker, and the 
name is common to Aberdeenshire. 

Spalding, History of Scotland, 1792 (i. 
197), says: “The Kaird turners [were] 

. . . discharged, as false euinzes. ” 

Kairien. A name given to certain base 
gold coins of Egypt. The Kairie Bashireh 
was valued at ten Piastres and the Kairie 
Haslireen at twenty Piastres. They were 
introduced A.H. 1255 or A.D. 1839.' 

Kaisar. A proclamation of Elizabeth, of 
October 9, 1560, states “that the crowns 
named Burgundians, Kaisars, or French 
Crowns, then current at six shillings and 
four pence, should go for six shillings and 
no more.” See Ruding (i. 338). The ref- 
erence is probably to the Brabantine Zon- 
nekroon, struck in 1544 (q.v.). 


Kaisergroschen. A common name for 
the silver pieces of three Kreuzer, struck 
in Austria, Silesia, etc. They bore on the 
obverse the bust of the Emperor and were 
computed at thirty to the Reichsthaler, or 
twenty to the Gulden. 

Kaiserthaler. See Dreikaiserthaler. 

Kakini. Another name for the Vodri 
(q.v.). 

Kala. A silver coin of India and equal 
to one sixteenth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. 

Kalenderthaler. A silver Scudo issued 
by Pope Gregory XIII to commemorate 
the improvement in the calendar. It bears 
the inscription anno restitvto mdlxxxii. 

Kaltis. An early Indian coin mentioned 
by the Greeks. Cunningham (p. 2) says, 
“the Kaltis I take to be a gold Hun of 
the weight of a Kalutti seed, about fifty 
grains. ’ ’ 

Kammerherrenthaler. This word signi- 
fies a Chamberlain, and the name is given 
to the Prussian Thaler of Frederick Wil- 
liam III, struck in 1816, on which the in- 
scription reads k. v. preuss. instead of 
koenig von preussen. A Chamberlain 
named von Preuss was at the royal court 
in that year. 

Kampei Taiho. See Jin Ni Zene. 

Kamsa. An early Ceylon copper coin 
which is frequently referred to by Sinha- 
lese writers. See Davids (sec. 12). 

Kangtang. The name given to a variety 
of the Chinese temple money, struck about 
the sixteenth century. 

Millies (p. 38) states that this money 
was copied in Java and received the name 
of Keteng, and Netcher gives it a valua- 
tion of one fifth of the Gobog (q.v.). 

Kani. See Tankali. 

Kanna Drick. A token struck both oval 
and octagonal and issued for the miners 
of Trollhattan (i.e., the “Cap of the 
Witch”) in West Gothland. The Kanna 
is a Swedish liquid measure and the token 
was presumably exchangeable for a quan- 
tity of some beverage. 


[ H8] 


Kantem 


Katzen Gulden 


Kantem. A copper coin of Bulgaria. 
See Stotinka. 

Kapang. See Kepeng. 

Karkadona, Greek, Kap/,a3ova. Accord- 
ing to Suidas, this was another name for 
the Danake or Charon’s Obol ( q.v .). 

Karl d’Or. See Carl d’Or. 

KarKno. See Carlino. 

Kar-ma-nga. A Tibetan coin of the 
value of two Annas. See Tang-ka. 

Karolin. A gold coin somewhat larger 
than the Ducat, introduced in 1732 by 
Karl Philip, Elector of the Palatinate, and 
copied in Bavaria, Whrttemberg, Baden, 
Hessen, etc. See Carol in. 

Karolus Gulden. See Carolus. 

Karsha, or Karshapana. The name of 
both a silver and a copper denomination 
in the coinage of ancient India. See Pana. 

Kas. A copper coin issued by Denmark 
from the reign of Christian Y (1670-1699) 
to 1845, for Tranquehar. It was similar 
to the Cache (q.v.), issued by France for 
its colonial possessions. 

There are multiples of two, four, and 
ten Kas pieces, and many minor varieties, 
for a full account of which see Bergsoe, 
Trankebar-M outer, 1895 (passim). 

Kas, or Kash. A small copper coin of 
Southern India, corresponding to the Cache 
and the Kasu (q.v.). The Dutch and 
Danes struck it in multiples as high as fifty 
Kashas for their possessions. See Faluce. 

Kasbegi, also named Pul, and Qaz. A 
copper coin of Persia of the Sufi or Safi 
dynasty, and valued at one fourth of a 
Bisti. 

The name Kasbegi is not inscribed on 
these coins, but instead of this occurs the 
Arabic word Falus, the plural of Fels, 
which is supposed to he a corruption of 
the Latin Follis, just as the Persian de- 
nomination of Pul, applied to the same spe- 
cies of coin, seems to be derived from 
Obolus. 

Under Nasir al din (A.H. 1264-1314) the 
Kasbegi was made the one tenth of the 
Shahi, and equal to the Turkish Para. See 
Fonrobert (4305 et seq.). 

Kasperle. An Austrian nickname for 
the one fourth Brabanter Thaler or Kro- 


nen Thaler, because it represented the price 
of admission to the Kasperle Theater, a 
kind of “Punch and Judy’’ show, popular 
in Vienna. The Swiss use Chasperli as an 
equivalent. 

Hebei, in his Alemannische Oedichte (iii. 
142, 149, etc.), mentions “Ein Kasper- 
lein.” 

Kassenmannchen. A nickname used in 
Westphalia and the Rhine Provinces for 
the Prussian piece of two and one half 
Silbergroschen. 

The small bust would account for the 
derivation of “Mannchen, ” and the first 
part of the name is probably due to the 
fact that the majority of the coins were 
used to liquidate small payments in the 
state treasury. See Driittainer. 

Kassenthaler. See Cassa Thaler. 

Kasu. A Kanarese word called by Eu- 
ropeans “cash.” This denomination is ap- 
plied to the small copper issues of Travan- 
core, sixteen of them being equal to a 
Chuckram. On the modern coinage the 
word is written in English ‘ ‘ Cash. ’ ’ 

In the Mysore coinage under Krishna 
Raja Udaiyar (1799-1868) the word Kasu 
followed by a numeral is frequently met 
with ; similarly, in the coinage of Madras, 
the Fels is divided into twenty Kas, the 
latter word being another form of Kasu. 
See Pagoda, and eonf. Elliot (p. 59). 

Kateryn. An obsolete form of writing 
Quattriuo (q.v.). 

Katharinengroschen. The name given 
to certain silver coins issued by Katharina, 
the widow of Frederick, Margrave of Meis- 
sen (deceased 1428), as guardian and 
trustee for her sons Frederick II and Wil- 
liam III. They have in the inscription the 
three initials, K.F.W. 

Katib. See Kutb. 

Kattersinken. A name which occurs in 
Adam Berg’s New Miinzbuch , 1597, to des- 
ignate small base silver Bohemian coins of 
the sixteenth century. He states that six 
were equal to a Kreuzer hut does not give 
the etymology of the term. 

Katzen Gulden. A gold coin referred 
to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430, 
hut which has not, been identified. It is 
sometimes written Ivaezen Gulden. See 
Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). 


[ IW ] 


Katzengulden 


Kharf 


Katzengulden. A nickname given to the 
early silver coins of Ueberlingen in the 
Duchy of Suabia. The armorial bearings 
consist of a silver lion on a red field, and 
this design when figured on the coinage 
resembled a cat. A mint was established 
here during the thirteenth century. 

Kazmi. A name given to the one six- 
teenth Rupee or silver half Fanam of 
Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, when he 
adopted his new system of reckoning, based 
on the Muhidi, i.e., dating from the birth 
of the Prophet. The coin is so called after 
Musa Kazim, the seventh Imam. 

Kebar. Abyssinian beads used for 
money. See Kliarf. 

Kedjer. A Javanese money of account 
of the value of one sixteenth Real. See 
Pitje. 

Kehlpfennig, or Kelpenning, are terms 
frequently found in the numismatic ar- 
chives of Brandenburg during the Middle 
Ages. It has not been determined what 
varieties of coins are referred to by this 
name, but it is assumed that they are Brac- 
teates or Hohlpfennige (q.v.). Conf. also 
Okelpenning and see Zeitschrift fur Nu- 
mismatik, 1908 (196). 

Keiat. The name given to the silver 
Rupee with the figure of a peacock, struck 
for Burma in 1852. There are divisions 
of halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths. 

Keizerskroon. See Zonnekroon. 

Kelchthaler. A silver coin of Zurich, 
struck in 1526. The name means “Chalice 
Thaler,” and it is bestowed on this piece 
because the metal used in its composition 
was furnished by the churches. 

Kelpenning. See Kehlpfennig. 

Kenderi. The Dutch equivalent of Can- 
dareen {q.v.). The Kenderi Perak is a sil- 
ver coin of the Malay Peninsula. See 
Pitje. 

Kengen Taiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Kentel. Another name for the Gobog 
(q.v.), a variety of the temple money of 
J ava. 

Kentucky Cent. This coin is so called 
because the letter K is on the uppermost 
of the pryamid of stars. The token was 
probably struck in England after June 1, 
1792, the date of this State’s admission to 
the Union. 


Kepeng, Keping, Kapang, or Kupang. 

The name of a copper coin used through- 
out the Malay States, and reckoned at the 
four hundredth part of a Spanish Dollar. 
The word is of Malay origin and means a 
bit or piece. See Netscher and v.d. Chijs 
( passim ) and Pitje {infra). 

Keration. Another name for the Siliqua, 
which see. 

Kerma, Greek, Ivspga, dimin. Kep[j.axtov, 
was used to designate any monetary frac- 
tion, a very small coin. 

Kersa. A name (Kepua, Kepcaiov, 
Kopacov) found in Hesychius to designate 
an Asiatic coin. 

Keser. A Turkish money of account. 
See Beutel. 

Kesitah. A Hebrew word meaning a 
lamb; it is translated as “a piece of 
money,” due probably to the fact that the 
weight was made in that form. See Job 
(xlii. 11), Genesis (xxxiii. 19), and Joshua 
(xxiv. 32). 

Kesme. The name formerly given to the 
Spanish Dollar or Piastre at Nubia, Kordo- 
fan, etc. The money of account is based 
on the ounce of gold which was valued at 
sixteen Spanish Dollars, called Puma or 
Wokye. Half that amount was Nosf- 
Wokye, and the quarter, or four Dollars, 
was known as a Miscal {q.v.). The names 
were retained in accounts, although the 
actual value of an ounce of gold frequently 
exceeded sixteen Piastres. See Noback (p. 
761). 

Keteng. See Kangtang and Gobog. 

Ketip. The Malay and Javanese name 
for the current silver ten Cent piece of the 
Netherlands. 

Kha-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value 
of one Anna. See Tang-ka. 

Khap-chhe. A Tibetan coin of the 
value of half an Anna. See Tang-ka. 

Kharf. A string of beads, used as money 
in some parts of Abyssinia. This currency 
is described in detail by A. Thomson D’ 
Abbadie, in the Numismatic Chronicle 
(vol. ii. 1839-1840). He states that the 
string consists of 120 beads, called Kharaz; 
three of the beads form a Kebar, and forty 
Kebar a Kharf. The Kharaz are carried 
in bags, or tied up in the corner of a cloth. 
They are marked by a little dark brown 


[ 120 ] 


Kharrubeh 


Kinsatsu 


ring and vary in thickness from four to 
seven millimetres. 

Kharrubeh. The grain of the kharrub 
tree equals one twenty-fourth Mithkal, or 
one eighteenth Dirhem (or one sixteenth) 
equals 3 grains of corn [namely, as the 
Dinar is to the Dirhem, i.e., 10 : 7 : : 24 : 
16 4 / 5 ]. As a coin, a subdivision of the 
Bezant of Cyprus ; and a small gold coin 
struck on Lentil (Holy) Thursday equal 
to one twentieth Dinar. 

Kharub, or Caroub. Originally a billon 
coin of Tunis of the value of half an Asper. 
Under Abd-el-Medschid, i.e., after 1839, it 
was struck in copper, but retained the same 
value. 

Khizri, or Kizri. A name given to the 
one thirty-second Rupee, or silver half 
Anna of Mysore, by Tipu Sultan, in 1786, 
when he adopted his new system of reck- 
oning, based on the Muludi, i.e., dating 
from the birth of the Prophet. The coin 
is so called after Khwaja Khizr, a prophet. 

Khodabandi. See Mahmudi. 

Khori. A billon coin of Armenia. It 
is evidently a variety of the Tram ( q.v .), 
but struck in baser silver. See Langlois 
(p. 13). 

Kiao Pi. See Bridge Money. 

Kiao-tze. The early Chinese name f-or 
paper money issued by private concerns. 
It means “Changelings.” At a later date 
these notes were called Chih-tsi or “Evi- 
dences. ’ ’ 

Kia-tseh-ma. A Chinese word for the 
so called weight money of peculiar shape 
used in China from the seventh to the 
fourth centuries B.C. Its literal transla- 
tion is “slip weight money.” 

Kibear, or Kebar. An Abyssinian 
money of account, consisting of beads, and 
representing one tenth of the Para. See 
Wakea and Kharf. 

Kiennes. See Chienes. 

Kikkabos. Another popular name in 
ancient times for Charon’s Obol {q.v.). 
Eight Kt'y.y.apot were supposed to equal the 
T'toOta {q.v.), and were therefore the 
smallest of the so-called Charon’s Obols. 

Kikkar. The Semitic name for the Tal- 
ent {q.v.). 

Kilkenny Crown. See Rebel Money. 

Kimmeridge Coal Money. See Coal. 


Kin. A Chinese weight, the pound, 
which is applied to a cube of gold, each 
side of which was about an inch square. 
It is recorded to have been used during 
the Tchou dynasty, about B.C. 1100. 

The Emperor Wang-Mang (A.D. 9-23) 
re-established it, with a value of ten thou- 
sand Chien. See Chin. 

King George. An English dialect term 
for a half Penny of the eighteenth century. 
It is common to Cumberlandshire. 

Ralph, Miscellaneous Poems, 1747 (96), 
has the following lines : 

“A fortune-teller leately com about, 

And my twea guid King Gweorges I powt out.” 

King Shih Pi. See Bridge Money. 
King’s Picture, The. An obsolete Eng- 
lish dialect term for money in general. It 
is mentioned by W. Carr in The Dialect 
of Craven, in the West Riding of the 
County of Yorkshire, 1828. 

King’s Silver. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “the money 
which was paid to the King, in the Court 
of Common Pleas, for a license granted to 
a man to levy a fine of lands, tenements, 
or hereditaments, to another person ; and 
this must have been compounded, according 
to the value of the land, in the alienation 
office, before the fine would have passed.” 
Kin Kwan. Early Japanese gold ring 
money {q.v.). 

Kinsatsu. A name given to Japanese 
paper currency, or “money cards,” issued 
May 15, 1868. For centuries before, every 
great daimio had issued paper money cur- 
rent, only in his han. When the Mikado 
was restored to power and the government 
reorganized, it followed the example of the 
daimios and issued scrip in various de- 
nominations. The cards were oblong in 
shape, but varied in size; two thirds of 
the length bore an ornamental frame con- 
taining the value, and the remaining third 
resembled a coupon, being the two rampant 
dragons with tails crossed and enclosing an 
inscription denoting the issuing office. 

The previous paper currency consisted of 
Hansatsu, of which there are a number of 
varieties since 1694 and which were re- 
deemed for the Kinsatsu, at the rate of 
one Yen for one Rio; those having a value 
of one half or one quarter Koban were 
called Hayaki ; and those valued at forty- 
eight copper Mon were named Zeni. 

[121 ] 


Kippermiinzen 


Knife Money 


Kippermiinzen. A name given to clipped 
coins which circulated extensively in many 
parts of Germany at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century; and the same term 
was applied to the debased currency issued 
from 1621 to 1623. 

Thus Kipperzwolfer exist for Corvey, 
Mansfeld, etc. ; Kipper-21-er for Lippe ; 
Kipper-24-er for Brandenburg, Reuss, etc. 

Kirat. The one twentieth of the legal 
Dinar and the one fourteenth of the legal 
Dirhem, but in practice its relation varies 
greatly, i.e., it equals one twenty-fourth, 
and one twentieth Dinar, and one six- 
teenth, one twelfth, one quarter, and under 
the Fatimis, one half Dirhem; but this was 
a gold coin Kirat which is properly equal 
to one half Dirhem. In 599, under El’- 
Adil, eleven emiry Kirats were equal to 
one Dinar. The Kirat is equal to five 
Habbehs, fifteen Kirats to the Buweryhy 
Dirhem, and twenty to the Imamy. 

The Kirat was the smallest of all the 
former copper coins of Morocco, being 
equal in value to one fourth of the Fels. 

Kirchenpfennige. See Church Tokens. 

Kiri Kodama. A word meaning cut 
crystal jewels or gems, and applied to a 
variety of beads, supposed to have been 
used as a primitive money in Japan. See 
Munro (p. 5). 

Kistophoros (pi. Ktaxo^opot). See Cis- 
tophorus. 

Kite. A term used in commerce to des- 
ignate any negotiable paper issued to raise 
money or to obtain credit. Maria Edge- 
worth, in her novel, Love and Law, 1817 
(i. 1), has the phrase, “Here’s bills . . . 
but even the Kites, which I can fly as well 
as any man, won’t raise the wind for me.” 

Kitharephoroi (Gr. KiOapxjcpopot) . See 
Citharephori. 

Kit-tao. A variety of the Knife money 
( q.v .) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and 
valued at 500 Chien. 

Kitze. A Turkish money of account. 
See Beutel. 

Kiu-Ma. A Chinese word for weight 
money used in China from the seventh to 
the fourth centuries B.C. The word is 
translated saddle money. 

Kizri. See Khizri. 

[ 


Klappmiitzenthaler. A name given to a 
variety of the Guldengroschen which was 
issued by the Elector Frederick III of 
Saxony in conjunction with the Dukes John 
and Albrecht pursuant to the mint regula- 
tions of May 9, 1500. A later issue bears 
the name of Duke George in place of Al- 
brecht. 

The name is derived from the peculiar 
head-dress worn by the Dukes, after the 
fashion of that period. 

Kleutergeld. See Klotergeld. 
Klinkhaert. See Clinckaert. 

Klippe. A general name for coins struck 
on a square, rectangular, or lozenge-shaped 
planchet. They occur in various metals 
and in many instances are money of neces- 
sity. 

The etymology is probably from the 
Swedish Klip pa, to clip, or to cut with a 
shears. Some of the early bracteates pre- 
sent the appearance of having been cut with 
a pair of scissors, and Christian II of Den- 
mark resorted to the practice early in the 
sixteenth century to such an extent that 
he received the nickname Kong Klipping. 

Klotergeld. J. ten Doornkaat Koolman, 
in his Worterbuch der Ostfriesischen 
Sprache, 1882, defines this as small jing- 
ling money. The words “Kloter” and 
“Kleuter” mean to jingle or to ring, and 
the Dutch have a similar name, viz., Kleu- 
tergeld. 

Klomp. A popular Dutch name for an 
ingot of gold. The word means a lump, 
and is analogous to the German Klumpen. 
Klopschelling. See Statenschelling. 
Knaak. A slang term for the current 
silver coin of two and one half Gulden of 
the Netherlands. 

Knackkuchen, and Knapkoeken. See 

Cnapcoek. 

Knife Money, or Tao, owes its origin 
to the practice of using metal knives for 
purposes of exchange. Its introduction in 
China cannot readily be determined, but it 
was during the period of H’wan, about B.C. 
650, that the first metal token representing 
a knife or sword is supposed to have been 
made. This money could be exchanged for 
an actual weapon. For a detailed descrip- 
tion of these coins the works of Lacouperie 
and Ramsden should be consulted; the fol- 
122 ] 


Knopfzwanziger 


Koggerdaalder 


lowing are, however, the principal varie- 
ties : 

1. The flat Knife coins of Kan Tan, the 
capital of the ancient state of Tchao, before 
B.C. 400, and situated in what is now the 
province of Tchihli. These are very thin 
and brittle, with an elongated oval at the 
end of the handle. 

2. The An- Yang issue of large three and 
four character Knife coins issued for the 
state of Tsi, between the seventh and third 
centuries B.C. 

3. The Ming series issued by the city of 
Ming in the state of Tchao during the 
civil wars in the third century B.C. The 
handle of these terminates in a ring. 

4. The Tsi Moh issue of the third cen- 
tury B.C. These can be grouped into the 
large and small sizes. The former con- 
stitute about thirty varieties with different 
mint or serial marks. Of the smaller size 
there are 16 varieties, the obverse inscrip- 
tion is reduced from six to five characters, 
and the reverse has only one symbol in- 
stead of the usual three. 

5. The Wang Mang series, taking their 
name from the usurper Wang Mang, who 
reigned A.D. 9-23 and issued these coins 
A.D. 9-14. These pieces are much thicker 
than all the preceding types and only about 
half as long. Furthermore, the ring at the 
end of the handle was replaced by the 
shape of a thick piece of money with a 
square hole in the centre. Wang Mang 
struck two varieties, viz., pieces valued at 
500 Chien, called Kit-tao, and pieces with 
gilt inscriptions, valued at 1000 Chien, and 
called Tsok-tao. 

Mr. E. Torday, in a communication to 
the London Geographical Journal (1911), 
states that “one of the most interesting 
points among the cannibal Bakutu of the 
Belgian Kongo, Africa, is their use of a 
conventional throwing-knife as currency. 
The Basongo Meno also use this form of 
currency, obtaining it from the Bakutu, 
who are the manufacturers.” Conf. also 
Ramsden (pp. 10-13). 

Knopfzwanziger. See Zwanziger. 

Knurling. See Nurling. 

Koban. A Japanese oval gold coin of a 
similar design to the Oban (q.v.), and of 
a value of oue Ryo, or one tenth of the 
larger coin. It was introduced in the latter 


part of the sixteenth century, and Munro 
(p. 190) states that “it has been surmised 
that they were intended for the encourage- 
ment of trade with the Portuguese. This 
is quite likely, but I cannot find any defin- 
ite confirmation of it. ” 

In 1837 there was issued the Tempo 
Koban valued at 5 Ryos, but in a few 
years it was discontinued. 

The Shin Koban, meaning “New Ko- 
ban,” was a coin of smaller size, though 
of the same value, issued in 1860. 

The word is variously written as the 
following citations indicate: In Cock’s 
Diary, Sept. 17, 1616, he says, “I re- 
ceved two bars Coban gould with ten 
ichibos, of 4 to a Coban;” and A. Hamil- 
ton, in his New Account of the East In- 
dies, 1727 (ii. 86), states that “My Friend 
. . . complimented the Doctor with five 
Japon Cupangs, or fifty Dutch Dollars.” 

Kodama. See Kiri Kodama. 

Kodrantes, meaning the fourth part, is 
the Greek equivalent of the Roman Quad- 
rans, and is translated as Farthing in St. 
Matthew (v. 26) and St. Mark (xii. 42). 

Kolnische Mark. See Mark. 

Kopfchen. See Kopf stuck. 

Kbrtling. A diminutive Groschen com- 
mon to many parts of Northern Germany 
during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
turies. There is a dated one of 1429 for 
Gottingen. See Frey (No. 26). 

Adam Berg, in his New Miinzbuch, 1597, 
mentions them as struck in Eimbeck, Got- 
tingen, Hameln, Northeim, and Hanover; 
and he adds that they are small silver 
coins of the value of three Pfennige or 
eighty-four to the Gulden. 

The name of the coin is probably derived 
from Groschen, low-German “Grote,” 
diminutive “Grotling;” and by the trans- 
position of the letter r we obtain “Gort- 
ling” and finally “Kbrtling,” i.e., a frac- 
tional “Groschen.” 

Koggerdaalder. A silver coin issued in 
the Province of Friesland from the be- 
ginning of the seventeenth century to 
about the year 1690. 

The fixed value was thirty Stuivers, but 
on special occasions some issues were made 
in gold of which the ordinary type was 
equivalent to about ten Ducats, and the 
multiples in proportion. 


[ 123 ] 


Kolhasen Gulden 


Kori 


A gold treble Koggerdaalder of 1601 was 
executed by the mintmaster William van 
Vierssen and probably struck for the Diet 
held in that year. 

A double Koggerdaalder, also in gold, 
was struck in the same year probably for 
presentation to the Stadtholder. 

Kolhasen Gulden. A gold coin referred 
to in archives of Frankfort a.M. of 1430, 
but which has not been identified. See 
Paul Joseph (pp. 91, 172). 

Kollybon. See Collybos. 

Kometenthaler. The name given to a 
medal lie Thaler issued by the city of 
Strasburg in 1681 when this town sur- 
rendered to the French on September 20 
of that year. It has on the obverse a 
figure of a comet which appeared in the 
preceding year, and which was associated 
by the superstitious with the calamity 
which had befallen the city. 

Kommassi, or Commassee. A former 
base silver coin of Arabia, principally used 
in the coffee trade of Mocha, and com- 
puted at one sixtieth of the Spanish Dol- 
lar. It was later struck in copper and its 
value depreciated ; three hundred and fifty 
to five hundred being an equivalent of the 
Spanish and Levant Dollars. See Noback 
(p. 679). 

Kona. A silver coin of ancient India, 
the half of the Karsha. See Pana. 

Kong-par Tang-Ka. See Tang-ka. 

Konstantin d’Or. See Constantin d’Or. 

Konventionsmiinzen. See Convention 
Money. 

Kopeck, or Copeck. A copper coin of 
Russia, the one hundredth part of the 
Ruble. There are multiples of two, three 
and five Kopecks, and a division, the half 
Kopeck. 

The Kopeck existed as a silver coin of 
low standard as early as the sixteenth cen- 
tury, but the copper issues began in the 
year 1704. The name is derived from 
Ivopiejka, a spear or lance, in allusion to 
the armed horseman carrying that weapon, 
a design similar and perhaps copied from 
the coins of Lithuania. 

Kopje, Kopken. See Kopfstiick. 

Kopparplatmynt. See Plate Money. 

Koppar Slantar. See Slantar. 


Kopfstiick. A popular name for any 
coin which exhibits the head or bust of 
some ruler, and in this respect the same 
as Teston ( q.v .). The designation is, how- 
ever, usually applied to the Austrian pieces 
of twenty Kreuzer or five Batzen, to the 
Danish twenty Skilling pieces, and to the 
Bavarian silver coins of twenty-four Kreu- 
zer. 

In Gueldres, Loos, and the Low Coun- 
tries in general, the words Kopje, Kopken, 
and Kopfchen are used to describe small 
Deniers which have a head as a prominent 
feature. See Flinderke and Copetum. 

Kopy. A Bohemian money of account. 
The Kopy Grossuw, i.e., Groschen, formed 
the basis, and was subdivided into two and 
four sevenths Kopy Missenky. See No- 
back (p. 975). 

Kore. A name (K6pY), pi. Kopai) errone- 
ously supposed by Alexandrian writers 
(who have, pardonably enough, been fol- 
lowed by modern authors) to have been 
given to Athenian Tetradrachms on ac- 
count of their type, i.e., the head of the 
maiden Goddess Athene. See, for correct 
account, Willers, Num. Zeitschr. (xxxi. 
p. 318). A 

Kori. The standard of the currency of 
Cutch and Kathiawar; it is a small silver 
coin of the average value of four Annas 
or one fourth of the Rupee. 

Codrington, in the Numismatic Chron- 
icle, 1895 (p. 59) has described these coins 
and gives the following table : 

Silver Panehia equal to five Koris. 

Copper Dhabu equal to one eighth Kori. 

Copper Dhingalo equal to one sixteenth Kori. 

Copper Do kilo equal to one twenty-fourth Kori. 
Copper Tanbiyo equal to one forty-eighth Kori. 

and the Adhada, probably a money of ac- 
count, equal to one ninety-sixth Kori. 

He further cites their equivalents in the 
Indian series, stating that 

8 Koris equal 1 silver Itial. 

3 Koris equal 1 Hyderabad Rupee. 

4 Koris equal 1 Tutta Rupee. 

3% Koris and 1 Dokdo equal 1 Surat Rupee. 

IS Koris equal 1 Ibramee. 

The varieties of Koris for Kathiawar 
are sometimes known as Jamis Kori, from 
Sri Jamji, the Rao’s name; while those for 
Porbandar are termed Rana Shahi Koris, 
from Sri Rana, the name upon them. 

Codrington (supra) traces the name 
Kori from the Sanscrit Kunwari. 

[ 124 ] 


Korkuraioi Stateres 


Kreuzer 


Korkuraioi Stateres (Kopy.jpatot 
Yjpeq). The name by which the silver 
Staters of Corcyra were known to the An- 
cients. 

Korn. A term used by German numis- 
matic writers to indicate the fineness of an 
alloy- in coinage. It is referred to in this 
sense in a mint ordinance of 1409, con- 
tracted between Baden, Speyer, and the 
Palatinate. The expression probably arose 
from the practice of computing two hun- 
dred and eighty-eight barleycorns to the 
Mark, when the latter was a weight and 
money of account. See Schrot. 

Korona. A silver denomination of Hun- 
gary divided into one hundred Filler. It. 
was established in 1892. A gold coin of 
100 Korona was issued in 1907. The Aus- 
trian word is Corona, or Krone ( q.v .). 

Korsvide. A Danish silver coin of the 
fourteenth century, struck at Malmo, Aal- 
borg, etc. Its value was half of the Ortug, 
and at a later period the name appears to 
have been contracted to Hvid (q.v.). 

Korten. A name given to an inferior 
class of billon and copper coins current in 
Brabant and Flanders in the sixteenth cen- 
tury. Their value varied from two to 
three Mytes. The Ordonnantie of 1520 
(§ 10) refers to “Korten en andere swarte 
penningen. ” These coins had on the ob- 
verse the letter K crowned, for Karolus, 
or Charles V. See v.d. Chijs (pp. 261, 
263, 264). 

The French equivalent is Courte Noire. 

Kosel Gulden. See Cosel Gulden. 

Kou. A tin coin of the former Kingdom 
of Atjeh in Sumatra. Its value varied 
from 400 to 1000 to the Piastre. See Mil- 
lies (p. 106). 

Koupa, or Kupa. A gold coin of Celebes 
issued principally at Makassar and Gowa. 
It was struck A. II. 1251 in the former ter- 
ritory, and as early as A. 14. 1029-1078 in 
the latter, bearing Arabic inscriptions on 
both sides. Conf. Millies (pp. 176-177) 
and Fonrobert (Nos. 896, 897, 900). 

Koupan. A former money of account at 
Atjeh. See Mas. 

Krabbelaar. A billon coin of Brabant, 
struck pursuant to the Ordonnantie of 
1536, and of the value of four Stuivers or 
Patards. It is also known as Crabbelaer 


and Vlieger, the latter name probably 
derived from the supposition that the eagle 
on the obverse was in the act of flying. 

Krahenplappart. Among the numerous 
varieties of the Plappart are some of Zu- 
rich with a poorly executed figure of an 
eagle. This was mistaken by the common 
people for a crow and the nickname as 
above was introduced. See Blaffert. 

Krajczar. The Hungarian name for the 
Kreuzer (q.v.). 

Kran. A silver coin of Persia of the 
value of twenty Shahis, and also subdi- 
vided into one thousand Dinars. The Kran 
is the tenth part of the gold Toman, and 
there are at present multiples in silver of 
two and five Kran pieces. The half Kran 
is known as the Penabad. See Toman. 

The Kran was introduced by Fath Ali 
Shah in 1826, and its original weight was 
108 grains. 

Krapatalos. A humorous name em- 
ployed by Greek comedians to designate 
money used in crossing the Styx. See 
Naulum. 

Kreditmiinzen. A term used in Ger- 
many for any coins whose legal or marked 
value is higher than the actual metallic 
value of their composition. 

Kreisobristen Thaler. A silver coin 
struck by Christian Ernst, Margrave of 
Brandenburg-Bayreuth in 1664. It has on 
the obverse a figure of the Margrave on 
horseback and on the reverse nineteen 
shields indicative of the various circuits 
under his jurisdiction. 

Krejcar. The Bohemian name for the 
Kreuzer (q.v.). 

Kreuzer, also written Kreutzer. Origi- 
nally a small silver coin which appeared 
in the Tyrol in the thirteenth century, and 
which obtains its name from a cross which 
was stamped upon it, a device perhaps 
copied from the Byzantine coinage. In 
Latin documents of this period it is re- 
ferred to as Cruciatus, Crucifer, and Cru- 
ciger. The oldest types, called Etschkreu- 
zer or Meraner Kreuzer, bore a double 
cross, one diagonally over the other. 

The Kreuzer of the later type was of 
copper and circulated extensively through- 
out all of Southern Germany, Austria, and 
Hungary. It was usually computed at the 


[ 12r > 1 


Kreuzgroschen 


Kronigte 


value of four Pfennig or eight Heller. 
There were, however, two standards, one of 
which represented forty-eight Kreuzer to 
the Gulden and seventy-two to the Thaler, 
and in the other, called the light Kreuzer, 
sixty went to the Gulden and ninety to 
the Thaler. By a decree introduced Janu- 
ary 1, 1859, the Gulden of Austria was 
altered from sixty to one hundred Kreuzer. 

Among the various multiples are seven- 
teen Kreuzer for Transylvania ; obsidional 
eighty Kreuzer for Strasburg in 1592 
(Mailliet, cii. 1) ; and a piece of seven 
Kreuzer, 1802, struck for Austria in the 
war against France (Mailliet, viii. 2). 

The Bohemian name for this coin is 
Krejcar, and the Hungarian form is Kraj- 
czar. See Zwainziger. 

Kreuzgroschen. A name given to the 
silver Groschen issued during the four- 
teenth and fifteenth centuries by the Ger- 
man Orders of Knighthood, on account of 
the varieties of the Maltese cross which is 
found in some cases on both the obverse 
and reverse. 

The designation was also generally ap- 
plied to any coin of this denomination on 
which a cross was conspicuous. The Gros- 
chen of Goslar issued in the fifteenth cen- 
tury is so called from this feature, and one 
of Meissen receives the same name from a 
cross over the armorial shield. 

Kreuzthaler. See Albertusthaler. 

Kriegsfiinfer. The popular name for the 
five Pfennig piece struck by the German 
Government in 1915. They are made of 
iron instead of nickel, and to protect the 
iron against rusting the coins have been 
subjected to a special zinc treatment, called 
“ sherardisiert, ” named after Sherard, the 
inventor of the process. 

Krishnala, also called Djampel. A sil- 
ver coin of Java, the usual type having an 
incuse lotus flower on the reverse. A gold 
coin of the value of twenty-four Krish- 
nalas received the name of Tjaturvincati- 
manam. It is more or less globular in 
form, with an incuse reverse and Devana- 
gari characters. Conf. Millies (p. 10), and 
Fonrobert (301-310). 

Kronungs Miinzen. See Coronation 
Coins. 


of Lydia, are so called. See Herodotus (i. 
54). 

Kromstaart, also written Cromstaert 
and Krumsteert, i.e., “crooked tail.” A 
nickname given to a silver coin of Brabant 
of the original value of two Groten, issued 
early in the fifteenth century. The ob- 
verse shows a lion rampant with a curved 
tail. 

The type was copied in the Low Coun- 
tries and also in the city of Emden when 
the latter was under the domination of 
Hamburg, from 1433 to 1439. 

Krona. See Krone. 

Krone. A silver denomination of the 
Scandinavian Union and divided into one 
hundred Ore. It was established for the 
three kingdoms by the monetary conven- 
tion of 1875. Sweden retains the name 
Krona and Norway and Denmark use 
Krone. 

In Iceland the Krone is divided into one 
hundred Aur. 

Krone, plural Kronen. A silver de- 
nomination of Austria, introduced in 1892 
and subdivided into one hundred Heller. 
It superseded the Gulden or Florin, which 
system it cut in half. There are multiples 
as high as one hundred Kronen. 

The gold ten Mark piece of Germany 
was originally called Krone. 

Kronenthaler, sometimes called Kron- 
thaler. A silver issue struck in the latter 
half of the eighteenth century for the 
Austrian Netherlands. On the reverse of 
these coins is a decorated St. Andrew’s 
cross in three compartments of which there 
is a crown, while the fourth lias the order 
of the Golden Fleece. 

The name is also given to other coins on 
which a crown is conspicuous, e.g., the 
issues of Ladislaus IV of Poland from 1635 
to 1645 ■ the German Thaler of Waldeck, 
Bavaria, etc., of the early nineteenth cen- 
tury, and othei’s. See Crocione. 

Krongyllen. See Gyllen. 

Kronigte, also called Croniehte Gros- 
chen. A variety of the Kreuzgroschen 
( q.v .) of the Margrave Frederick II of 
Meissen (1428-1464), which bears a crown 
above the shield on the reverse instead of 
a cross. 


Kroiseioi, or Kroiseios Stater. The coins 
said to have been struck by Croesus, King 

[ 126 ] 


Kroon 


Kwanei Sen 


Kroon. The Dutch equivalent for Krone 
and Crown. The Bataviasche Kroon struck 
in 1645 had a value of forty-eight Stuivers, 
and corresponding halves and quarters 
were also issued. See Gouden Kroon and 
Zonnekroon. 

Kroung Tamlung. The half of the 
Siamese Tamlung (q.v.) and equal to two 
Ticals. 

Krucier, plural Krucierze. The Polish 
equivalent of the Kreuzer (q.v.). They 
were introduced under Sigismund III in 
1616. 

Kruisdaalder, or Kruisrijksdaalder. A 

silver crown issued by Philip II of Spain, 
pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 1567, 
for Brabant and the provinces of the Low 
Countries. It receives its name from the 
obverse design, the cross of Burgundy, 
which separates the figures of the date. It 
is also known as the Ecu a la Croix de 
Bourgogne. See van der Chijs (passim). 

Krumsteert. See Kromstaart. 

Krysinos. See Krysus. 

Krysus, or Kpuaolq, the Greek name for 
the Solidus. When heavily alloyed so that 
it became electrum it was called Kpuatvog. 

Kuan, or Kwan. The Chinese name for 
a string of cash. The word now generally 
used is Ch’uan. Another name is Tiao 
(q.v.). 

Kua teng Ch’ien. “Lamp hanging 
money,’'’ the Chinese name for new year’s 
medals or coins, which were generally 
heavier than the regular issues, and had 
oftentimes special inscriptions on them. 
These were distributed among the palace 
attendants. A popular slang name for 
these pieces was Huang kai-tsu, “yellow 
covers. ’ ’ 

Kudatama. The name given to certain 
stone cylindrical shaped objects, possibly 
used as primitive money in Japan. See 
Kiri Kodama and Magatama for other 
forms. 

Kurassier Thaler. A silver coin of Prus- 
sia, struck in 1842 to commemorate the 
twenty-fifth anniversary of the installation 
of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, as com- 
mander of the sixth regiment of cuiras- 
siers of Brandenburg. 


Kufic Coins. A term applied to such 
Arabic coins as bear Kufic inscriptions. 
The K\;fic writing of the Middle Ages ob- 
tains its name from the city of Kufa in 
the Province of Irak Arabi, and is easily 
distinguished from the modern Arabic by 
its thick and angular characters. 

Kugildi. A term found in both Scandi- 
navian and early German statutes and im- 
plying a fixed sum in payment for healthy 
cows of three to ten years of age. See 
Amira, Nordgermanisches Obligationen- 
recht, 1882, 1895 (i. 443, ii. 522), and 
Ridgeway, Origin of Metallic Currency, 
1892 (cap. 1-3). 

Kuhplapperte. See Blaffert. 

Kuna. See Skins of Animals. 

Kupa. See Koupa. 

Kupang. See Kepeng. 

Ku Pu. The Chinese name for the wedge 
shaped metallic currency. See Pu. Other 
names arc Ch’an Pi and Ch’an Pu. Pus 
are known in English as Spade Money. 

Kutb. A name given to the copper two 
and one half Cash piece of Mysore, by 
Tipu Sultan, in 1792, after the adoption 
of his new system of reckoning. This sys- 
tem was begun in 1786, and was based on 
the Muludi, i.c., dating from the birth of 
the Prophet. The name of the coin in 
Arabic means the Polestar. 

Marsden (ii. 725) translates it as Katib. 

Kwacho. One of the many Japanese 
synonyms for a coin. It means “Disguised 
Butterfly.” See O Ashi. 

Kwammon Gin Sen. See Mu-Mon Gin 
Sen. 

Kwan. This term ordinarily implies a 
Japanese weight equal to one thousand 
momme, or about eight and a quarter 
pounds. Munro (p. 58) states that in A.D. 
810 a quantity of coin (probably Sen), 
amounting to 1040 Kwan were cast, from 
the copper remaining in the mint, and he 
adds that the expression Kwan probably 
refers to one thousand pieces, which would 
indicate that it was a money of account. 
See Ryo and Quan. 

Kwan. See Kuan. 

Kwanei Sen. Probably the most popular 
coin minted in Japan. It was first made 
at Mito in the 3rd year of Kwan-ei (Per- 
manent Liberality), 1624, and was not dis- 


[ 127 ] 


Kwart 

continued until 1859, a period of two hun- 
dred and thirty-three years. It was made 
in nearly all of the provincial mints, usu- 
ally in copper or bronze but sometimes in 
iron. Collectors in Japan recognize over a 
thousand varieties of this coin. 

Kwart. A Dutch word meaning one 
fourth, and used in combinations, e.g., 
Kwartdaalder, etc. The name Kwart, je is 
still used to designate the current silver 
coin of twenty-five Cents. 

Kwartnik. The name given to the base 
silver one fourth Groschen of Poland. It 
appears to have been introduced about the 
period of Casimir the Great (1333-1370) 


Kyzikenoi 

and continued in the coinage until the 
middle of the fifteenth century. 

Kyranaion. A gold Stater bearing the 
types of Alexander the Great was issued 
at Cyrene by Ptolemy I, and called 
y.'jpccvatov TUTohep-odou. 

Kyrmis. An enormous copper coin, 
about forty-four millimetres in diameter, 
issued for Baghcheserai, in the Crimea, by 
Shahin Gerai (A. II. 1191-1197) before its 
annexation to Russia. See Valentine (pp. 
96-98). 

Kyzikenoi (Ky^iXYjvot crccayipei;) . See 
Cyzicenes. 


[ 128 ] 


Labay 


Larin 


L 


Labay, or Labbaye. A silver coin of 
Brabant issued by Wenceslaus and Jo 
hanna (1355-1405) of the value of one 
fourth of a Groot. A Dobbele Labbaye, 
also called Nummus Epularis and Gast- 
mael-Penning was struck in 1429. See 
v.d. Chijs (passim). 

Lac. A money of account used in India 
and representing one hundred thousand 
Rupees. See Crore. 

Lafayette Dollar. A silver coin of the 
United States issued in 1900 as a memento 
of the Paris Exposition and a mark of 
good will and appreciation to France for 
the services rendered during the Revolu- 
tionary War by General Lafayette. 

These coins were sold by popular sub- 
scription, and the proceeds were used to- 
ward paying for the erection of a statue 
of Lafayette in Paris. The issue con- 
sisted of fifty thousand pieces. 

Lai Tzu, or Hsing Yeh. In China cer- 
tain light coins issued by Fei Ti, A.D. 465 
were thus called. The words mean the 
leaves of the Linnanthemum nymphoides, 
which are very light and float on the sur- 
face of the water. 

Lakshmi Pagoda. A name given to a 
variety of the Pagoda ( q.v .) which bears 
on the obverse a female figure, one of the 
Hindu deities. 

L’al Jatali. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- 
peror of Hindustan of the value of ten 
Rupees. See Sihansah. 

Lam. See Gouden Lam. 

Lammpfennig. A variety of bracteate 
struck by the Abbey of St. Gallen, Switzer- 
land, during the fourteenth century. It 
receives its name from the figure of the 
Paschal Lamb on the obverse. 

Landmiinze, or Landesmiinze. The 
name given to German copper or base sil- 
ver money which circulated only in the 
province or state where it was struck, to 
distinguish it from coins which were cur- 
rent throughout an entire kingdom or em- 
pire. The initials L. M. are frequently 
found on these pieces. 


Landsberger Pfennige. The name given 
to certain small silver coins struck by 
Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (1428- 
1464). They resemble bracteates and were 
divisions of the Groschen. They obtain 
their name from the figure of the shield 
of Landsberg, and the inscription land. 
Another name for the same pieces is 
Bruckenpfennige, as they are supposed to 
have been used for paying toll over the 
bridge near. Dresden. 

Langrok, i.e., “long cloak.” A nick- 
name given to the double Flabbe, or piece 
of eight Stuivers issued in Groningen from 
about 1589 to the middle of the seven- 
teenth century. The allusion is to the 
figure of St. Martin, who is habited in a 
long cloak. 

Lappen, meaning “rags,” is a common 
nickname for paper money in Germany, 
and, according to the colors on the reverses 
of the various denominations, they are dis- 
tinguished as blaue Lappen, braune Lap- 
pen, etc. 

Larding Money. Blount, in his Law 
Dictionary, 1670, states that “in the Man- 
our of Bradford, in County Wilts, the 
Tenants pay to the Marquis of Winchester, 
their Landlord, a small yearly Rent by 
this Name.” 

Wharton, in the Law Lexicon, 1864, 
adds that it “is said to be for liberty to 
feed their hogs with the masts of the lord’s 
woods, the fat of a hog being called lard.” 

Largo. See Giulio. 

Lari. A copper coin of the Mai dive 
Islands issued A.H. 1331, i.e., 1913, and 
struck at Male. It bears the Arabic in- 
scription SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAMS AL- 
din iskandar. There is a piece of four 
Laris of the same date. 

Larin, or Lari. A species of wire money 
of Persia, which obtains its name from the 
province of Laristan, and which was for- 
merly chiefly current on the coasts of the 
Gulf of Persia. Sir John Chardin, who 
travelled extensively through Persia from 
1664 to 1677, states that these coins were 


[ 129 ] 


Lat 


Lead 


made until Lari was conquered by Abbas 
the Great of Persia (1582-1627) and be 
estimates their value at two and one half 
Shahis. 

These coins usually occur in silver, but 
specimens in gold exist, and are very rare. 
They were extensively imitated, both in 
Ceylon and at Bijapur. The former are 
first described by Robert Knox, who was 
kept a prisoner for twenty years, from 
1659 to 1679, in the Kandian provinces of 
central Ceylon, lie says: “There is an- 
other sort [of money] which all people by 
the King’s permission may and do make, 
the shape is like a fish-hook, they stamp 
what mark or impression on it they please ; 
the silver is purely fine beyond pieces of 
eight; for, if any suspect the goodness of 
the plate, it is the custom to burn the 
money in the fire, red hot, and so put it 
in water, and if it be not then purely 
white, it is not current money.” 

Professor Wilson, in his remarks on 
fish-hook money, contributed to the Numis- 
matic Chronicle (vol. xvi), describes some 
pieces of silver wire, not hooked, which 
were coined in imitation of the Laris, at 
Bijapur by the Sultan Ali Add Shah, who 
reigned from 1670 to 1691. They bear on 
both sides legends in Arabic characters ; 
on one side the Sultan’s name and on the 
other “Zarb Lari Dangh Sikka, ” i.e., 
“Struck at Lari, a stamped Dangh.” They 
are of the same weight as the Ceylon hooks, 
viz., about one hundred and seventy grains 
troy. 

The Ceylon types are known in Sinha- 
lese under the name of Ridi, i.e., silver. 

For a detailed account of the Larins, the 
reader is referred to the treatise by Rhys 
Davids (sec. 68-73), Codrington (p. 118), 
and Allen, Numismatic Chronicle (series 
iv. xii. 313). 

Lat. The name given to a copper ingot 
or bar, used as money in the Lao States 
in Northern Siam. Their value varied 
from sixteen to sixty-four to a Tical. 

Lateres. Both Varro and Pliny refer 
to Roman coins of the shape of a tile or a 
brick by this name. 

Latrones. The Latin name for Tesserae 
(q.v.). 

Laubthaler. The name given to a 
French silver coin struck in the eighteenth 


century and so called on account of the 
branches of laurel which surround the 
shield of fleurs de lis. In France this coin 
is called the Grand Ecu or Ecu de six 
Livres. Under Louis XVI there were vari- 
eties counterstamped for Berne in Switzer- 
land. The type was copied in Prussia. 

Lauenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. 

Laurel. A variety of the Unite (q.v.) 
of James I, of England, so called on ac- 
count of the laureated head on the obverse. 

Laurentiusgulden. The name given to 
certain gold coins issued by the city of 
Nuremberg from the fifteenth to the 
seventeenth century. They bear the figure 
of St. Lawrence and a gridiron on which 
he is supposed to have been martyred. 

Lausannais, or Livre Faible. A former 
money of account used at Neuchatel, Swit- 
zerland, which was computed at twelve 
Gros, or one hundred and forty-four De- 
niers Faibles. 

Lawenpfennige. See Lowenpfennige. 

Laxsan. See Bahar. 

Le. See Li. 

Lead was used for trial pieces, tokens, 
and counterfeit money from very early 
times. Among the known specimens prior 
to the Christian era are some belonging 
to the Kings of Numidia. In the second 
and third centuries A.D. leaden coins were 
issued in Egypt, especially at Memphis, 
and in the first and second centuries in 
Roman Gaul. 

This metal was also employed for strik- 
ing obsidional coins, of which there is a 
series, consisting of one Sol to forty Sols, 
issued at Woerden when that city was be- 
sieged by the Spaniards in 1575-1576. See 
Mailliet (cxxv. 1-9). 

There is an extensive series of Duits in 
lead struck by the Dutch in the eighteenth 
century for their possessions in Ceylon and 
Java. 

In the Danish issues for Tranquebar the 
leaden pieces originated under Christian 
IV in 1640. See Indian Antiquary (xxiv. 
22 ) 

Leaden tokens passing as half Pennies 
were issued to a considerable amount in 
England during the reign of Elizabeth ; 
under James I all leaden tokens of private 
traders were abolished. See Nummi Plum- 
bei. 


[ 130 ] 


League Coinage 


Leather Money 


Erasmus, in his Adagia, mentions Plum- 
beos Angliae in use in the latter part of 
the reign of Henry VII ; and Budelius, De 
Monetis, 1591 (p. 5), states that these 
leaden tokens were still in circulation in 
his time. 

League Coinage. The general term iised 
to designate such coins of the ancients as 
were put forth by a federation of states 
or cities in order to ensure a certain 
amount of uniformity so far as types, 
weight, and fineness were concerned. 

The principal one of the Leagues was 
the Achaean ( q.v .). 

The JEt.olian League issued gold, silver, 
and bronze B.C. 279-168, and the coins 
usually have on the reverse a figure of 
dEtolia, copied from a statue dedicated at 
Delphi in commemoration of victories over 
the Gauls and Macedonians. 

The Arcadian League was established by 
Epaminondas against Sparta after the bat- 
tle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, and under its 
auspices the city of Megalopolis was 
founded. At this place the coins of the 
League were struck. 

The coinage of Bceotia was largely a 
federal currency from the earliest times, 
and the Boeotian shield is a characteristic 
feature on the issues. This may possibly 
refer to the shield of Athena Itonia in the 
temple of Coroneia, which was the meeting- 
place of the League. This type disappears 
after B.C. 288 and the League was dis- 
solved by the Romans B.C. 146. 

The cities of Chalcidice established a 
League B.C. 392 with Olynthus as head- 
quarters. The coinage is uniform with 
types relating to Apollo. It was dissolved 
circa B.C. 358, when Philip II of Mace- 
donia captured Chalcidice. 

The federal coinage of Euboea was issued 
at Eretria. It lasted from B.C. 411 to B.C. 
336 and nothing was struck during the 
Macedonian occupation. After the defeat 
of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae B.C. 
197 the federal coinage was revived until 
this League was also dissolved by the Ro- 
mans, B.C. 146. 

The Ionian League was a very ancient 
alliance and originally consisted of the 
cities of Clazomenae, Colophon, Ephesus, 
Erythrse, Lebedus, Miletus, Myus, Phocsea, 
Priene, Chios, Teos, and Samos. Smyrna 
was added about B.C. 700. Under Anto- 

[ 13 


ninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius the above 
thirteen cities issued bronze coins in cele- 
bration of a festival they jointly held. 

An alliance between the rulers of the 
various Lycian cities gave rise to the Ly- 
cian League, B.C. 168, and lasted until 
A.D. 43, when the Emperor Claudius or- 
ganized Lycia with Pampliylia as a Roman 
province. 

Leal. A name sometimes given to the 
Portuguese Bazarucco (q.v.). It is usu- 
ally found with a large sphere within a 
circle as the reverse design. There is a 
corresponding half known as Cepayqua. 

Gerson da Cunha, in Contributions to 
the History of Indo-Portuguese Numis- 
matics, 1880 (pp. 11, 22), states that the 
Cepayqua was struck by Albuquerque at 
Coa as early as 1510. 

Leang. See Liang. 

Leather Money. Leather was used as 
currency by the Lacedaemonians, and 
Plato states that leather money was em- 
ployed by the Carthaginians in his day, and 
that it was probably the earliest currency 
of that people. These citations, however, 
probably refer to the skins of various ani- 
mals, and the stamped leather which it is 
claimed was used by the Romans before 
the introduction of a copper coinage by 
Nmna Pompilius was perhaps an entire 
skin or pelt rather than a distinctive coin. 

There is no doubt, however, that in more 
modern times nations have adopted a 
leather coinage which frequently served 
the function of necessity money, and which 
was made redeemable for a metallic cur- 
rency. In the year 1241 the Emperor 
Frederick II issued leather coins when he 
was besieging Faenza for seven months, 
and these were later exchanged for gold 
Augustali which had the value of one and 
a quarter gold Gulden. The coins issued 
by the Emperor contained his portrait im- 
pressed in silver on the leather. 

More than a century earlier, i.e., in 1124, 
Dominicus Michieli, Doge of Venice, issued 
obsidional coins of leather cut from horse 
hides for the beleaguered city of Tyrus. 
This coin received the name of Michieletta 
from its originator. In 1360, John II, 
King of France, authorized the making of 
small leather coins with small golden 
1 1 


Lebetes 


Leicht Geld 


threads sewn or stamped upon them ; this 
he was compelled to do as his treasury was 
depleted on account of a ransom of three 
million livres paid to the English nation. 
Stamped leather coins were issued by Ley- 
den in 1574, when the city was besieged 
by the Spaniards under Valdez; they bore 
as a device three shields and a stag, with 
the letters S. M. and H. S. 

The Russians at an early period used 
skins of animals for currency and later 
they employed irregular discs and strips 
of leather rudely stamped. The word 
“rouble” is derived from the verb to cut, 
and some varieties of Russian copper 
money are called Puli, from poul, leather; 
these words are probably derived from the 
primitive leather currency in use in that 
country. See an exhaustive paper on this 
subject contributed by William Charlton 
to the British Numismatic Journal (iii. 
311). 

In 1910 a roll of circular leather tokens 
was discovered in the archives of the mar- 
ket at Aschbach on the Danube in upper 
Austria. These tokens bore the crest of 
Philip Ecler of the guild of masons and 
stone-cutters at Eferding (near Aschbach) 
and the date 1804. Leather strips were 
also found from which these tokens were 
cut. Mr. Franz Hirmann, the founder of 
the museum at Aschbach, has discovered 
among the records that at the time of the 
French occupation the masons and stone- 
workers were employed by the French in 
the construction of intrenchments, and 
were paid by the master of the guild with 
these leather coins which represented the 
value of one Groschen. See also Ruding 
(i. 131, 346). 

Lebetes. A fragmentary inscription re- 
cently found in Crete assesses the payment 
of certain fines at so-and-so many Ae^Teq, 
or “Cauldrons.” It was therefore by this 
name that certain silver Staters of the 
fourth century B.C., all countermarked 
with a device representing a Cauldron 
(As(3y)<;), were known in Crete. Svoronos, 
Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888. (vol. xii.). 

Lebongo. A name given to a currency 
made of straw, which was in use in the 
Portuguese colony of Angola. Each piece 
was of the value of five Reis. It was super- 
seded in 1693 by a copper coinage. 


Leeuw, i.e., Lion. A gold coin of Bra- 
bant, Flanders, and the United Provinces. 
It was struck by Anthony of Brabant pur- 
suant to an ordinance of 1408. The Gou- 
den Leeuw, as it is sometimes called, was 
also issued by Philip the Good (1430- 
1467) in Flanders and later at Mechlin. 

The coin receives its name from the lion 
on the obverse, who is in an upright posi- 
tion, and is sometimes depicted holding a 
flag or banner in his claws. See Lion 
d’Or. 

Leeuwendaalder. This, and the Leeu- 

wengroot are of the same type as the pre- 
ceding and are struck in silver. The for- 
mer is of crown size and is also known as 
the Ecu au Lion. It was issued from 1576 
to the close of the seventeenth century. 

Legal Tender Notes, also known as 
United States Notes. The name given to 
a series of paper money first issued by an 
Act of Congress of the United States in 
1862. They have been issued in denomina- 
tions from $5.00 to $10,000.00, and are a 
Legal Tender for all debts, public and 
private, except duties on imports and in- 
terest on the public debt. 

Leg Dollar. T he popular name in the 
seventeenth century for the new type of 
Rijksdaalder introduced about 1662 for 
the Province of Utrecht. On the reverse 
is a Knight standing with only one leg 
visible, the other being hidden behind an 
armorial shield. 

Legend, from the Latin legere, the 
words running around the coin inside of 
the border. See Inscription. 

Legierung. A term used by German 
numismatic writers to indicate an alloy, 
especially of silver and copper, or silver 
and nickel. The etymology is probably 
from the Italian legare, to bind. 

Legionary Coins. A name given to cer- 
tain Roman gold and silver coins which 
were issued in honor of the Legions. The 
earliest known were struck by Mark An- 
tony, and the last by Carausius. They 
usually have the inscription leg. 

Legpenninge. See Rechenpfennige. 

Lei. See Leu. 

Leicht Geld. A term formerly used in 
Hamburg and applied to Pistoles, Species- 
thaler, etc., which circulated at, a slight 
depreciation. See Noback (p. 320). 


[ 132 ] 


Leijcesterdaalder 


Lepton 


Leijcesterdaalder. A silver coin of 
Crown size issued for Gueldres, West 
Frisia, Zeeland, etc., pursuant to an ordi- 
sance of August 4, 1586, and continued 
until about the middle of the seventeenth 
century. It bears on the obverse a reputed 
half-length portrait of Dudley, Earl of 
Leicester, and on the reverse the armorial 
shields of the six Provinces (on some speci- 
mens seven), that opposed the Spanish 
rule. From the latter circumstance it is 
also known as the Unierijksdaalder. 

Lemocia, or Lemona. A billon coin of 
the Vicomtes de Limoges and copied from 
the Barbarin ( q.v .) of Saint Martial. It 
takes its name from Lemovicas, the mediae- 
val name of Limoges. 

Guido VI, Vicomte of Limoges (1230- 
1263), substituted his own portrait on his 
coinage, but the pieces were rejected and 
the regular Bretagne type restored. See 
Blanchet (i. 275). 

Lenticular Coins. A name given to such 
coins as are shaped like a lentil or a lens, 
i.e., thicker in the centre and gradually 
tapering towards the edge, as in the earliest 
emissions of the Roman Aes. 

Leone. A Venetian silver coin struck 
by Francesco Morosini (1688-1694) for use 
in the Levant. It was copied by his suc- 
cessor, Silvestro Valier (1694-1700). 

Alvise II Mocenigo (1700-1709), issued 
a similar coin for Zara of a value of eighty 
Soldi. 

The above coins are called respectively 
Leone Morosino and Leone Mocenigo, and 
obtain their names from the large figure of 
a lion on the reverse. There are divisions 
of halves, quarters, and eighths of the same 
design . 

Leonina. A name given to the gold 
two Zecchini piece of Pope Leo XII (1823- 
1829). 

Leonine, or Lionine. A base silver coin, 
so called from the figure of a lion. See 
Brabant and Mitre. 

Leonzino, or Leoncino. Another name 
for the Tallero of Francis 1, Duke of Mo- 
dena (1629-1658), and to that of his suc- 
cessor, Alfonso IV (1658-1662). Its value 
was four Bolognini. 

Leopard. An Anglo-Gallic gold coin 
struck by Edward 111 of England in 1343. 


It was of the value of half a Florin, and 
obtained its name from the crowned 
leopard on the obverse, though Ruding 
states that this animal was in reality a 
lion. 

The legend on the reverse was domine. 
NE . IN . FVRORE . TVO . ARGVAS . ME. See Florin. 

Leopold d’Or. The popular name for 
the gold coin of twenty Francs issued by 
Leopold I, King of Belgium (1831-1865). 

Leopoldino. The silver Scudo issued by 
Pietro Leopoldo I, of Lorraine, and Grand 
Duke of Tuscany (1765-1790), is so called. 
In the mint regulations of 1823 its value 
was fixed at ten Paoli, or six and two 
thirds Lira, while the ordinary Scudo was 
equal to seven Lira. 

Leopoldo. The name given to the gold 
Ducat issued by Leopold, Duke of Lor- 
raine (1697-1729) ; and also to the silver 
Piastre of Leopold II, Duke of Tuscany 
(1824-1859). 

Lepton. Originally this was not a coin, 
but simply the smallest practical weight 
applied to gold and silver. After the in- 
troduction of copper money in Greece and 
Asia Minor the Lepton became an actual 
coin. 

At Athens seven Lepta went to the 
Chalcus (q.v.). In the eastern portion of 
the Roman Empire it was used to distin- 
guish the local copper coins from the im- 
perial issues. But, generally speaking, the 
word Lepton was the term used for a 
small copper coin and consequently varied 
greatly, according to time and locality. 

It was later equal to one half of the 
Chalcus (q.v.), as is confirmed from a 
comparison of a passage in Polybius (ii. 
15) with the well known quotation from 
the Gospel of St. Mark (xii. 42). From 
Polybius we learn that the Assarius was 
equal to half an Obolus, or four Chalki. 
The Roman Quadrans was therefore equal 
to the Chalcus, and as St. Mark says that 
the Quadrans contained two Lepta, the 
Lepton must have been exactly one half 
of the Chalcus. 

The word Mite was employed by the 
translators of the New Testament simply 
because the coin was so very small in size, 
and it retained this meaning for a long 
period. Hyll, in his Arithmetick, 1600 
“Four Mites is the aliquot 


(iii. 1), says, 
[ 133 1 


Lepton 


Libella 


part of a peny, viz. 1/6, for 6 times 4 is 
24, and so many mites marchants assigne 
to 1. peny.” Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 
1674 (77), states that sixteen Mites are 
equal to a Farthing. 

Coverdale, in his translation of the New 
Testament, 1535, renders the Gospel of St. 
Mark (xii. 42) as follows: ‘‘And there 
came a poore wyddowe, and put in two 
mytes, which make a farthinge. ” 

Lepton (plural Lepta). A copper coin 
of modern Greece, the Ionian Isles, and the 
Greek Republic under Capo d’Istria. It 
is the one hundredth part of a Phoenix, 
or Drachma. The five Lepta piece is also 
called an Obolos. The word Lepton means 
thin or fragile. 

Lesher Referendum Dollar. See Refer- 
endum Dollar. 

Leu, or Lev. A silver coin of Bulgaria 
and Roumania adopted in 1867, when these 
countries based their monetary systems on 
the Latin Union. One hundred Bani are 
equal to one Leu. The plural is Lei, and 
the name of the coin is synonymous with 
Lira or Livre. Similarly in Bulgaria, one 
hundred Stotinki are equal to one Lev 
(plural Leba). 

Levant Dollar. The name given to any 
coin which is employed in the Levant trade, 
but especially to the Maria Theresa Thaler 
of 1780. This piece is always struck with 
this date for commercial purposes, and is 
accepted in Zanzibar, Abyssinia, Madagas- 
car, and many other countries. Its weight 
is a trifle over 433 grains, and its original 
fineness has been retained. In some of the 
African and Asiatic sections this coin is 
known as the Tallero del Levante, and in 
others as el Real. See Ernest and Wand. 

Frederick II of Prussia issued Levant 
Dollars in 1766 and 1767 for trade with 
the Orient. These have his bust on the 
obverse and the motto suum-cuique on the 
reverse. 

Levy. A corruption of “eleven pence,” 
and the popular name for the Spanish Real 
in the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Maryland, and New Jersey. 

Lewekin. In an ordinance dated July 
14, 1424, and reprinted by Paul Joseph 
(p. 155), a coin of this name is mentioned 
as being equal to one twelfth of a Groschen. 


Lewis. See Louis d’Or. 

Leycesterdaalder. See Leijcesterdaalder. 

Li, or Le. A Chinese weight, also the 
one thousandth part of the Tael of silver, 
and of the recent Chinese Dollar or Yuan. 
The Li is synonymous to the foreign term 
Cash. The copper Li is supposed to weigh 
one tenth of a Tael and it is so expressed 
on coins of Shun Chili (1644-1661) of the 
Manchu dynasty. Recent patterns of some 
of the copper coins have values of one, two, 
and five Li. The Japanese Rin is equal 
to the Li and the same character is used. 

Liang. The Chinese ounce, called by 
Europeans Tael ( q.v .). Some of the earli- 
est round Chinese coins were inscribed Pan 
Liang (q.v.), or Half Ounce. Although 
the word Liang is seldom seen on coins the 
word lias been used as a value on paper 
money from the tenth century. Certain 
coins of Ilsien Feng (1850-1861) have the 
word Liang impressed on them as a weight. 

Liard. Originally a base silver coin, the 
value of which is difficult to determine as 
it was generally struck without any marks 
of denomination. Some early French varie- 
ties had a value of three Deniers, but with 
the decrease in worth of the latter coin the 
Liard decreased correspondingly and un- 
der Henry IV it was struck in copper and 
became the fourth part of the Sol. 

The name is probably a corruption of li 
ardito, the Gascon form of the Ilardi or 
Hardit (q.v.). 

Liardo. A base silver coin struck in 
1720 by Antonio Grimani, Prince of Mon- 
aco. Its value was two Denari. 

Libella. A Roman silver coin mentioned 
by Varro and stated by him to be equal to 
half the Sestertius. The half of the Libella 
was called the Sembella, and the half of 
the latter coin, or one fourth of the Libella, 
was known as the Teruncia, the last named 
coin being little more than a grain and a 
half in weight. 

Some authorities have doubted the exist- 
ence of these smaller coins altogether, and 
suppose them to be either copper divisions 
of the Denarius, or merely money of ac- 
count, Gronovius states that when Varro 
wrote there was no such coin as the Libella, 
but that the term signified the tenth part 
of a Denarius. 


[ 134 ] 


Libertina 


Lion d’Or 


Libertina. A silver coin of Ragusa, is- 
sued from 1791 to 1795, with a value of 
two Ducati or eighty Grossetti. It was 
copied after the Maria Theresa Thaler and 
received its name from the inscription 
libertas on the reverse. 

Libertini. The popular name for the 
Quattrini, struck in Siena in 1526, to pay 
the soldiers and repair the fortifications of 
the city, after the siege by the troops of 
Clement VII. 

Libra. The unit of the gold standard 
of Peru, adopted in 1897. It is divided 
into ten Soles, each of ten Dineros, each 
of ten Centavos. 

Libralis. See Aes Grave. 

Licht Thaler. The name given to a 
variety of silver coins struck by Julius, 
Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (1568-1589). 
They represent the wild man holding a 
candle or torch in his right hand. There 
is a half and quarter Thaler of the same 
design. 

Ligurino. The name given to a variety 
of the silver Luigino (q.v.) of Genoa, is- 
sued in 1668 and later by the Banco di 
San Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has 
on the obverse a crowned shield supported 
by two griffins, and on the reverse a bust, 
inscribed “Liguria.” 

Lily Root Money. The name given to 
a variety of Chinese metallic currency on 
account of its resemblance to the root of a 
lily cut in half. These pieces are described 
in detail by Ramsden (pp. 28-29). 

Lima Type. The word Lima, which oc- 
curs on certain coins of George II of 
England, indicates that these pieces were 
coined in great part from silver captured 
by the two British privateers, “Duke,” 
and “Prince Frederick.” This capture 
occurred on July 10, 1745, when the above 
mentioned vessels took two ships belonging 
to St. Malo, which were returning from 
Lima. 

Another explanation, given by Snelling, 
that the silver formed part of the cargo 
of the great Mexican treasure-ship from 
Acapulco taken by Anson, June 20, 1743, 
is obviously unsatisfactory, because the 
above-mentioned inscription indicates that 
the metal was of Peruvian and not Mex- 
ican origin. 


The Crowns occur only with the date 
1746, but there are half Crowns, Shillings, 
and six Pences dated 1745 and 1746. 

Lincoln Cent. The popular name for 
the copper Cent of the United States of 
America, first issued in 1909. It bears a 
bust of Abraham Lincoln on the obverse, 
from designs by Victor D. Brenner. 

LingoL A term used by French nu- 
mismatic writers to describe a cast bar of 
metal adapted for monetary purposes and 
sometimes stamped with a numeral of 
value, etc. 

Linsen Dukaten. The nickname given 
to the one thirty -second Ducats of Nurem- 
berg and Regensburg, because they re- 
semble lentils in size. 

Lion. A gold coin of Scotland, first 
struck in the reign of Robert II (1371- 
1390) and continued until 1588. It re- 
ceived its name from the rampant lion 
over the shield of Scotland on the obverse. 
The reverse has a figure of St. Andrew ex- 
tended on a saltire cross, hence the name 
“St. Andrew” frequently given to these 
coins. 

The weight was originally thirty-eight 
grains, but later it varied considerably. A 
larger coin of nearly double the size, but 
of the same type, received the name of 
Demy (q.v.). 

A Scotch billon coin has received the 
same name. See Hard Head. 

Lion. A billon coin of the Anglo-Gallic 
series, first issued by Edward I. 

It derives its name from the representa- 
tion, on the obverse, of a lion passant 
guardant, which was the heraldic bearing 
of Aquitaine. This device was previously 
incorporated by Henry II, with two lions 
passant guardant, the arms of Normandy, 
thus forming the coat since borne by the 
English Kings. See also Leeuw. 

Lion a la Haie. See Tuin. 

Lion Dollar. See Leeuwendaalder and 
Dog Dollar. 

Lion d’Or. A gold coin of France 
which appears to have been struck only in 
the reign of Philip VI (1328-1350).' It 
resembles the Ecu d’Or of the same ruler, 
the only difference being the figure of a 
lion lying at the foot of the throne, from 
which it obtains its name. 


[ 135 ] 


Lion Heaume 


Litra 


The type was copied in Flanders and 
the Low Countries, receiving the name of 
Gouden Leeuw. 

Lion Heaume. The name given to a 
variety of the gold Florin issued in Flan- 
ders by Louis de Male (1346-1384). It 
has on the obverse the figure of a helmeted 
lion under a Gothic archway and the 
inscription lvdovicvs : dei : gra : com’ : 

Z DNS : FLANDRIE. with FLANDRES in the 

exergue. See Heaume. 

Lion Shilling. Lion Sixpence. A name 
given to the Shilling and Sixpence of the 
third type of George IV, issued in 1825. 
These have on the reverse a crowned lion 
standing on a crown, with the rose, thistle, 
and shamrock below. 

The Shilling of Edward VII bears the 
royal crest, a lion standing on a crown, 
and recalls the earlier type. 

Lira, plural Lire, and derived from the 
Latin word libra, a pound, was originally 
a money of account in Venice. Payments 
of Lira di Grossi, while made in the latter 
coins, were based on their weight irre- 
spective of their number. The Doge Nicolo 
Tron (1471-1473) introduced the so-called 
Lira Tron, which bore his bust on one side 
and the lion of St. Mark on the reverse. 
It was divided into twenty Soldi of twelve 
Denari, and was copied by some of his 
successors. 

When Italy adopted the Latin Union 
standard the silver Lira was made the unit 
and placed on a par value with the Franc. 
It is divided into one hundred Centesimi. 
The Lira is used in the Italian colonies, in 
Lombardy, Venice, and in San Marino. 

Lira. See Pound Turkish. 

Lira Aragonese. See Jaquesa. 

Lira Austriaca. See Svanzica. 

Lira Jaquesa. See Jaquesa. 

Lira Mocenigo. See Mocenigo. 

Lira Tron. See Lira. 

Lirazza. A base silver coin of Venice 
issued at the beginning of the eighteenth 
century, and current until the termination 
of the Republic. Its value originally ap- 
pears to have been thirty Soldi, but the 
later specimens declined to equivalents of 
fifteen, ten, and five Soldi, and frequently 
have the value indicated on the reverse 
in Roman numerals. See Traro. 


Liretta. A Venetian base silver coin in- 
troduced by the Doge Nicolo Sagredo 
(1675-1676) and copied by a number of 
his successors to the end of the Republic. 

For Zara the Venetians issued pieces of 
four, eight, eighteen, and twenty Lirette 
during the eighteenth century. 

Lirona. A base silver coin of the Ven- 
etian Republic, originally issued pursuant 
to an act of January 5, 1571, under the 
Doge Alvise I. Mocenigo. It bears on the 
reverse the numeral X, to indicate its 
value of ten Gazzette. This method of in- 
scribing was at a later period used for 
the Lirazza ( q.v .). 

Lisbonino. The double Moeda de Ouro 
of the Portuguese monetary system, and 
commonly known as the Moidore. It was 
the fifth of a Dobrao, and originally worth 
four thousand Reis, but raised to four 
thousand and eight hundred in 1688. See 
Portuguez. 

Lis d’Argent. A silver coin of France 
struck by Louis XIV of the value of twenty 
Sols. The reverse has a cross composed 
of eight letter L’s, with fleurs-de-lis in the 
angles. The motto is dominie . elegisti . 
lilivm . tibi. There are halves and quar- 
ters of ten and five Sols, respectively. 

Lis d’Or. A corresponding gold coin 
with the same motto and a device repre- 
senting two angels supporting a crowned 
shield. Both coins appear to have been 
issued only in the years 1655 to 1657, al- 
though essays appeared in 1653. The Ital- 
ians gave it the name of Fiordaliso d’oro, 
and Gigliato d’oro. 

Litra. The hronze basis of Sicily, cor- 
responding to the Roman Libra or Pound. 
It was also represented by a silver coin 
of three Hemioboli, and under the stand- 
ard of Tarentum, the one tenth of the 
Stater, weighing 0.87 grammes. 

The divisions of the Siculo-Italiote 
bronze Litra are the following in corre- 
sponding terms of the Roman As : 

7. Up a = As, or 12 ounces 
Se'/.w-py-tov = deunx, or 10 ounces 
rigtXtxptov = semis, or 6 ounces 
7i£VTWY xtov = quincunx, or 5 ounces 
Tsxp<z<; = triens, or 4 ounces 
'cp'.aq = quadrans, or 3 ounces 
Oqaq = sextans, or 2 ounces 
ouYxia == uncia, or 1 ounce 


[ 136 ] 


Livonese 


Lo-han Cash 


The multiples are the 

TC£vxY)7.ovxaXrupov = 50 litrae 

§sy,aXtxpov = 10 litrae 

TtevxaXtxpov = 5 litrae 

St'Xtxpov = 2 litrae 

The majority of these were struck in 
bronze or silver, sometimes even in gold. 

Livonese. A silver Russian issue struck 
by the Czarina Elizabeth for Livonia and 
Esthonia, pursuant to an ordinance of 
October 25, 1756. They consisted of pieces 
of ninety-six, forty-eight, twenty-four, 
four, and two Kopecks, but were soon 
withdrawn from circulation. See Noback 
(p. 923). 

Livornino, also known as the Livornina 
delle Torre. A silver Piastre, struck for 
Leghorn in 1656 by Ferdinand II de Me- 
dici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and by his 
successors, Cosimo III, and Gian Gastone. 
It has a view of the fortress of Leghorn 
on the reverse. 

Livre. Originally the money of ac- 
count in France, and computed at twenty 
Sous of twelve Deniers each. However, 
by reason of the debasement of the silver 
coinage this ratio could not be maintained 
and it sank rapidly in value, and was 
finally abolished in 1803 when the Franc 
system was established. The ratio of sil- 
ver to gold was then made at fifteen and 
one half to one, and the decimal system 
was introduced. 

Livre Faible. See Lausannais. 

Livre Tournois. A silver coin of 
France, six of . which were equal to the 
Ecu. It was generally known simply as 
the Livre and must not be confused with 
the money of account of the same name. 

It was abolished in 1803 when the Franc 
system was adopted. 

Locha. A popular name of the Cuar- 
tillo or nickel 12y 2 Centimos of Venezuela. 

Locumtenensthaler. The name given to 
a medal lie Thaler of the Elector Frederick 
III of Saxony (1186-1525), issued in 1518 
and later, on account of the inscription 

IMPERIQVE . LOCVMTENES . GENERAL . , a title 

conferred on him by the Emperor Maxi- 
milian I. 

Loserthaler, or Juliusloser are large sil- 
ver coins of the value of from two to 
sixteen Speciesthaler, issued by Julius, 

C 


Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (1568- 
1589), and made from the product of his 
silver mines. 

These coins owe their origin to an ordi- 
nance of the Duke to the effect that every 
one of his subjects, according to their rank 
and station, was to redeem one of these 
coins (Loser, i.e., redeemer), and be pre- 
pared to account for the same whenever 
demanded. They could pawn them in case 
of necessity but were not allowed to sell 
or exchange them. By this arrangement 
the Duke was always kept informed as to 
the amount of silver money in his do- 
minions which he could levy upon in case 
of necessity. The latter exigency never 
arose, nevertheless these coins are scarce, 
although a large number were struck. 

They were made at Iieinrichstadt, and 
bear on the reverse the ducal armorial 
shield supported by two wild men. See 
Wildemannstlialer. 

Losungs-Dukat. Losungs-ThaJer. The 

name given to a gold and silver coinage 
struck by Gustavus Adolphus for Wurz- 
burg in 1631 and 1632. The name means 
“Redeemer,” and the coins receive their 
designation from the inscription “Gott mit 
uns,” on the reverse. 

Lowenpfennige. This name is given to 
a variety of Bracteates, generally the 
twelfth part of the early Groschen, issued 
in Saxony, etc., in the early part of the 
fifteenth century. They obtain their name 
from the shield on which is a lion rampant. 
An ordinance of 1482 for the mintmaster 
Augustin Horn of Zwickau reads “die 
Pfennig soltn schlecht- mit dem Geprege 
eins Lawen usw. slahen. ” 

These coins were also called Lauenpfen- 
nige, and the type was copied by the city 
of Brunswick. The latter have the letter 
B above or at the side of the shield. The 
Lowenheller of Ludwig III, Elector of the 
Palatinate (1410-1436) have a crowned 
lion rampant, and are of somewhat smaller 
size. 

Lo-han Cash. A Chinese coin issued in 
the reign of Kang Hsi (1662-1722), and 
said to have been made from melted down 
Lo-han images. It can be distinguished 
from the other coins of this reign by the 
different form of the character hsi. 

37] 


Long Cross Type 


Lucati 


Long Cross Type. The name used to 
describe a series of English silver Pennies 
first struck by Henry 111 in 1248. They 
have on the reverse a long double cross 
extending to the edge of the coin. See 
Short Cross Type. 

Lord Baltimore Pieces. An issue of 
silver Shillings, Sixpence, Fourpence, and 
a copper Penny for the Province of Mary- 
land in 1659. For varieties and details 
see Crosby. 

Lord Lucas Farthings. A name given 
to certain pattern Farthings bearing the 
words QVATVOR. MARIA. VINDICO . , i.e., “I 

claim the four seas,” which legend is said 
to have given offence to Louis XIV. Lord 
Lucas referred to them in a speech in the 
House of Lords, on February 22, 1670- 
1671, when he complained of the scarcity 
of money, as follows: 

‘‘Of his now Majesty’s coin there ap- 
pears but very little, so that in effect we 
have none left for common use but a little 
lean coined money of the late three former 
princes. And what supply is preparing 
for it, my Lords? I hear of none unless 
it be of copper farthings, and this is the 
metal that is to vindicate, according to the 
inscription on it, the dominion of the four 
seas.” 

The “supply” appeared in 1672, when 
a copper currency for general use ap- 
peared, and the Farthing became a legal 
tender. See Ending (ii. 14). 

Lorrain. See Double Lorrain. 

Lorraines. A name given to the Tes- 
toons, issued in Scotland in 1558 and 1560 
from the large crowned monogram F M 
(i.e., Francis and Mary) between two Lor- 
raine crosses, which these coins bear on the 
reverse. 

Lot. The one sixteenth of the Mark 

( q-v ■). 

Lott, or Solot. A Siamese copper coin, 
the half of the Att. See Tical. 

Lotterie Dukat. An undated gold coin 
of Pfalz-Sulzbach, struck by the Elector 
Karl Theodor (1742-1777, and in Bavaria 
until 1799). It lias on the reverse the 
figure of a nude Fortuna standing on a 
globe and the inscriptions indvstrle-sors 
above, and hac pavente below. 

Lotus Coins. See Padma Tanka. 


Louis, or Louis d’Argent. A French 

silver coin, first struck by Louis XIV in 
1643. It is generally known by its size 
and its equivalent in Sols. Thus the larg- 
est is the Louis de 60 Sols, from which 
there is a graduated series of Louis de 
30 Sols, de 15 Sols, de 5 Sols, de 30 De- 
niers, and de 15 Deniers. 

The Louis de Cinq Sols was specially 
struck for the Oriental trade, and was ex- 
tensively imitated. See Luigino. 

Louis aux Lunettes. A nickname used 
to designate a type of Louis d’Or, struck 
by Louis XVI in 1777 and later. The two 
shields of France and Navarre on the re- 
verse were supposed to resemble a pair of 
spectacles. 

The Ecu aux Lunettes was of the same 
design. See Brillenthaler. 

Louis aux Palmes. The name given to 
a variety of the Louis d’Or of Louis XVI 
which has on the reverse a crowned shield 
in a frame of palm leaves. 

Louis d’Or. A gold coin of France, first 
struck by Louis XTII in 1640, when the 
reformation of the currency took place, 
and continued until the Revolution of 
1789, when the twenty Franc piece took 
its place. Its original value was ten Livres, 
but this fluctuated and in the reign of 
Louis XVI it went as high as fourteen 
Livres. There are divisions and multiples 
as high as an octuple Louis d’Or. 

The London Gazette of 1674 (No. 904) 
mentions “Lewises of Gold . . . Escalines 
of Gold.” 

Louisiana Cent. A name given to the 
copper Sous inscribed colonies Francoises 
and dated 1721 and 1722, because they 
were intended for almost exclusive use in 
the French colony of Louisiana, which at 
that time included nearly all the territory 
between the Alleghanies and the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Lovenaar. A silver coin of Brabant, 
struck in 1488 during the minority of 
Philip the Good. The reverse inscription 
is taken from the Book of Psalms (cxxi. 
7), and reads: fiat . pax . in . virtvte . tva. 

Love Thaler. See Janauschek Thaler. 

Lucati. The popular name for the 
Fiorini, with the figure of St. Martin, 
struck in Lucca under Republican rule 
( circa 1200-1342). 


[ 138 ] 


Lucchese Nuovo 


Lycian League 


Lucchese Nuovo. A Denaro of Lucca, 
current in the twelfth century. See In- 
fortiati. 

Lucre. Au expression meaning a gain 
in money, and usually employed in an ill 
sense, or with the sense of something base 
or unworthy. Alexander Pope has the 
line, 

"The lust of lucre, and the dread of death,” 

and Byron, in English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers (xii.), has: 

“Who racked their brains for lucre, not for fame.” 

The translators of the New Testament 
make use of the following terms: “Not 
greedy of filthy lucre,” I Timothy (iii. 3) ; 
‘ ‘ A bishop must be . . . not given to filthy 
lucre,” Titus (i. 7); “Teaching things 
which they ought not, for filthy lucre’s 
sake,” Titus (i. 11),- “Feed the flock of 
God . . . not for filthy lucre,” I Peter (v. 
2 ). 

Lucullei. The name given to gold coins 
struck in Greece under Sylla. See Blan- 
chet (p. 5). 

Liibische Pfennige. See Hohlpfennige. 

Lugenthaler. The name given to a 
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns- 
wick-Liineburg, in 1596 and 1597. It has 
on the reverse an inscription hvete.dich. 

FVR . DER . TADT . DER . LVEGEN . WIRDT . WOL . 
RADT. 

For an extended account of the origin 
of this coin conf. Madai (No. 1111). 

Luigi. The common name for the gold 
coin of ten Scudi, struck in Malta by 
Emanuel e Pinto (1741-1773) and his suc- 
cessors. It was of the same value as the 
Louis d’Or. See Beato Luigi. 

Luigino. The common nickname for the 
silver coins of five Sols, or one twelfth 
Livre, originally struck by Louis XIV in 
1643. They received this title in Italy, to 
which country they were sent in large 
quantities for use in the Levantine trade. 
See Louis. 

Luigino. A silver coin of Genoa issued 
in 1668 and later by the Banco di San 
Giorgio, under Cesare Gentile. It has on 
the obverse a crowned shield supported by 
two griffins, and on the reverse a figure of 
St. George on horseback. From the latter 
circumstance it is sometimes called Gior- 


gino. Its value represented 24 Soldi. 

The Luigino was also issued by the 
Spiuola family of Ronco, Tassarolo, and 
Arquata; by Violante Lomellini for Tor- 
riglia ; and by the Malaspina family for 
Fosdinovo (1667-1677). It was copied 
from the half Ecu or piece of five Sols 
struck at Trevoux. See Timmin, and conf. 
Poey d’Avant (viii. 109). 

Lundrenses. Ruding (i. 193-194) cites 
an ordinance of 1279-1280, empowering 
William de Turnemire of Marseilles, the 
master of the mint, to make Farthings 
throughout England. They were called 
Lundrenses, probably on account of the 
inscription londoniensis on the reverse. 

Lundress. W. Lowndes, in his Amend- 
ment to the Silver Coinage, 1695 (p. 17), 
states that “A Sterling . . . was once 
called a Lundress, because it was to be 
Coined only at London.” 

Lunga. See Moneta Lunga. 

Lu’ong Bac. See Nen. 

Lupetta. See Cervia. 

Lushburger. A name given to a silver 
Penny imported from Luxemburg into 
England, in the reign of Edward III and 
forbidden in the latter country. 

Langland, Piers Ploughman, 1377 (xv. 
342), says, “In lussheborwes is a lyther 
alay ( ? alloy) and yet loketh he like a 
sterlynge. ’ ’ 

Chaucer, in the prologue to the Monk’s 
Tale (74) states “God woot no lussheburgh 
payen ye;” and Cowell, in The Interpreter 
1607, mentions Lushoborow, “a base coine 
vsed in the dales of King Ed. the 3. 
coined beyond Seas to the likenes of Eng- 
lish money.” 

Ruding (i. 222) states that in 1346 
“many merchants and others carried the 
good money out of the realm, and brought 
in false money called Lusshebournes, which 
were worth only eight shillings the pound 
or less.” 

Lutherthaler. These are medals rather 
than coins, and the name is applied to 
pieces struck in 1661 at Eisleben, and in 
1717 to commemorate the bi-centenary of 
the Reformation. They usually have a 
bust of Luther on the obverse. 

Lycian League. See League Coinage. 


[ 139 ] 


Maccaroni Pieces 


Mag 


M 


Maccaroni Pieces. See Macquina. 

Maccochino. See Macquina. 

Mace. The name given by foreigners 
to the Chinese Ch’ien (q.v.) or Tsien, the 
tenth part of a Tael or Liang. In the 
modern struck Chinese silver coinage the 
following pieces bear the name Mace : 

7 Mace 2 Candareens or Dollar (Yuan) 

3 Mace 6 Candareens or half Dollar 
1 Mace 4.4 Candareens or fifth Dollar 

See Tael and Yuan. 

Mace. A gold coin of Atjeh. See Mas. 

Macelinus. Du Cange states that this 
is an old name for the Marabotin. 

Mach. The Annamese word for a tenth 
of a string of Cash. See Quan. 

Macquina, or Macuqina. A Spanish 
word meaning a clipped coin. See Cob. 

Chalmers states that in Jamaica “the 
Mexican quarter dollars were called Mac- 
caroni pieces, . . . which may be a repre- 
sentative of Maccochino, a word still used 
in Venezuela to denote cut money, and the 
name Maccaroni was transferred to the 
British Shilling rated as a quarter Dollar, 
and was in vogue in British Honduras.” 
See Moco. 

Macuta. A Portuguese copper coin is- 
sued from the middle of the eighteenth 
century for Angola and other African pos- 
sessions. The coin has a value of fifty 
Reis, and the multiples from two to twelve 
Macutas are in silver. All of the preced- 
ing coins are frequently counterstamped. 
The low denominations are in copper. 

The name is probably derived from the 
Makua or Makuana, one of the tribes be- 
hind Mozambique. See Fernandes (p. 
266). 

The Macuta was the basis of the mone- 
tary system in Sierra Leone in the latter 
part of the eighteenth century. 

Bonneville, Trade cles Monnaies, 1806, 
defines it as “monnaie de compte, on plu- 
tot vine maniere de compter en usage parrni 
les negres de quelques endroits des cotes 
d’Afrique, particulierement a Loango sur 


Mada. A gold coin of ancient India, 
the one fourth of the Pagoda. See Pana. 

Madonnenthaler. The name given to 
any coin on which the Virgin and Child is 
depicted, but specially applied to the is- 
sues of Hamburg during the seventeenth 
century on which the Madonna seated or 
standing is a prominent feature. 

Madonnina. Another name for the Lira 
struck at Genoa during the eighteenth cen- 
tury. The obverse has a figure of the Ma- 
donna and on the reverse is a crowned 
shield supported by two griffins. There is 
a corresponding doppia Madonnina and 
mezza Madonnina. 

In Bologna a silver coin of the value of 
six Bolognini received the same name. It 
was issued in the sixteenth century under 
Papal rule. 

Madonnina. A Papal copper coin of 
the value of five Baiocci, struck by Pius 
VI (1775-1798). There are varieties for 
Ascoli, Civita Vecchia, Fermo, Gubbio, 
Macerata, Perugia, Tivoli, Montalto, Mate- 
lica, Viterbo, San Severino, Ronciglione, 
etc. The half was called the Sampietrino, 
both coins receiving their designations 
from the figures represented thereon. 

Madridja. A nickname given to the 
Spanish Dobla in Morocco (where this 
coin formerly extensively circulated), on 
account of its origin. See Noback (p. 243). 
It represented a value of ten Miscals or 
Metsquals. Fonrobert (5696). 

Maerra Peninga. This term occurs in 
the Anglo-Saxon laws of Aelfred, and is 
translated “larger pennies.” Ruding (i. 
110) thinks that with at least equal pro- 
priety, “it might have been rendered 
‘pure,’ or as it would now be called, ‘law- 
ful money.’ ” 

Mag, possibly an abbreviation of Mag- 
pie (q.v.). An English slang name for 
a half Penny. It is thus defined by G. 
Parker, in Life’s Painter, 1781 (p. 129). 

Dickens, in Bleak House (xxiii.), uses 
the phrase “It can’t be worth a mag to 
him,” and Henry Kingsley, in Ravenshoe 


la cote d’ Angola.” See also Chalmers 

(p. 208). 

C 140] 


Magatama 

(i. 9) says, “As long as lie had a mag to 
bless himself with, he would always be a 
lazy, useless humbug.” See Maggy Robb. 

Magatama. A piece of jade or agate 
in the shape of a tiger’s claw, and sup- 
posed to have been used as a primitive 
money in Japan. See Munro (p. 5). 

Magdalon. A gold coin issued at Tar- 
ascon and other mints of Provence. It 
was struck by Renatus of Anjou (1434- 
1480) and by his successors. It bears a 
figure of St. Mary Magdalen and the 
double cross of Lorraine. 

Maggy Robb, or Maggie Rab. Accord- 
ing to Jamieson, Etymological Dictionary 
of the Scottish Language, this was a pop- 
ular name' for a bad half Penny. He de- 
fines Magg as a cant term for a half Penny 
with the plural Maggs. The latter word 
is used in Lothian to designate the gratu- 
ity which servants expect from those to 
whom they carry any goods. 

The same authority cites an Aberdeen- 
shire saying, “He’s a very guid man, but 
I trow he ’s gotten a Maggy Rob o ’ a 
wife.” 

Magister Thaler. A silver coin of Sacli- 
sen-Weimar, struck in 1654 to commem- 
orate the rectorship of the University of 
Jena, which was conferred on Prince 
Bernhard. See Madai (No. 1491). 

Maglia. The Italian equivalent of the 
Maille {q.v.) At Casale under Giovanni 
III (1445-1464), was struck the copper 
Maglia di Bianchetto. For detailed ac- 
counts of this issue see Rivista Numismat- 
ica, 1867 (ii. 3), and Revue Beige, 1866 
(xi. 3). 

Magpie. An English slang term for a 
half-penny. Dickens, in Oliver Twist (viii) 
has: “I’m at low-water-mark myself, only 
one bob and a magpie.” See Mag. 

Mah. A money of account in Abyssinia, 
twenty- two being equal to an Ashrafi (q.v.) . 

Mahallak. A brass coin of El-ITarrar, a 
province of Abyssinia, issued A. II. 1284 
and after. See Valentine (p. 82). It was 
the one-twentieth part of the Gersh, or 
Ghrush. The same name was given to the 
first silver coin struck at El-TIarrar by 
Menelik. It has a value equal to the 
Egyptian Piastre. 

Mahbub. See Matlibu and Zer-mahbub. 


Majhawala 

Mahbubia. The name given to the 
handsome silver Rupee introduced into cii*- 
culation in Hyderabad in 1904. It re- 
ceives its name from Mir Mahbub Ali 
Khan, the Nizam of the Deccan, “as a com- 
pliment to the ruler who declined to abro- 
gate his currency privileges.” The term 
Mahbubia Annas is also applied to the 
copper coinage of this rule. 

Mahmudi, also called Khodabandi. A 
Persian silver coin of the Sufi or Safi dy- 
nasty. Its value was one half Abbasi or 
two Shahis. It is also known as the Sad- 
Dinar. 

At Bassorah, in Asia-Minor, a money of 
account formerly prevailed based on the 
Persian system, as follows: 

1 Toman = 100 Mahmfuli or Mamflclls. 

= 1,000 Danims or Danimes. 

= 10,000 Flusch. 

According to Noback (p. 652), the 
Mahmudi was also a former copper coin 
of Maskat, and the twentieth part of the 
Piastre or Spanish Dollar. It was sub- 
divided into twenty Gass or Goz. 

Maille, from a French word signifying 
a mesh or a link in a suit of armor, is from 
its probable resemblance, applied to a small 
billon or base silver coin. The Maille 
Tierce or demi Gros and the Maille Tour- 
nois were issued under Philip IV of France 
(1285-1314). The Maille Blanche ap- 
peared under Charles IV (1322-1328), and 
other varieties are the Maille Noire, Maille 
Parisis, Maille Bourgeoise, and the Maille 
d’Or, the latter a gold coin struck in 1347 
by Jehan Bougier of Arras, for the Bish- 
opric of Cambrai. 

The Maille was also common in Flanders, 
and there are special issues for Lille, Ant- 
werp, Brussels, and other towns, which re- 
sembled small Deniers. 

Maillechort. See Argenton. 

Maille Noble. A name given to the 
half Noble first issued in the reign of Ed- 
ward III. See Noble and Ferling. 

Maiorchino. The popular name for the 
Grosso issued in the island of Majorca. It, 
is subdivided into eighteen Piccoli. 

Majhawala. Another name for the gold 
Mohur of Nepal of the weight of half a 
Tola. The word means “a middle coin.” 
See Suka. 


[141 ] 


Majorina 

Majorina, or Pecunia Major. A name 
given to the largest size of bronze coin 
issued by Diocletian after his monetary re- 
form. After Diocletian the piece was is- 
sued only intermittently, notably by Ju- 
lian and Valentinian. 

Make. An obsolete English dialect and 
slang term for a half Penny. See Flag. 

In an old poem of 1547 entitled The 
Hye Way to the Spyttel House occurs the 
line : 

“Docked the dell for a coper meke.” 

Sir Walter Scott, in his novel Wood- 
stock (xxxvi.) has, “I take it; for a make 
to a million. ’ ’ 

Malaque. A silver coin introduced by 
Albuquerque, Governor General of Mal- 
acca, in 1510. See Caixa. 

Maley Groschen. See Maly Groszy. 

Malkontentengulden. A series of coins 
struck in Hungary under Francis Rakoczy 
during the rebellion against Austria, from 
1703 to 1711. They were issued from 1704 
to 1706. 

Malla. The smallest of all the Spanish 
copper coins. Its value was one half of 
a Dinero, and it circulated in Majorca and 
Barcelona as early as the fourteenth cen- 
tury. The name appears to be the Spanish 
equivalent for Maille. 

Malschilling. A silver denomination of 
Anton Gunther, Duke of Oldenburg (1603- 
1667, and copied by Adolf, Count of 
Bentheim-Tecklenburg. 

Maluco. The name given to a cast piece 
of eighty Reis, struck for the island of 
Terceira in 1829 during the war against 
Don Miguel. These coins were made from 
metal obtained from the bells of the con- 
vents. See Mailliet Suppl. (72 i.), and 
Fernandes (p. 312). 

Maly Groszy, or Maley Groschen. The 

word maty in Polish means small, and this 
name was given to certain diminutive 
Groschen issued in Bohemia under Rudolf 
II in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- 
tury. Eighty-four were equal to one Gul- 
den Thaler. 

Marne Gin, See Clio Gin. 

Mamudi. See Mahmudi. 

Man. The old Annamese Avord for a 
Quail (q.v.) or string of Cash. 

[ 1 


Mangir 

Manah. The Babylonian form of the 
Mina (q.v.). 

Mancanza. The name given to a Nea- 
politan gold coin of the value of forty 
Carlini or four Ducati. It was struck by 
Charles 111 in 1749, and later by Ferdi- 
nand IV. Its weight is two thirds that 
of the Oncia. 

Mangeau, or Mangois. See Mansois. 

Mancoso, or Mancuso. A term sup- 
posed to have been derived from the Latin 
manus and consequently applied to such 
coins as exhibit the tigure of a hand. A 
Solidus Mancusus of silver is mentioned at 
the time of Charlemagne as being equal to 
thirty Denarii Nuovi, and an ordinance 
of the Abbey of Sesto at Friuli, dated 778, 
refers to XX mancoseos auri. 

A Denaro Mancuso is found in the Papal 
coinage under Benedict IV (900-903), and 
John XII (955-964). In the Byzantine 
series the Soldo Mancuso occurs under Con- 
stantine V and Leo IV (751-775), and it 
was copied in Beneventum by Luitprand, 
a contemporary ruler (751-758). All of 
the preceding coins have a hand as a prom- 
inent figure. 

The Mancus d’oro was also struck by 
Raimond Berengar IV, Count of Barce- 
lona (1130-1162) who married Petronilla, 
Queen of Aragon. This coin has the in- 
scription barkinot, implying Barcelona. 
See Blanchet (i. 312). 

Finally in the Lucchese coinage the name 
Mancoso occurs as early as 1551, and is 
used for the half of the Scudo d’Oro. 

Mancus. An Anglo-Saxon money of ac- 
count mentioned in payments as early as 
the ninth century. An annual tribute of 
365 Mancuses was made to the Pope for 
the maintenance of the English school in 
Rome, the lighting of St. Peter’s, etc. This 
tribute does not, however, imply 365 coins. 

Mancuso. See Mancoso. 

Mandat. See Assignat. 

Maneh. An early Jewish weight stand- 
ard, the value of which is defined in Ezekiel 
(xlv. 12). See Mina. 

Mangir, or Manghir. A copper coin of 
the Ottoman Empire, introduced by Murad 
I (A. II. 761-792). It ranged apparently 
at first from eight to sixteen to the Akcheh, 
and eventually became of equal value with 
it. 

2 ] 


Manilla 


Marchetto 


The Mangur, as it is sometimes called, 
finally became the fourth part of the Asper 
or the four hundred and eightieth of a 
Piastre. 

It was introduced in Egypt under Solei- 
man I (A. II. 926-974). See Fonrobert 
(5006). 

Manilla, or Manille. A species of ring 
money, resembling a horseshoe, which Avas 
formerly current in the Grand Bassam, 
Southwest Nigeria, and other sections on 
the West Coast of Africa. Specimens occur 
in iron, tin, and copper. See Zay (p. 
246-247). 

Mankush. An Arabic word, the past 
participle of the verb nakash, to engrave. 
It is incorrect to say that it means a coin, 
although it is occasionally found in poetry 
applied to coins as the “engraved” pieces. 

Mannen Tsuho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Manoel. A later name for the Cruzado 
(q.v.). 

Manouvrier Note. The name given to 
a rare variety of the five Dollar note of 
the Confederate Government, issued at 
New Orleans, La., in July, 1861. It re- 
ceives its name from the engraver, Julius 
Manouvrier, a Frenchman who was in busi- 
ness in New Orleans until about 1875. 

Mansois. A billon coin struck by Henry 
V of England in the Anglo-Gallic series 
(1415-1422). The reverse inscription, 
moneta dvplex, indicates that it was a 
variety of the double Tournois. 

The name is variously written Mancois, 
Manceau, Manseau, Monsoys, and in Low 
Latin Manseus. See Ruding (i. 260). 

Mantelet d’Or. Another name for the 
Petit Royal d’Or, struck by Philip III of 
France (1270-1285). See Royal d’Or. 

Marabotin Alfonsin. The gold Dinar 
struck by Alfonso VIII of Castile in imita- 
tion of the Almoravide Dinars. These 
coins have the inscriptions in Arabic and 
the letters aef at the bottom. 

Marabotins. The contemporary name in 
Europe for the gold coins of the Almora- 
vides, struck in Spain and Morocco during 
the eleventh and tAvelfth centuries. See 
Maravedi. 

Maradoe. According to Kelly (p. 214), 
this was a former Chinese money of ac- 
count and computed at six hundred Cash. 


Maravedi. This coin corresponded to the 
gold Dinar and the Marabotin, which was 
struck in Spain by the Moorish dynasty 
of Almoravid.es (El-Murabitin) . The coins 
of the Christian rulers of Spain are copied 
to some extent from their Moorish prede- 
cessors, and even the names are retained. 

The Maravedi appeared in the reign of 
Ferdinand and Isabella and became the 
unit of the Spanish copper coinage. Mul- 
tiples of two, four, six, and eight Mara- 
vedis were issued, and frequently the val- 
ues were altered by means of countermarks. 
Its nominal value, however, was one thirty- 
fourth of a Real. See Rassegna Numis- 
matica (x. 53-56). 

Marc. The French, Spanish, and Italian 
equivalent for the Mark as a weight and 
a money of account. The Castellano (q.v.) 
was based on the fiftieth part of this 
weight. In 1093, Philip I of France do- 
nated nine Marcs of silver for the restora- 
tion of a church which had been destroyed 
by fire. 

Marca Argenti. See Mark. 

Marcello. A silver coin of Venice which 
receives its name from the Doge Nicolo 
Marcello (1473-1474), who introduced it. 
It was retained until the middle of the 
sixteenth century. 

Originally its value Avas ten Soldi, but 
later issues were struck of four, six, and 
eight Soldi, as well as one of five Soldi for 
colonial purposes. 

The Marcello bears on the obverse a 
figure of the standing or crowned Christ, 
and on the reverse the kneeling figure of 
the Doge, in the act of receiving a banner 
from St. Mark. 

The type Avas copied at Mantua as early 
as 1529 and was retained under Francesco 
I Gonzaga (1540-1550). In the coinage of 
Modena during the sixteenth century the 
Grosso of five Soldi was also copied from 
the Marcello. 

Marchesino. The name given to a vari- 
ety of the Bolognino, struck at Ferrara 
during the fourteenth century, Avhile the 
city Avas under the rule of the House of 
Este, called Marchesi di Ferrara. 

Marchetto. A copper coin of Venice, in- 
troduced by the Doge Giovanni Bembo 
(1615-1618), and continued until the latter 


[ 143 ] 


Marchiones 


Mark 


part of the eighteenth century. There is 
a corresponding mezzo Marchetto. 

The name is derived from the figure of 
St. Mark, which occurs on the coin. 

In Bergamo at the beginning of the 
nineteenth century trading was carried on 
in Marchetti, i.e., in Lira of twenty Soldi. 

Marchiones. See Marques. 

Marengo. The name given to a gold 
coin struck in the mint of Turin after the 
battle of Marengo, which occurred on June 
14, 1800. It bears the head of Minerva 
and on the reverse the date l’an 9 or 
l’an 10, i.e., 1801 or 1802. The value was 
twenty Francs, and it was designed by 
Amadeus Lavy, the mintmaster at Turin. 
This coin is also known as the Marenghino. 

Margaretengroschen. The name given 
to some silver coins of the fifteenth cen- 
tury, struck by Frederick II, Margrave of 
Meissen, which bear the letter M in addi- 
tion to the ordinary inscription. Authori- 
ties are agreed that this represents Mar- 
garet, the wife of Frederick, to whom were 
accorded certain minting privileges. 

Margengroschen. See Mariengroschen. 

Maria. The popular name for a Spanish 
silver coin struck by Charles II (1665- 
1700). On the reverse was a large letter 
M with an A crossing the same and the 
value. There is a Maria of four Reales 
and another of eight Reales. 

Maria Theresa Thaler. See Levant 
Dollar. 

Mariengroschen, or Gros a la Madone. 

A silver coin originally issued at Goslar in 
1505 with a value of eighty to the Mark, 
and consequently inferior to the Bohemian 
Groschen, which were computed at sixty 
to the Mark. These coins received their 
name from the figure of the Virgin and 
Child on the reverse. In Adam Berg’s 
New Miintzbuch, 1597, they are called 
Margengroschen, and their value is stated 
to be equal to ten white Pfennige. 

The type was copied in Hanover, Bruns- 
wick-Liineburg, and many parts of West- 
phalia. During the seventeenth century 
this coin was legalized at one thirty-sixth 
of the Thaler, or one twenty-fourth of the 
Gulden, and numerous multiples and divi- 
sions were struck. 


The name was retained long after the 
original design was abandoned, e.g., there 
exist pieces for Brunswick-Liineburg of 
twelve and twenty-four Mariengroschen 
with the running horse design. 

Marienthaler. This coin, like the Gros- 
chen of the same name, receives its title 
from the figure of the Virgin and the Child 
on the reverse. They were originally 
struck at Hamburg, Goslar, and Hildes- 
heim, were copied in Hungary and were 
issued in Bavaria as late as 1871. 

Marigold. An obsolete slang name for 
a Guinea, and probably given to the coin 
on account of its yellow color, which is a 
distinctive feature of the flower. Abraham 
Cowley, in his play, The Cutter of Cole- 
man Street, 1663 (ii. 3), says: “I’ll . . . 
put five hundred Marygolds in a Purse.” 

Marjase. The Hungarian name for the 
Austrian seventeen Kreuzer pieces. 

Mark, or Marca Argenti. The Mark as 
a gold and silver weight is mentioned in 
Germany as early as the eleventh century. 
In the Nibelunglied, composed between 
1180 and 1190, there is mention of zehen 
marc von golde, Richard I of England was 
ransomed for ten thousand Marks, and 
Shakespeare in The Comedy of Errors (ii. 
1 and iii. 1) speaks of “a thousand marks 
in gold.” It was extensively employed in 
Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries, and the Kolnische Mark in 1524 
was made the accepted weight standard 
throughout Central Europe. 

As a money of account it was used for 
the payment of large sums where the small 
silver coins of different sizes and fineness 
were simply weighed. See Usualmark. 

The divisions of the Mark were : 

The one fourth, called Vierdung, Viert- 
ing, Firdung, or Ferto. 

The one sixteenth, called Lot. 

The one thirty-second, called Setin, and 

The one sixty-fourth, called Quentin, or 
Quentchen. 

These divisions were uniformly recog- 
nized, though the weight varied in different 
localities. 

Mark. The unit of the currency of Ger- 
many. It was introduced as a silver coin 
pursuant to an ordinance of December 4, 
1871, and divided into one hundred Pfen- 
nige. 


[ IH] 


Mark 


Massa 


There are multiples of two, three, and 
five Marks in silver, the latter denomina- 
tion being now abolished. In gold there 
are multiples of five, ten, and twenty 
Marks. 

The ten Mark piece was originally called 
a Krone, and the silver coin of three Marks 
replaced the Thaler. 

Mark. A silver coin which appeared 
early in the sixteenth century in Scandi- 
navia, Livonia, Holstein, Hamburg, Lii- 
beck, Mecklenburg, etc., and which repre- 
sented approximately a half Thaler. 

In Sweden it was struck as early as 1512 
and retained until the beginning of the 
eighteenth century. In Denmark its value 
was sixteen Skilling and it was in use to 
the reign of Frederick VI (1808). 

A Mark was issued in Livonia in 1573 
for payment of the garrison of Pernau. 

Mark. See Nova Constellatio. 

Mark Banco. See Banco. 

Markka (plural Markkaa). A silver 
coin of Finland, issued in 1865 and sub- 
divided into one hundred Pennia. Fin- 
land has had a gold standard since 1877, 
and its coins are based on the system 
adopted by the Latin Union. Multiples 
exist in gold of ten and twenty Markkaa. 

Mark Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick’s 
Money. 

Marmussini. A money of Milan men- 
tioned as early as 1473, and later regu- 
lated at seven to a Grosso to conform with 
the coinage of Savoy. See Promis (ii. 34- 
35). 

Marque. A name given to a class of 
billon coins struck by France for use in 
its colonies. Their dates range from about 
1738 to 1744, and they were received at, 
various values. Thus in Canada they repre- 
sented a double Sol of twenty-four Deniers 
and a Sol of half that value ; in the Isles 
of France and Bourbon they corresponded 
to three Sols; in the Antilles to two Sous 
and six Deniers, etc. See Sol and 
Tampe, and conf. Zay (pp. 65-70), and 
Wood, in American Journal of Numismat- 
ics (xlviii. 129-136). 

Marque Blanc. The name given to the 
billon coin of French Guiana of the value 
of ten Centimes, struck in 1818. As they 
contained twenty per cent of silver they 


presented a whiter appearance than the 
Noirs or older Marques. 

Marques. Hugo, Comte de la Marche, 
established a mint at Bellac in 1211 and 
struck coins called Marques, or Marchiones, 
bearing a figure resembling a half moon. 
See Blanchet (i. 287). 

Marti. The popular name for the Cuban 
gold coin of the value of five Pesos issued 
in 1915. It bears on the obverse the head 
of Jose Marti, the Cuban patriot, who died 
in 1895 at the early age of forty-two years. 

Martinsgulden. See Albansgulden. 

Martinsthaler. See Bettlerthaler. 

Marzelien. This term was formerly used 
in Germany to designate coins with the 
figure of St. Mark. The Diet of Augsburg, 
on June 19, 1589, established their value 
at nineteen Kreuzer. 

Mas. A gold coin of the former King- 
dom of At.jeh in Sumatra. It can be traced 
to the latter part of the sixteenth century. 
Sir John Davis, in his Travels, 1598, states 
that 

1600 Caixas = 1 Mas, or Mace. 

400 Caixas = 1 Koupan. 

4 Koupaus = 1 Mas, or Mace. 

4 Mas = 1 Pardaw. 

4 Pardaws = 1 Ta.vell, or Tail. 

Netscher states that he has never seen the 
Koupan, Pardaw, or Tayell, and considers 
them moneys of account. Conf. also Millies 
(P- 72). 

Masaka. A coin of Ceylon which is re- 
ferred to in commentaries written as early 
as the fifth century. It appears to have 
been of both metal and wood, though no 
specimens are now in existence. See Rhys 
Davids (sec. 13). 

Masenetta. A silver coin of Ferrara of 
the value of one Grossetto, with the figure 
of St. Maurelius on one side and a corn- 
mill on the reverse. 

It was introduced in the fifteenth cen- 
tury either by Duke Borso (1450-1471) or 
by his successor, Ercole I (1471-1505). For 
detailed accounts of the origin of the name 
and the curious devices, see Rivista Italiana 
di Numismatica (xviii. 560). 

Mashrabi. See Mushtari. 

Maskat Pice. See Baisa. 

Massa. A Latin term denoting a Flan 
or Blank (q.v.). 


[ 14-5 ] 


Massa 


Maundy Money 


Massa. A copper coin of Ceylon, speci- 
mens of which have been discovered dating 
back to the middle of the twelfth century. 
It was probably a later form of the Masaka 
( q.v .), and was copied by a long line of the 
native rulers. 

Massachusetts Cent. This well-known 
coin first appeared in 1787 and the corre- 
sponding half Cent in the following year. 

It was evidently the intention to issue 
coins of larger denominations also, as men- 
tion is made in Fleet’s Pocket Almanack 
for the year 1789 that “a mint is erected 
on Boston Neck, for coining of gold, silver, 
and copper, of the same weight, alloy, and 
value as is fixed by the Resolve of Congress 
of the 8th of August, 1786. Copper only 
has as yet been coined, viz : Cents and Ilalf- 
Cents. ” See Crosby. 

Masse d’Or. A gold coin of France 
struck only by Philip III (1270-1285) and 
his successor Philip IV (1285-1314). It 
has on one side a figure of the King seated 
on a throne and holding in his hand a long 
sceptre or mace (Fr. la masse ) from which 
it receives its name. 

Masson. A silver coin of Lorraine and 
Bar, which receives its name from Mons. 
Masson, the Director of the Mint in 1728 
and 1729. See De Saulcy (pi. xxxiii. 1). 

Masumma. See Mazuma. 

Matapan, or Grosso Veneto. The 

name given to a variety of the Grosso ( q.v .) 
which was first struck by Enrico Dandulo, 
Doge of Venice, from 1192 to 1205. The 
etymology of the word is uncertain, but it 
is known that the Venetians took part in 
the fourth Crusade in the year 1204, the 
result of which was the annexation by 
Venice of several islands and territories in 
the Aegean Sea, among them being Morea. 
As the Venetians retained possession of 
this section for some time, and probably 
established mints there, the name may be 
connected with Cape Matapan in Morea. 

The Matapan usually has on one side a 
figure of the Doge receiving a banner from 
St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice, and 
on the reverse a figure of Christ seated on 
a throne. 

These coins were extensively struck up 
to the beginning of the fifteenth century, 
and were copied by the Balkan States. The 


Matapan was succeeded by the Grossetto 
(q.V.). 

Mathbu, or Metbuo. A gold coin of 
Morocco, which appears to have been intro- 
duced about the period of Muley Ismail 
ben Scherif (A. II. 1082-1140), and discon- 
tinued in the latter part of the eighteenth 
century. Its value was one and a half 
Rials or twenty and a quarter Ukkias. 

Matica (plural Maticaes). A currency 
adopted by Portugal for Mozambique. See 
Barrinha. 

Matier. See Matthiasgroschen. 

Matsuri Sen. A form of the Japanese 
E Sen (q.v.), sometimes known as “Festi- 
val” Sen. They are cast in such a way 
that several pieces form a group often very 
picturesque. They are made to stand up- 
right or to set in a holder and are used 
for shrine offerings or ornaments. 

Matthiasgroschen. A name originally 
bestowed on certain varieties of the silver 
Groschen of Goslar, struck in 1464. They 
bore on the obverse a bust of St. Matthew, 
the patron saint of the city, whose body 
it was claimed was brought to Goslar by 
the Emperor Henry III in the year 1040. 

These coins were of the value of six 
Pfennige, and they were extensively copied 
in Hildesheim in 1663, in Hanover, etc., 
where their value was subject to consid- 
erable fluctuation. 

The terms Matthier, Matier, or Mattier, 
are abbreviated names for coins of similar 
type struck for Ravensberg by Frederick 
William of Brandenburg. They were of 
the value of four Pfennige, or one half of 
a Mariengroschen, and were used in Bruns- 
wick as late as the nineteenth century. 

Maundy Money. This money was first 
issued in 1670, to conform to the old cus- 
tom of distributing the royal bounty to 
certain poor persons on Maundy or Holy 
Thursday. The name seems to be derived 
from the maund or bag in which they were 
carried. The coins consist of silver Four- 
pence or Groats, Threepence, Twopence or 
half Groats, and Pennies ; they are not in- 
tended for currency but are, nevertheless, 
legal tender. 

In the reign of Victoria a considerable 
number of the Threepences and half Groats 
were exported to Jamaica and used as cur- 
rency there. See Wire Money. 


[ 146 ] 


Maximilian d’Or 


Megg 


The practice of distributing coins to the 
populace dates from the time of the Roman 
emperors, where such pieces, called Mis- 
silia, were thrown to the public on days of 
festivity, during the performances at the 
circus, etc. In the German series, coins 
specially struck for distribution during 
commemorative exercises receive the name 
of Auswurf Miinzen, i.e., “money to be 
thrown out.” 

Maximilian d’Or. A gold coin of Ba- 
varia, a variety of the Pistole or five Thaler. 
The name is principally applied to the 
issues of Duke Maximilian III (1745-1778). 

Mayili. A Kanarese word which is sup- 
posed to signify a token. The term Mayili 
Kasn followed by a numeral, and meaning 
“Token Cash,” is found on the copper 
coins of Krishna Raja Udaiyar, the ruler 
of Mysore (1799-1868). 

Mayon. See Salung. 

Mazuma, or Masumma. This word is 
American Yiddish for money ; Yiddish be- 
ing a patois of Polish, Russian, German, 
and Hebrew, and American Yiddish being 
made up of the same languages plus Eng- 
lish. The word comes from the Polish- 
Yiddish word, Masummen, which in turn 
is derived from M’Zumon, being literally 
“Means of Sustenance.” The latter is 
from the verb Zoman, i.e., “to feed.” 

Meaia, or Meaja. An obsolete Spanish 
word, meaning a medal. 

Mealha. A billon coin resembling the 
Denier, and which appears to have been 
struck only during the reign of Alfonso I 
of Portugal (1128-1185). 

Mechelaar. A silver coin of Brabant 
struck in 1485 and later. Its value was 
one and a half Grooten, and the corre- 
sponding Dubbele Mechelaar was generally 
known as the Penning van drie Grooten. 
See Heylen (p. 64). 

Medaglia, Medaille. The correspond- 
ing names in Italian and French for a 
medal . 

Medal. A piece coined for the purpose 
of commemorating some historical event, or 
as an award for personal merit. It is never 
intended to pass for money. 

Various derivations of the word are 
given. Scaliger derives it from the Arabic 
Methalia, a sort of coin with a head upon 


it, and Vossius states that it comes from 
Metallum, metal. The most probable ety- 
mology, however, is from the Italian meda- 
gha, a term which can be traced to the 
fourteenth century, and which was applied 
to a coin outside of circulation, and valu- 
able only for its historical or artistic fea- 
tures. See Schauthaler. 

Medalet. A small medal. 

Medallion. A name generally given to 
very large pieces which occur in the Roman 
series, and which were struck by Imperial 
authority in gold, silver, and bronze. It 
is not definitely settled whether they were 
used as actual currency or intended as 
commemoration pieces. See Stevenson 
( s.v .). 

Mediacula. An obsolete Italian term 
signifying a medal. Poey d’Avant (iii. 
179) cites it from the mint records of the 
Abbey of Cluny, and from ordinances of 
William, Duke of Aquitaine, A.D. 1019. 

Mediano. This term was used in Milan 
to describe the half Soldo of six Danari. 

Mediatino. A name given to the double 
Danaro, struck in Verona from 1259 to 
1329. 

Medino. A copper coin of Egypt, the 
fortieth part of the Ghrush, the twentieth 
of the Yigirmlik, and the fifth of the 
Beshlik. 

A billon coin of twenty Medins is cited 
by Mailliet (Suppl. 23, 5) as having been 
struck during the French occupation of 
Cairo, 1798-1801. 

Medio. A Spanish word meaning one 
half, and not infrequently applied to the 
half Real, it was extensively used in 
North America during the colonial period, 
and to some extent after the War of the 
Revolution. Its value represented six and 
a quarter Cents. 

Medjidie, or Irmilik. A silver coin of 
the modern Turkish series of the value of 
eighteen and one half Piastres, though 
often reckoned at twenty Piastres or eighty 
Metal liks. 

Megg. A nickname for a Guinea. 
Thomas Shadwell, in his play, The Squire 
of Alsatia, 1688 - (i. 1), says: “Meggs are 
Guineas, Smelts are half-guineas.” See 
Decus. 


[ 147 ] 


Mehnder-Mulie 


Mexican Dollar 


Mehnder-Mulie. Kirkpatrick, in An 
Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1811 
(pp. 217-218), states that in 1793 “the sil- 
ver eight-anna piece, now called Mohr and 
Adheeda, was formerly denominated Mehn- 
der-Mulie, after the Prince who first struck 
it ( i.e Mahendra Malla, A.D. 1566), and 
by treaty established it in the neighboring 
Kingdom of Tibet.” 

Meke. An obsolete dialect term for a 
half Penny. See Make. 

Mencalis. Du Cange states that this is 
the name of a Spanish coin which occurs 
in documents written in Latin. 

Menelik. The name given to the Talari 
issued by Menelik, King of Abyssinia. 
These coins were struck at Paris. 

Menudo, frequently called Menut, an 
obsidional copper coin, struck at Vicli 
during the French occupation in 1645 ; at 
Barcelona in 1643 ; and in Civita Yecchia 
from 1642 to 1646. See Mailliet (cxx. 12- 
15, Suppl. 11, No. 12), etc. 

These appear to have been copied from 
a regular type issued by Philip II and 
Philip III of Spain. 

Meraner Kreuzer. See Kreuzer. 

Mereau. Originally a moneyer’s pass or 
token, which originated in France. At a 
later period it was used for the identifica- 
tion of members at council meetings, re- 
ligious festivals, etc. 

M. Blanchet, in his Numismatique du 
Moyen-age ct Moderne, Paris, 1890, repro- 
duces on the cover of the Atlas a moneyer’s 
pass in silver of the mint of Lyons, bear- 
ing on the obverse a crowned bust of Fran- 
cis II. The Paris Cabinet des Medailles 
preserves similar mereaux of the mints of 
Grenoble, Cremieu, Lyons, Avignon, and 
Trevoux. That of Avignon, which is the 
latest in date, was issued in the name and 
has the arms of Cardinal de Bourbon 
(Charles X), who was at the time Legate 
of the Holy See to the Comtat Venaissin. 

The work of de Fauris de Saint-Vincens 
describes one of these silver passes, bearing 
the name of Louis XII, with the title of 
Comte de Provence, which has on reverse 
an initial A, evidently indicating the mint 
of Aix. 

De Courtois Revue Numismatique, 1848, 
(p. 66) illustrates a mereau, of small mod- 
ule, issued by the moneyers of Tarascon. 


Merk. A Scottish coin which owes its 
origin to the mediaeval Mark, which was 
originally a weight, next a money of ac- 
count, and lastly a coined piece. 

The Merk first appears in the Scottish 
series of money, as a coin, in 1591, where 
a “Balance Half Merk” of James VI is 
mentioned. See Patrick, Records of the 
Coinage of Scotland (i. introd. and pp. 
118, 177, 253, ii. pi. 9). These were fol- 
lowed by the Thistle Merk (q.v.) of 1601 
and later. 

The value of the Merk continued to be 
two thirds of the Pound (i.e., 13s. 4d.), 
but when James VI ascended the English 
throne the Scottish money had so deteri- 
orated that it compared to the English as 
one to twelve. The Double Merk was also 
known as the Thistle Dollar. See Noble. 

Messir, or Mishir. A gold coin of the 
modern Turkish series of the value of 
twenty-five Piastres. 

Messthaler. The name given to the sil- 
ver coins struck by the Bishops of Sitten, 
in Switzerland, on which are usually de- 
picted a figure of St. Theodolus before an 
altar. 

Metallik, or Metallique. The name given 

to a variety of low grade silver Turkish 
coins, which constituted a large part of the 
ordinary circulation, chiefly in Asia Minor. 

The largest of these Metalliks when com- 
posed of fifty-two parts of silver and forty- 
eight of copper, is known as the Altilik, 
and has a value of five Piastres. When, 
however, the same sized coin contains only 
twenty-five per cent of silver, it is known 
as the Beshlik, and is only equal to two 
and one half Piastres. As the smaller 
Metalliks are in the same ratio, the great- 
est confusion formerly prevailed, which, 
however, was remedied in 1911 upon the 
introduction of the nickel coinage. 

Metbuo. See Mathbu. 

Metsqal. See Miscal. 

Metzblanken. The name given to the 
Breitgroschen of the city of Metz, struck 
during the fifteenth century. 

Mexican Dollar. Originally this was the 
popular name for the silver coin of eight 
Reales which was struck in Mexico and 
largely used in the Orient. It is mentioned 
in this sense as early as the beginning of 
[148] 


Mezza 


Milled Money 


the eighteenth century. Although the coin 
is no longer issued the name has survived 
to the present day and is now applied in 
the Far East to the Mexican Peso, which 
circulates for the exact amount of silver 
that it contains, and consequently has a 
fluctuating value. See Chopped Dollar. 

Mezza. An Italian word meaning one 
half, and applied to coins to indicate the 
half of some recognized unit. 

Mezzanino. An Italian silver coin of 
half the value of the Grosso ( q.v .). It was 
first issued under the Doge Francesco Dan- 
dolo of Venice (1326-1339). 

A copper Mezzanino was struck at Ra- 
gusa in 1795 and 1796, of the same value 
as the Venetian type. 

Michaels Gulden and Michaels Pfennige. 

The name given to two denominations 
struck by the Abbots of Beromiinster in the 
Canton of Luzerne. They obtain their 
name from the figure of the archangel 
Michael slaying a dragon, which occurs on 
the reverse of these coins. 

Michalati. Certain Byzantine Solidi 
struck in the name of the Emperor Michael 
bore this designation, which was probably 
only a popular term. 

Michieletta. The name given to a series 
of leather obsidional coins issued for the 
city of Tyrus, in 1124. The name is 
derived from Dominicus Michieli, Doge of 
Venice (1117-1130), who introduced them. 
See Leather Money. 

Mihon Sen. See Shiken Sen. 

Mihrabi. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- 
peror of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees. 
See Sihansah. 

Mikron. See Obolos. 

Mil. A copper coin of Hong Kong, first 
issued in 1863. It has a round hole in the 
centre for stringing purposes. The in- 
scriptions are bi-lingual, English and 
Chinese, and its value is one tenth of the 
bronze Cent. The Chinese call it Tsian. 

Milan d’Or. The name given to the gold 
coin of twenty Dinara issued in Servia by 
Milan I in 1882. 

Mildinar. See Hazardinar. 

Milesimo. A former copper denomina- 
tion of the Philippine Islands; the one 
thousandth part of the Spanish Escudo. 


Miliarensis, or Milliarensis, Gr. MiXtap- 
tcrtov, a silver coin, introduced by Constan- 
tine the Great, which at first had the value 
of one fourteenth of a Solidus, and ob- 
tained its name from being the one thou- 
sandth part of the pound of gold. It was 
coined continuously from Constantine to 
Justinian 1. After the latter’s reign the 
Miliarensis was raised in weight to equal 
the one twelfth of the Solidus and the 
value changed from one and three quarter 
Siliquae to two Siliquae (q.v.). 

Military Guinea. See Guinea. 

Milk Penny. See Old Milk Penny. 

Mill. The constructive unit of the mon- 
etary system of the United States. It is 
a money of account and equal to the one 
tenth of the Cent or the one thousandth 
part of the Dollar. 

Millares. The name given to certain 
square silver coins struck by the Almo- 
hades in Spain and Northern Africa during 
the twelfth century. They appear to be 
the successors of the Miliarenses (q.v.). 

The name Millares, however, is more fre- 
quently used for the imitations of these 
half Dirhems made by a number of Chris- 
tian cities in Spain, Southern France, and 
Italy for purposes of trade with the Arabs. 
For an exhaustive treatise on the subject 
see Blancard, Le Millares, 1876, and Engel 
and Serrure (iii. 456). 

Millares. The modern French name for 
the ancient Miliarense (q.v.). 

Milled Money. A name given to such 
coins as Avere made by the employment of 
the mill and screw process which super- 
seded the hammered coins (q.v.). 

Folkes states that “the maker of this 
milled money is reported to have been one 
Philip Mastrelle, a Frenchman, who event- 
ually, however, fell into the practice of 
coining counterfeit money, and was con- 
victed, and executed at Tyburn, on the 
27th of January, 1569.” Kenyon states 
that the “new process of coining, by 
means of the mill and screw, was intro- 
duced into England from France, appar- 
ently by a Frenchman called Eloye Mes- 
trell. ” Hawkins, on the other hand, as- 
serts that “the name of the Frenchman is 
unknown and the whole history of the pro- 
cess and its employment is involved in 
singular obscurity.” 


[ 149 ] 


Millieme 


Miobolo 


One thing, however, is certain, and that 
is that from 1561 to 1575 milled coins were 
made in England, but as they did not win 
entire approval, they were discontinued 
and not revived until November 5, 1662, 
when a warrant was issued for coining by 
the mill altogether. 

Shakespeare alludes to the milled Six- 
pence in The Merry Wives of Windsor (i. 

1 ). 

For an exhaustive treatise on the early 
minting operations by mill and screw, see 
Mr. W. J. Hocking ’s monograph entitled 
Simon’s Dies in the Royal Mint Museum, 
with Some Notes on the Early History of 
Coinage by Machinery, contributed to the 
Numismatic Chronicle (4th Series, vol. ix.). 

Millieme, also called Ochr-el-guerche. A 
nickel coin of modern Egypt of the value 
of fouY Para, or the one tenth of the 
Piastre. There are multiples of two and 
five Milliemes in the same metal. 

Mill-sail Type. Many Greek coins of the 
Archaic period have for their reverse type 
a square design composed of six or eight 
lines radiating from a common centre to 
the corners and sides of the square. The 
resulting six or eight triangular compart- 
ments are alternately raised or depressed, 
giving somewhat the appearance of a 
swastika or mill-sail and from whence is 
derived the modern name for the design. 

Milreis. The money of account for Por- 
tugal and Brazil. One thousand Reis are 
called Milreis, and one million Reis is 
known as a Con to di Reis. 

The word is derived from mille, mil, a 
thousand, and real, rey, a King. The Rei 
of Manuel (1495-1521) was a small copper 
coin of low value which was abolished in 
the sixteenth century, but multiples were 
retained, some of which received specific 
names. Thus the Tostao was one hundred 
Reis ; the Cruzado four hundred, the Coroa 
five thousand, etc. 

A nominal gold standard has been in 
use in Portugal since 1854 and the gold 
coins consist of five and two Milreis, i.e., 
five thousand and two thousand Reis re- 
spectively. In silver the Milreis consist 
of one thousand Reis, and there are smaller 
coins of silver and bronze, the lowest being 
a piece of one Real. 

Portugal imposed her monetary system 
on Brazil but cut the value of the unit 


in two. As a consequence the silver Mil- 
reis of Brazil represent a value of half of 
the Portuguese, and the nickel coins of 
400, 200, and 100 Reis, adopted in 1906, 
are in the same proportion. 

Mimigardeford Deniers. The oldest sil- 
ver coins of Munster are so called. The 
city received this name when founded by 
Charlemagne A.D. 803, and retained it 
until 1041, when the title Monasterium was 
adopted. 

These Deniers have on one side a church 
with three towers or steeples, and the in- 
scription + MIMIGARDEFORD, 01’ + MIMIGERNE- 
FORDE. 

Mina, or Manah. An early weight 
standard employed by the Babylonians 
and Greeks, and one sixtieth of the Talent 
( q.v .). The Greek Mina was equal to one 
hundred Drachmai, and the Babylonian 
and Persian Mina or Manah was divided 
into one hundred Sigloi. 

Mining-pieces. See Ausbeutemiinzen. 

Minnespanning. A term used by Swed- 
ish numismatists to indicate a token or 
medalet issued to commemorate some spe- 
cial event. The word minne means mem- 
ory. # 

Mint Condition. This term when ap- 
plied to coins or medals means that they 
are in the highest degree of preservation, 
or absolutely bright and perfect as when 
issued by the mint. 

Mint-Marks. Abbreviations of words on 
coins to indicate the place where the coin 
was struck. They are usually to be found 
on the lower part of the coin or in the 
exergue, but instances occur where they 
are placed above the head on the obverse. 

Minuto. The name given to a small bil- 
lon coin issued in Genoa in the thirteenth 
century during Republican rule. It was 
in use until about the year 1700, after 
which time it was struck in copper. The 
latter type was copied in Cagliari, Savoy, 
etc. 

Minutulus, or Argenteus Minutulus, an- 
other name for the Argenteus (q.v.). 

Compare Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (xxii. 
8). Also see Siliqua. 

Miobolo. An obsolete copper coin of 
the Ionian Islands. The name is probably 
a corruption of medio obolos, and is applied 
to the half Obolos. 


[ 150 ] 


Mirliton 


Mite 


Mirliton. The name given to a variety 
of the Louis d’Or struck by Louis XV. It 
has on the reverse two interlaced cursive 
Ls, with a crown above and a palm-branch 
on each side. 

Mirror Sen. See Kagami Sen. 

Miscal. A unit of weight for bullion, 
prevalent in all Muhammadan countries. 
It is the equivalent of twenty-four Nak- 
hods or Peas, and the Nakliod is equiva- 
lent to four gandums or grains of wheat. 
The Committee for the Reform of the Cur- 
rency in Egypt experienced great difficulty 
in determining the exact weight, and fin- 
ally decided to set aside the miscal and 
adopt the metric system. 

Mr. H. L. Rabino contributed an inter- 
esting paper on the coins of the Shahs of 
Persia to the Numismatic Chronicle (series 
iv. vol. 8) from which the following is 
extracted : 

“When the Imperial Bank of Persia 
started operations in Persia in 1890, it had 
to import capital in bar silver to be coined 
in Tehran. A standard weight had to be 
fixed. Ilajji Muhammad Hassan, Amin ez- 
Zarb, late Mint-master to the Persian Gov- 
ernment, and Mr. Rabino, chief manager of 
the Bank, after a series of experiments 
with the Mint and Bank weights, estab- 
lished the proportion between miscals and 
ounces troy as 250 miscals = 37 ounces 
troy, or 1 miscal = 71.04 grains. This has 
ever since been recognized as the equiva- 
lent of the miscal for bullion transactions. 

‘ ‘ I must add that when the Customs Ad- 
ministration were preparing the New Com- 
mercial Convention they had no knowledge 
of this standard, having at the time no 
control over the Mint, and after weighing 
the heavy weights in use in their admin- 
istration, they fixed the equivalent of the 
batman Tabrizi of 640 miscals as 2.97 kilo- 
grammes. Tli is equivalent is confirmed, so 
to say, by treaty. On taking charge of 
the Mint the Customs found an established 
standard weight for bullion, which they 
maintained. 

“There is consequently now in Persia a 
legal weight for bullion, the miscal of 71.04 
grains ; and a legal weight for merchandise, 
the miscal of 71.61 grains.” 

The Miscal, also called Metsqal and 
Mitsqal, is a silver coin of Morocco, intro- 
duced by Muhammad Abd-Allah ben Is- 


mail (A. II. 1171-1205). Its value is ten 
Dirhems. See Kesme. 

In recent years the Chinese have struck 
in Turkestan bi-lingual silver coins of five, 
three, two, and one Miscals. 

Mise. An obsolete term for the double 
Albus or Weisspfennig. It originated from 
the fact that this was the amount of the 
stake or entrance money for playing the 
game of lotto formerly controlled by the 
Hessian government. Conf. the French 
Mise. 

Mise Money. An obsolete payment of 
money by way of contract to purchase 
some particular exemption. Blount, in 
Ancient Tenures, 1679 (p. 162) states 
that “The tenants shall pay him a certain 
sum of money called Mise-money, in con- 
sideration whereof, they claim to be ac- 
quit of all fines and amerciaments, which 
are recorded at that time and in Court 
Rolls and not levyed.” 

Mishir. See Messir. 

Misqal, or Misqali, Another name for 
the Sanar (q.v.) in the coinage of Afghan- 
istan. See Miscal. 

Misri. See Zer-mahbub. 

Missiiia. See Maundy Money. 

Mistura. A general name for Italian 
billon or base silver coins, but more espe- 
cially applied to the early issues of Asti, 
Cremona, Fano, the Papal coins of Avig- 
non, etc. j 

Mitad. This word is found very fre- 
quently on tokens of Latin America, and 
designates a half Real. 

Mite. The Domesday Book, circa 1086 
(i. 268), mentions the term minuta, from 
which comes the English word mite. 

Ruding (i. 217) says, “a mite, in mon- 
eyer’s weight is the twentieth part of a 
grain, and an indenture of the 17th year 
of Edward III mentions un mytisme de 
carate.” See Lepton and Myte. 

Mite. The expression “a Mite” is used 
mainly to indicate an extremely small unit 
of monetary value. In arithmetical books 
of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 
it is mentioned as the lowest denomination 
of English money of account. 

Caxton, in his Dialogues, 1483 (p. 51), 
has, “A peny, a halfpeny, A ferdyng, a 
myte;’’ and Jeake, in his Arithmetick, 1696 


[ 151 ] 


Mithqal 


Mon 


(p. 77), states that there are sixteen mites 
in one Farthing. See Lepton. 

Mithqal. A dialectic form of Miscal 
(q.v.). 

Mitre. J. Simon, in his work on Irish 
Coins, 1749 (p. 15), states that “other for- 
eign coins called Mitres, Lionines, etc., 
from the stamp or figures impressed on 
them, were . . . uttered here for pennies, 
though not worth half a penny.” See Ro- 
sary. 

Mitsqal. See Miscal. 

Mixti nummi. See Plated Goins. 

Mnaieion ([xvcctstov). A piece of one 
hundred Drachms. 

The gold Octodraclnns (or one hundred 
silver Drachms) of Egypt were known by 
this name in ancient times. 

Mocenigo, also called Lira Mocenigo. 

A silver coin of Venice, which receives its 
name from the Doge Pietro Mocenigo 
(1474-1476), who introduced it. The type 
was similar to the Marcella (q.v.) and the 
coin was retained until about the middle 
of the sixteenth century. Its original value 
was ten Soldi. 

Moco. A West Indian silver piece cut 
from a Spanish Dollar. It corresponded to 
the Bit (q.v.), and was extensively used 
in the islands of Dominica and Guade- 
loupe. See Zay and Chalmers (passim). 

The name is probably a corruption of 
the French morceau, but Chalmers states 
that “Moco seems to be an abbreviation 
of the word Maccochino, of which the 
forms Maccaroni and Macquina were em- 
ployed in Jamaica and Trinidad to denote 
cut money.” 

Module. A word used to indicate the 
diameter of a coin. 

Moeda. See Moidore. 

Morchen. See Morchen. 

Mogrebi. The name formerly used for 
the Spanish Dollar in Arabia. See No- 
back (p. 679). 

Mohar. The name used in Nepal for the 
Pa-nying Tang-Ka, or Ang-tuk (q.v.). 

Mohur, or more properly, Muhr. A 
gold coin of India, the issues with native 
inscriptions dating back to the dynasty of 
the Moghul emperors in the sixteenth cen- 
tury. The name is from the Arabic, sig- 


nifying the impression of a seal. See Si- 
ll ansah. 

The Moliurs of the East India Company 
were first struck as patterns in 1765 for 
Bombay, and in 1769 at the Murshidabad 
mint for Bengal. The English regal coin- 
age of Moliurs commenced soon after 1858 
when the government of India was trans- 
ferred to the Crown. 

In 1899 the silver standard of India was 
superseded by the gold standard and the 
Mohur was replaced by the Sovereign. 

In the former money of account for 
Bombay, Madras, etc., the Mohur was com- 
puted as follows : 

1 Moliur = 3 Fanams or Paunchea. 

= 15 Rupees. 

= 240 Annas. 

= 750 Fuddea, or double Pice. 

= 1500 Pice or Dogganey (Duganih). 

= 1000 Doreas or Durihs. 

= 3000 Urdees or Urdlhs. 

= 6000 Reis. 

See Noback (p. 137). 

Moidore, or more properly, Moeda, 
from moneta, money, a gold coin of Por- 
tugal and Brazil. When originally issued 
under Sebastian I (1557-1578) it was 
given a value of five hundred Reis, but 
this coin was nothing but a one and one 
quarter Cruzado. The Moidore proper, of 
four thousand Reis, was first struck in the 
reign of Pedro II (1683-1706), and dis- 
continued under John V (1706-1750; some 
writers even limiting the period of issue 
from the years 1688 to 1732. 

It was struck much longer for Brazil, 
and was superseded by the gold coin of 
four thousand Reis, issued by Pedro I in 
1823. See Chalmers (p. 396) and Lis- 
bonino. 

Molybdos (Gr. ]j.6Xu[3do<;)=Lead (q.v.). 

Momme. Ordinarily a Japanese weight, 
but in some instances used as indicative of 
value. Thus in 1765 appeared a rectilinear 
silver coin called the Tanuma Go Momme 
Gin, or the five Momme Silver of Tanuma 
(Munro, p. 195). It was valued at the 
twelfth of a gold Ryo. See Kwan. 

Mon. A word implying a crest or badge 
and applied to such of the early Japanese 
Sen as had this decoration. See Munro 
(pp. 17, 36). Later the name was syn- 
onymous with Rin, i.e., the tenth part of 
the Sen. The Japanese Tempo (q.v.) was 
worth one hundred Mon. 


[ 152 ] 


Monarque 

In the Korean coinage the Mon or Mun 
is the hundredth part of the present Niang 
or Yang. Copper pieces of five and ten 
Mini are issued. 

Monarque. A French slang expression 
for the silver coin of five Francs, which 
formerly bore a large portrait of the reign- 
ing emperor. 

Moneda Provisional. A term used by 
Spanish numismatists when describing ob- 
sidional coins. 

Moneta. This surname was bestowed 
upon Juno, of the Capitol. In B.C. 268 
the Roman mint was established in the 
precincts of the temple of Juno Moneta. 
At a later period it was used to denote 
both the place of the mint and the minting 
art proper. A Denarius struck about B.C. 
48 bears the head of the goddess Moneta, 
with the inscription moneta. On the re- 
verse is an anvil, die, hammer, and pincers, 
with t ( itus) CARISIVS. 

In the reign of Septimius Severus the 
three Monetae appear on coins. They are 
represented as holding each a cornucopia 
and a balance. Under Diocletian, Alex- 
ander Severus, etc., only a single figure 
of Moneta appears on the coins, and is 
usually represented in the act of dropping- 
coins into a measure. 

Moneta Abatuda is money clipped or 
diminished. The term is used in old rec- 
ords and occurs in Du Fresne, Glossary. 

Moneta Argentosa. See Billon. 

Moneta di Coppella. The name given 
to a Scudo struck by Ferdinand II at Flor- 
ence in 1656. It bears on the reverse the 
inscription impvritate reiecta, and was of 
extremely pure silver. The operation of 
refining gold and silver from all alloys is 
known as coppellazione. 

Moneta Duplex. See Double. 

Moneta Falsa, or Moneta Falsificata. 
The Italian equivalent for counterfeit 
coins. 

Moneta Farthing. The name given to a 
Farthing of David II of Scotland (1329- 
1371), which is characterized by the fol- 
lowing curious reading : obv. moneta regis 
d. rev. avid scottor. 

Moneta Lunga, meaning “light money.” 
In Florence it was formerly the custom to 
compute in Tuscan silver, called moneta 
buona, to distinguish it from the moneta 

[ 


Moneyage 

lunga of Leghorn, which was four per cent 
less in value. 

Moneta Miliarensis. See Miliarensis and 
Millares. 

Moneta Nova. A common expression on 
European continental coins, to denote a 
new coinage, which in many instances was 
only made possible by melting the coins 
previously in use. 

Moneta Palatina. A term which occurs 
on some of the Merovingian coins of the 
seventh century, which were issued by the 
authority of Eligius, a moneyer to Dago- 
bert I. 

Moneta Papalis. See Paparina. 

Moneta Spezzata. The Italian equiva- 
lent for fractional or subsidiary coins. The 
term can be traced to the verb spezzare, 
i.e., to split, or break. 

Monetarius. A mintmaster, or moneyer. 
The term is found on many Anglo-Saxon 
coins. 

Monetary Unit. A name given to a cer- 
tain coin which has been agreed upon as 
the base of a monetary system. From this 
basis are made the multiples and divisions. 

Money. Any material that by agree- 
ment serves as a common medium of ex- 
change and measure of value in trade. 

The oldest spelling appears to be mone, 
and in this form the word occurs in the 
Chronicle of R. Brunne, circa 1330. The 
Anglo-Saxon laws of Aethelstan, circa 900, 
mention the term mynet, in the sense of 
money, or payment in general. 

Money used as a verb, i.e., to coin or 
mint money, is now but rarely used. George 
Augustus Sala, in his Diary in America, 
1865 (iii. 136), says, “The American 
double-eagle ... is perhaps the most beau- 
tiful and splendid coin ever moneyed in 
any mint.” 

Moneyage. This term means not only 
the right to coin money, but was also for- 
merly applied to a tax paid to some of 
the Norman rulers of England, in consid- 
eration of their refraining from debasing 
the coinage. 

Carte, History of England, 1747 (i. 482), 
says : ‘ ‘ Moneyage was a duty of twelve 
pence paid every third year in Normandie 
to the Duke for not altering the coin.” 

Hume, History of England, 1762 (i. 
App.) has: “Moneyage was also a general 

53 ] 


Money Batterer 


Morelos Dollars 


land-tax . . . levied by the two first Nor- 
man Kings, and abolished by the charter 
of Henry I.” 

Money Batterer. One who defaces coins, 
especially a person who clips or otherwise 
mutilates them for dishonest purposes. In 
a rare tract entitled Cocke Lovell’s Boke 
(11), printed circa 1515, and reprinted by 
the Percy Society, occurs the passage : 
“Players, purse cutters, money baterers, 
Golde washers.” 

Money of Account. The general term 
employed to express a value not repre- 
sented by an actnal coin, but which is 
computed on the basis of a number of 
struck pieces, the money of account repre- 
senting a unit value, in some instances vei’y 
minute or insignificant, and in others very 
large. 

Examples are the Talent of the An- 
cients, the Conto of the Portuguese, the 
Beutel of the Muhammadans, the Indian 
Lac of Rupees, and the Mill in the coinage 
of the United States. 

The German numismatic writers use the 
term Rechnungsmiinzen, and the French 
say Monnaies de Compte. 

Money of Necessity. See Obsidional 
Coins. 

Monkey. An English slang expression 
meaning the sum of five hundred pounds. 

Monnaie, La. The familiar name for 
the mint of Paris, abbreviated from Hotel 
de la Monnaie. 

Monnaies a la Croix. The general name 
for coins exhibiting a cross but antedating 
the Christian era. Notable examples are 
Gaulish imitations of drachmae, and usu- 
ally assigned to the Cadurci, Volkes Tecto- 
sages, etc. 

Monnaies Angevines. A term originally 
used to distinguish the Deniers struck at 
Angers from those of Tours. Later the 
name Angevin or Angevine was applied to 
the double Gros issued in Flanders and the 
Low Countries which was copied from the 
French type. There is an extensive series 
struck by the Bishops of Metz, beginning 
with Thierry V (1363-1384). 

Monnaies de Compte. See Money of 
Account. 

Monnaies d’Essai. See Essays. 

Monnaies de Verre. See Glass Coins. 


Monnaies Fourrees. See Plated Coins. 
Monnaies Muettes. A French term ap- 
plied to coins that have no inscription. 
See Mute and Anepigrafa. 

Monneron Tokens. The name given to 
a series of copper medals issued by the 
brothers Monneron of Paris in 1791 and 
1792, which were intended to be used for 
the redemption of the Assignats ( q.v .). 
The Monnerons, who were bankers, had a 
patent for making these tokens, and they 
struck them in denominations of two and 
five Sols. 

Monsoys. See Mansois. 

Mopus. A slang term for a Farthing 
or half Penny, and also for money in gen- 
eral. The word can be traced to the be- 
ginning of the eighteenth century. Thack- 
eray, in Vanity Fair ( vi. ) , mentions “the 
old gaff’s mopus box.” 

Morabitino. A gold coin of Portugal 
struck only in the reigns of Sancho I (1185- 
1211) and his successor Alfonso II (1211- 
1223). The figure of the ruler on horse- 
back probably served as the prototype of 
the Rider and similar gold coins adopted 
in Europe some time later. 

Moraglia. A base silver coin struck by 
Agostino Tizzone, Count of Dezana (1559- 
1582). It was of the type of the Sesini of 
Modena and bore the inscription moneta 
deciensis on the obverse, and on the re- 
verse s. germanus, with a figure of the 
saint. See Murajola. 

Morchen, also called Morchen and Miir- 
chen, were small uniface base silver coins, 
and they are mentioned in 1409 and 1425 
in the mint regulations of Cologne. They 
circulated extensively in the Rhenish prov- 
inces, and their value was the same as the 
Heller. 

The name, meaning a small moor, was 
bestowed on them in derision, as they soon 
turned black on account of the small per- 
centage of silver they contained. See 
Busch. 

Mordowkis. A name given to imita- 
tions of the Kopecks made by the Mordwas 
and the Tartars for the purpose of orna- 
menting their dress. See Blanchet (ii. 
193). 

Morelos Dollars. A name given to cer- 
tain Mexican cast silver pieces of eight 
Reales, issued from 1811 to 1813 by Gen- 
[154] 


Morisca 


Miinz Recht 


eral Jose Maria Morelos of the Republican 
forces, in the Province of Oaxaca. There 
are corresponding coins of the value of 
two, one, and one half Reales of the same 
design. The word sud on the reverse re- 
fers to the army of the South, of which 
he was the commander in chief. 

Morisca, or Mourisca. An early coin 
of Castile current in Portugal during the 
fourteenth century. It was computed at 
312 Marabotini. 

Moriizpfennige. The name given to a 
series of silver coins issued by the Arch- 
bishops of Magdeburg from the twelfth to 

the fourteenth centuries. They have on 
the pib verse a figure of the patron, Saint 
Mauritius, who is variously represented as 
standing, or with the bust only. Arch- 
bishop Wigmann von Seeburg (1152-1192) 
struck the largest and most beautiful speci- 
mens. 

Moriziotti. This term is applied to cop- 
per coins of the value of five Soldi, issued 
in Piedmont by Victor Amedeo III in 1791. 
lake the preceding they bore a figure of 
Saint Mauritius. 

Morphe (g&pcprj). The Greek term for 
Plan. 

Mortuary Pieces. A name given to such 
coins and medals as are struck by one 
monarch to commemorate the reign and 
acts of his predecessor. 

They are usually issued very shortly 
after the demise of the preceding ruler, 
and in many instances contain both the 
portraits of him and his successor. 

The German equivalents are Sterbe 
Denkmunze, Sterbe Thaler, and Begrabniss 
Thaler. 

Morveux. The name given to a variety 
of the Teston of Charles IX of Prance, 
struck at Orleans by the Huguenots. Be- 
low the laureated bust are the letters A and 
0, one within the other. See Blanchet (i. 
161). 

Mostoska. See Mustofske. 

Mother Sen. See Haha Sen. 

Mouches, or Mousches, meaning flies, 
was the nickname given to certain varieties 
of Liards, or pieces of three Deniers, issued 
in Avignon by Urban VIII (1623-1644). 
They bore on one side the figures of three 
bees which were mistaken for flies. 


Mourisca. See Morisca. 

Mousquetaire. A name given to the 
billon coin of thirty Deniers, struck by 
Louis XIV in 1710 and 1711 for Canada. 
See Zay (p. 66). 

Mouton, or Mouton d’Or. A larger 
form of the Agnel (q.v.)- It is generally 
attributed to Edward III of England 
during his occupation of Prance (1337- 
1356), but, as the title “King of Prance” 
and the English arms are absent from this 
piece, a writer in the Numismatic Chron- 
icle (1906, p. 274) has suggested that it 
should be assigned to Edward, Duke of 
Gueldres. 

Moutonneaulx. Du Cange (iii. 189) 
cites this as applying to a gold coin men- 
tioned in an ordinance of 1422. It was 
probably a variety of the preceding coin. 

Mozzi. A class of coins mentioned by 
Promis (ii. 12), as being current in Pied- 
mont in 1335 and of the value of two to a 
Grosso and a half. 

Mu Ch‘ien. “Mother coin,” the Chinese 
word for the coins made from the hand- 
cut model, and which are sent to the vari- 
ous mints to make the Yang Ch‘ien or pat- 
tern coins which are in turn used to make 
the regular cast coins for circulation. Por 
the Japanese equivalents see Haha Sen 
and Tane Sen. 

Miickenpfennig. A copper coin of 
Brunswick-Liineburg, struck in 1696, which 
has the figure of a fly on the reverse. See 
Neumann (No. 7466). 

MUckenthaler. See Wespenthaler. 

Miinze. A German word, meaning a 
coin. 

Miinzfund. An expression used by Ger- 
man numismatists in connection with dis- 
coveries of coins, and the equivalent of the 
French “trouvaille” and the English term 
“find.” 

Miinz Gulden. A gold coin of the Re- 
public of Luzerne, issued from 1794 to 
1796. It appears to have been struck only 
in multiples of twelve and twenty-four, 
and the reverse has the value abbreviated : 
Mz.Gl. 

Miinz Recht. A right to coin money 
vested, with more or less reservation, in 
many European rulers, ecclesiastics, prov- 
inces, and cities. 


[ 155 ] 


Miinz-Zeichen 


Myte 


Miinz-Zeichen. The German equivalent 
for mint mark. 

Murchen. See Morchen. 

Muter. See Myte. 

Muettes. See Monnaies Muettes. 

Muggerbee. See Gubber. 

Muhr. See Mohur. 

Muhr-Ashrafi. See Ashrafi. 

Muini. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor 
of Hindustan, valued at nine Rupees. See 
Sihansah. 

Mule. A coin, token, or medal, made 
by using two dies which were not originally 
intended for each other. 

The term was first generally used in the 
latter part of the eighteenth century, and 
it may have been adopted from the “Token 
Collectors’ Half-penny” of 1796, the re- 
verse of which represents an ass and a 
mule saluting each other, with the inscrip- 
tion, “Be assured, friend mule, you shall 
never want my protection.” 

The German name for this class of coins 
and medals is Zwittermiinzen, and speci- 
mens exist dating from the early part of 
the sixteenth century. 

Mu-mon Gin Sen. The Japanese word 
for non-inscribed silver Sen which was sup- 
posed to have been made before the reg- 
ular Japanese inscribed coinage. Another 
name is Kwammon Gin Sen, or “Flower 
Badge Silver Sen.” 

Mun, or Mon. The Korean name for 
the Chinese Wen (q.v.). For further note 
see Mon. 

Murajola, or Muragliola, a diminutive 

of Moraglia (q.v.), a general term for all 
coins of dark color probably due to impure 
silver. As a coin it was first struck in 
Bologna and Piacenza by Paul III in 1534, 
of the respective values of two and four 
Baiocci. It was imitated in Modena in 
1542, and in Ferrara, Guastalla, and Cor- 
reggio shortly afterward. In 1642 the 
mint at Bologna struck the Murajola of a 
value of one Bolognino. 

As a Papal coin its value varied consid- 
erably. Clement XI issued it equal to 
eight Baiocci in 1717 for Bologna and 
Ferrara; Clement XII for sixteen Baiocci; 
Benedict XIY in 1747 for four Baiocci; 
and Pius VI struck it at various mints 
and of numerous values. 


Mushtari. A name given to the copper 
forty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- 
tan, in 1793. This coin had previously 
been called Asmani (q.v.), and the change 
of name was necessitated owing to Tipu 
having given the names of the different 
stars to his smaller copper coins. 

Marsden (ii. 724) calls it Mashrabi. The 
word Mushtari is the Arabic designation 
for the planet Jupiter. 

Mustofske. A Russian copper coin re- 
ferred to by Adam Olearius, in his Travels 
of the Ambassadors, etc., 1636 (p. 97), and 
of the value of one fourth of a Kopeck. 
The term is also found written Mostoska. 

Mute. A term applied to a coin when 
the same is without any inscription and 
can therefore only be identified by the de- 
vices upon it. See Monnaies Muettes, and 
Anepigraphic Coins. 

Mutton Head Cent. The popular name 
for one of the Connecticut Cents issued in 
1787. It bears one of the largest heads 
represented on coins of that State. See 
Crosby (p. 215). 

Muzuna. A small copper coin of Al- 
giers, the twenty-fourth part of the Bud- 
schu. It was discontinued about 1820, but 
the half was retained longer. 

In the Morocco coinage the copper Cent- 
imo is also known as a Muzuna. The 
latest coins have the value so expressed. 
See Blanquillo. 

Myddelton Token. A copper half 
Penny dated 1796 for the British settle- 
ment in Kentucky, and made payable by 
P. P. P. Myddelton. It was of English 
origin. 

Mynet. See Money. 

Myshemihecte (Mucrj[ju'ey.T0v), or Hemi- 
obol of gold. Specimens were struck at 
Cumae and by Pixodaros, Satrap of Caria. 

Myshemitetarte ((j-uffY^usTapir)) , or the 
Tritemorion of gold, equal to one and 
a half Drachms or nine Obols of silver. 
Specimens were coined at Athens but are 
very rare. 

Myte, sometimes called Mite and Mute 
(plur. My ten, Miiter), and the diminutive 
Muterken. A billon coin of small value 
current in Flanders and Brabant as early 
as the fourteenth century and copied in 


[ 156 ] 


Myte 


Myte 


Germany and the Low Countries. The 
etymology is probably from the Latin 
minutia, as the name was indiscriminately 
applied to coins of small value. 

In Flanders, Louis de Male (1346-1384) 
probably introduced it, and the Braband- 
sche Mijt, as it was called, appeared under 
Jean IV (1417-1427) and had a value of 
one sixth of a Grote. A chronicle of Lemgo 
states that “Muter” were struck at that 
place in 1497. 


The myte occurs in the coinage of Arn- 
hem before 1460 ; it was issued at Osna- 
bruek under Bishop Konrad von Rietberg 
(1482-1508), and at Lippe it had the value 
of a double Pfennig in the time of Bern- 
hard VII (1431-1511). 

At a later period the name was applied 
to billon coins struck at Munster, and in 
1764 it was used to designate pieces of 
three Pfennige which had been reduced to 
one half of their original value. See Mite. 


[ 157 ] 


Nadiri 


Nen 


N 


Nadiri, also called Rupi and Punsad- 
Dinar. A silver coin of Persia, which takes 
its name from the Shah Nadir, who intro- 
duced it in 1738. Its value was computed 
at five hundred Dinars. 

Napgen Heller, or Napfchen Heller. A 
nickname given to counterfeit coins of very 
inferior silver which appeared in Saxony 
in the latter part of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. The name was bestowed on account 
of their concave or howl-like form. 

Nag-Tang. See Tang-Ka. 

Nami Sen, or Wave Sen. A certain 
form of the Japanese Kwanei Sen ( q.v .) 
with waves or curved lines on the back. 
They are sometimes called Shi Mon Sen 
or four Mon Sen, being valued at four of 
the regular pieces. Various other coins 
with waves on them were called Nami Sen, 
such as one of the coins of Akita Province. 

Nan Ch‘ien. The name given to the 
Peng IIuo Ch'ien issued by the Chinese 
Emperor Wu Ti (A.D. 50*2-548) of the 
Liang dynasty and to the Pu Ch’uan of 
Wang Mang, because if worn by a woman 
she would give birth to a son. 

Napoleon. The popular name for the 
twenty Franc gold coin, struck by Napo- 
leon I, from 1805 to 1815. 

Conf. also Masson, Napoleon et les 
Femmes, 1894 (p. 103), where the piece 
of forty Francs issued by the same em- 
peror is called a double Napoleon. 

Nasch. A money of account used in 
Arabia of the value of twenty Dirhems. 

Nasfi. A copper coin of Dehli, intro- 
duced by Muhammad III ibn Tughlaq, 
about A.H. 730. The corresponding half 
was known as Hashtkani, and the quarter 
as Dokani. See Thomas, Chronicles (Nos. 
204-206). The word means a half. 

Naulum. The name given by the Greeks 
to money put in the mouths of deceased 
persons to insure their passage over the 
river Styx. 


Nashe, in Saffron Walden, 1596, says: 
“I hearing the fellow so forlorne . . . 
gaue him his Charons Naulum or ferry 
three half pence.” See Juvenal (viii. 97), 
and Aristophanes, Frogs (270). 

Navicella, or Navesella. The common 
name for the Papal Ducato, struck in 
Rome, Ancona, etc., during the sixteenth 
century, which bore on the reverse the 
figure of St. Peter in a boat. 

Navis. The popular name among the 
Romans for the reverse of a coin. The or- 
igin for this term is naturally to be sought 
among the Republican issues where the 
common reverse type to be found on the 
bronze coins was the representation of a 
ship’s prow. Hence the expression caput 
ant navis would correspond to our “Heads 
or tails.” 

Neat Gild. See Black Mail. 

Necessity Money. See Obsidional Coins. 

Negenmenneke. A silver coin of Bra- 
bant issued in 1480-1481, and originally of 
the value of nine Myten. By the Ordon- 
nantie of February 4, 1520, its value was 
reduced to six Myten and it was conse- 
quently called Seskin or Sesken. It was 
extensively copied in the Low Countries. 

Mertens and Torfs, Geschiedenis van 
Antwerpen, 1847 (iii. 325) state that this 
coin was employed extensively as alms for 
mendicants. 

Negotiepenning. A name given to the 
gold ten Florin piece of William III, King 
of the Netherlands (1849-1890). The 
twenty and the five Florin coins of the 
same ruler are correspondingly entitled 
Dubbele and Halve Negotiepenning. 

Nen. A silver ingot of a parallelopiped 
form slightly curved with an average 
length of 115 mill.; a breadth of 28 mill., 
and a thickness of 17 mill., and which 
should weigh about three hundred and 
seventy-eight grammes. These were used 
in Indo-China and Cambodia. 


[ 158 ] 


Nen Bac 


Nisfiah 


Nen Bac. The name given to the Anna- 
mese rectangular silver bars introduced 
under the Emperor Ngaien-tschung (1802- 
1820). They are supposed to equal in 
weight the native ounce, called Lu ’ong, and 
are consequently frequently referred to as 
Lu’ong Bac. See Fonrobert (2097, 2105). 
There is a half of similar shape. 

Neptune’s Car Penny. The popular 
name for a copper Penny of Barbadoes, 
issued in 1792, which bears a figure of 
Neptune’s car on the reverse. There is a 
corresponding half Penny. See Atkins (p. 
314). 

Nesiaca Drachma, or dpa^.i] vrjuuoTi'/fj, 
mentioned by Alexandrian writers, was a 
silver coin struck by the “Island League” 
(y.ocvov i(ov VY)(nwTcov), principally in Tenos 
but also with other types, in the Islands 
of Andros, Melos, Paros, Naxos, and oth- 
ers. See Babelon, Traite (vol. i. 501). 

Nesle. See Gros de Nesle. 

Nessfijeh. See Nisfiah. 

Neugroschen. See Silbergroschen. 

New Beaver Skins. See Hudson’s Bay 
Tokens. 

Newby Coppers. See St. Patrick’s 
Money. 

New England Shilling. This, with the 
Sixpence and Threepence, were the earliest 
coins issued by the Colony of Massachu- 
setts. They are plain planchets of silver, 
without date, legend, or inscription, and 
bear on one side the figures of value and 
on the other the letters N.E. 

The shilling was made current, accord- 
ing to the act establishing a mint, at two 
Pence less than the corresponding English 
coin. 

For detailed descriptions conf. Crosby. 

New Jersey Cents. A State issue in cop- 
per from 1786 to 1788, inclusive, and all 
bearing the inscription nova caesarea. 
For details and varieties see Crosby. 

Ngun Tawk. A name given to certain 
rough silver pieces of the Lao States. See 
As’ek. 

Niang. The old name for the Korean 
Yang. It was the tenth of the Warn ( q.v. ) . 
There are pattern pieces having this spell- 
ing. 

Ni Bu. A Japanese term meaning two 
Bu {q.v.). 


Nichelino. The popular name in Italy 
for the nickel coin of twenty Centesimi in- 
troduced in 1894. 

Nickel, when employed for coinage, is 
generally mixed with copper. This alloy 
was used by some of the Kings of Bactria 
in the second century B.C. 

The first national issue of a modern 
nickel alloy coinage was made by Switzer- 
land in 1850, the pieces being struck at 
Strasburg. The United States introduced 
a nickel Cent in 1856 ; Jamaica a nickel 
Penny in 1870; and the German Empire 
adopted a subsidiary nickel coinage in 
1873. 

The word is now colloquially used to 
designate the five Cent piece of the United 
States. 

Nim-Bisti. See Bisti. 

Ninepence. This denomination in Brit- 
ish coinage occurs only as a part of the 
lozenge shaped necessity money of Newark, 
and also in the series of Inchquin money 
issued in 1642. 

The Newark coin is dated 1646 and 
bears a crown with the letters C R at the 
sides, and the value IN below. 

The Ninepence in the Inchquin series 
has nine annulets indicative of its value. 

Nippence. An English dialect term for 
Ninepence. Sarah IJewett, in The Peasant 
Speech of Devon, 1892, has, “Eggs be 
awnly nippence a dizen tu-day in tha mar- 
ket.” 

Niquet. A variety of the double Tour- 
nois issued by Charles.VI of France (1380- 
1422). The obverse exhibited three fleurs 
de lis crowned, and the type was copied 
with slight modifications in the Anglo- 
Gallic series and in Burgundy as late as 
the sixteenth century. See Hoffmann (34). 

Nisar. A gold coin of Hindustan, made 
for the purpose of distribution “on the 
occasion of great festivals, such as State 
processions or at marriages, when they 
were scattered amongst the crowd.” They 
are usually somewhat thinner than the cur- 
rent coins. See Codrington (p. 120). 

Nisfiah, or Nisfiyeh. A gold coin of the 
Ottoman Empire, of the weight of about 
twenty grains and the half of the Zer- 
mahbub. The name is derived from nisf, 
the half. 


[ 159 ] 


Nishka 


Noble 


Tn the Algiers currency it is the half of 
the Sultany or Solthani. 

Nishka. A gold coin of ancient India, 
the quadruple Suvarna. Cunningham (p. 
48) thinks that it may have been only an 
ingot of gold of a fixed weight. No speci- 
mens have thus far been found. See Pana. 

Ni Shu. See Shu. 

Nizim. See Sizinia. 

Noailles. A variety of the Louis d’Or, 
struck by Louis XV, which bears on the 
reverse two shields of Prance and two of 
Navarre, arranged in the form of a cross. 

Nobilis Rosatus. See Noble. 

Noble. A gold coin of England first, 
issued in 1344 in the reign of Edward III, 
being a successor to the Florin. Its orig- 
inal value by proclamation was six Shil- 
lings and eight Pence, and no one could 
refuse to take them in sums of twenty 
Shillings and upwards. At the same time 
were issued half Nobles called Maille No- 
llies and quarter Nobles called Ferling 
Nobles, their value being in proportion. 

The name of the coin is supposed to be 
derived from the noble nature of the metal 
of which it was composed, it having only 
one half of a grain of alloy. 

The prominent feature of the coin is the 
great ship in which stands the King hold- 
ing a sword and shield, from which cir- 
cumstance the coins are sometimes referred 
to as Ship Nobles. The ship may com- 
memorate the naval victory which the Eng- 
lish fleet, commanded by the King in per- 
son, obtained over the French fleet at 
Sluys, on Midsummer Day, 1340, and as 
an old rhyme states : 

“Foure things our noble sheweth unto me, 

King, ship, and sword, and power of the sea.” 

The legend on the Noble was ihc avtem 

TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT, taken 

from the Gospel of St. Luke (iv. 30), and 
it was explained to mean that “as Jesus 
passed invisible and in most secret manner 
by the middest of the Pharisees, so gold 
was made by invisible and secret aid 
amidst the ignorant. ’ ’ A legend also states 
that it was put upon the coins “because 
Ripley, the Alchymist, when he made gold 
in the Tower, the first time he found it, 
spoke these words, ‘per medium eorum 
i.e., per medium ignis et sulphuris.” 


The large cross on the reverse has vari- 
ous letters in the centre : E for Edward, 
L for the London Mint, and one struck at 
Calais has a C. Those of the succeeding 
monarchs have R for Richard II, and II 
for the Henries. 

The original weight of the Noble was 
one hundred and thirty-eight and six 
thirteenths grains; in 1346 it was reduced 
to one hundred and twenty-eight and 
four sevenths grains, and in 1351 it was 
further reduced to one hundred and 
twenty grains, although retaining the same 
nominal value of six Shillings and eight 
Pence. Henry IV, in 1412, reduced the 
weight to one hundred and eight grains, 
and Edward IV in 1465 restored it to its 
former weight of one hundred and twenty 
grains. He raised its value to ten Shil- 
lings, and to distinguish the new Nobles 
from the old ones he stamped a rose on 
each side of them, from which they re- 
ceived the name of Rose Nobles, corrupted 
into Royals or Ryals, a name borrowed 
from the French. The white rose was the 
badge of the King’s family. See Ryal. 

In the time of Henry VII a doidfle Ryal 
was struck, called a Sovereign (q.v.). 

The Noble was copied in Burgundy and 
by the Archdukes of Austria. It was also 
closely imitated in the Low Countries un- 
der the names of Gouden Nobel and Rose- 
nobel (q.v.). In a proclamation by Robert 
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, as Governor in 
the Low Countries, mention is made of the 
various unlawful coins then current, and 
among them is Nobilis Rosatus , struck in 
Gorcum by the authority of Don Antonio, 
of which one side is said to agree with the 
English Noble. 

Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, first 
issued in the reign of David II (1329- 
1371), and almost identical in type with 
the contemporary English coin of the same 
name. There appear to lie no further is- 
sues of Nobles until the second coinage of 
James VI, when one was struck with the 
date 1580, sometimes called the Bareheaded 
Noble. In the fourth -coinage of this mon- 
arch occurs the Thistle Noble (q.v.). 

The silver Noble of Scotland is more gen- 
erally known as the Half Merk. It orig- 
inally weighed one hundred and five grains 
and first appeared in the second coinage 
of James VI, with dates from 1572 to 1580, 

[ WO] 


Noble Angels 


Novgorodka 


and a half Noble or quarter Merk was is- 
sued at the same time. The last appear- 
ance of the Noble in Scottish coinage is 
in the reign of Charles II, from 1664 to 
1675, inclusive. 

Noble Angels. A name given to the 
Angels in the time of Edward IV, because 
their value, six Shillings and eight Pence, 
corresponded with the previous value of 
the Noble. 

Noctua. The name given to the coins of 
Greece, on which there is the figure of an 
owl, the emblem of Minerva or Pallas 
Athene. 

Noirs. A name given to the billon 
Marques in the French Antilles and at, 
Cayenne, on account of their black color. 

Nomisma, derived from vop.oq, law, cus- 
tom, became among the Greeks the generic 
term for money. In late Roman and By- 
zantine times it designated a gold coin. 

Nomisma. The Greek name for the 
Solidus. 

Nomos (v6[ro<;) law, custom, came to be 
employed in the sense of a piece of money, 
legal money, the synonym for vop.to-p.a. See 
also Noummos. 

Non Sunt. A name given to a Scotch 
billon coin which was issued in 1558 and 
1559. It is also known as a Twelvepenny 
Plack. 

The name is derived from the reverse 
inscription, iam non svnt dvo sed vna 
caro, i.e., “They are no more twain but 
one flesh,” taken from St. Matthew (xix. 
6), and which refers to the marriage of 
Mary Stuart and Francis of France. 

Norkyn. See Halard. 

Norman Penny. The name given to a 
Denier of Richard I, and one of his Anglo- 
Gallic coins. It bears on the reverse the 
inscription rodvmdvco for rodomaco, and 
resembles the coins of Aleonor, queen of 
Louis, King of France. 

Northumberland Shilling. A name given 
to a Shilling struck in 1763 for distribution 
among the people, on the Earl of Northum- 
berland’s public entry into Dublin as Lord 
Lieutenant of Ireland. Only two thousand 
were struck and the coin is consequently 
rare. The designer is Richard Yeo. 

Nosf-Wokye. See Kesme. 

Notdaler. See De Gortz Daler. 


Notmiinzen. An expression used by 
German numismatists to indicate obsidi- 
onal coins. 

Noumia, or Noummia (vou[quov). A 
small Roman copper coin which appeared 
about the reign of Julianus II (360-363) 
and continued to the end of the Western 
Empire. Its weight was ten grains. 

Noummos, the Dorian form of vop.oq, 
used in South Italy to designate the prin- 
cipal silver coin issued in the many cities 
of this district. The Noummos here cor- 
responded in weight to the Corinthian 
Stater or Attic Didrachm. The term Noum- 
mos was also used to designate the silver 
Litra (q.v.), struck in the same locality. 
See Babelon, Trait e (i. 450-453). 

Nova Constellatio. The common name 
for a series of copper coins engraved by 
Wyon, and made in Birmingham, England, 
in 1783 and 1785, for use in America. 
See Crosby. 

Another series, of the same name, con- 
sists of three silver coins, of the denomina- 
tion of Mark, Quint, and Cent, which repre- 
sent a plan of coinage, advocated January 
15, 1782, by Robert Morris. These coins 
are pattern or experimental pieces, and 
were never adopted. 

Novcic (plural Novcica). A copper de- 
nomination formerly current in Bosnia and 
Montenegro and equal to the one hun- 
dredth part of the Gulden or Florin. 
When the Krone system was introduced 
into Austria in 1892, this coin was super- 
seded by the Heller. 

Noveno, or Novene. The name given to 
a billon coin issued by Alfonso X of Cas- 
tile (1252-1284), and his successors, and 
struck at Burgos, Leon, Seville, etc. The 
general type presents a lion rampant on 
the obverse, and a fortress of three towers 
on the reverse. It was discontinued in 
the sixteenth century. 

Novgorodka. The name given to the 
Denga struck in Novgorod in the four- 
teenth century, and valued at two Dengui 
at Moskow. See Chaudoir (p. 116). 

This is the money referred to by John 
Hasse, in The Coines Weights and Meas- 
ures , used in Russia, 1554, Hakluyt, Prin- 
cipal Navigations, London, 1589 (p. 293), 
as follows: “Of silver coines there be 

these sortes of pieces. The least is a Pol- 


[161 ] 


Novini 


Nyueki Jimpo 


denga, the second a Denga, the third a 
Nowgrote, which is as much to say in Eng- 
lish, a half penie, a penie, and two pence.” 

Novini. The name given to silver coins 
of Savoy and Genoa of the value of nine 
Danari, issued in the latter half of the 
fifteenth century. See Bivista Italiana di 
Numismatica (vi. 368). 

Nowgrote. See Novgorodka. 

Nowt Geld. In Ine’s Laws, circa 693, 
a regulated sequence of fines is given, esti- 
mated in the payment of cattle, and called 
nowt-geld. But as the valuations here re- 
corded were not subjected to subsequent 
alteration, it is probable that the nowt- 
geld was disused by the Anglo-Saxons soon 
after Ine’s time. In Scotland, however, 
cattle payments continued to the reign of 
David I '(1124-1153). 

Numisma, the Latin form of the Greek 
Nomisma (q.v.). 

Numismata. A generic term for money. 

Nummi Caduceati. The name given to 
such varieties of the Roman Denarii as 
bear a representation of the caduceus or 
staff of Mercury. 

Nummi Castrenses. The name given to 
such coins as were issued by military com- 
manders to pay their armies. Well known 
examples are the gold coins of Rome, struck 
by order of Snl la, Pompey, and Julius 
Caesar, and a rare piece issued by Flami- 
nius in Greece, about the period of the 
Second Macedonian War, which bears his 
name and portrait. 

All of the military coinage was struck 
outside of Rome. 

Nummi Cavi. A name used by some 
numismatic writers to designate the Brac- 
teates ( q.v .). 

Nummi Grossi. See Dick Thaler. 

Nummi Mixti. See Plated Coins. 

Nummi Plumbei. The general term for 
leaden coins or tokens, but specially used 
for those struck by the ancients. 

Plautus, in his Trinummo, says: “ Cui 
si capitis sit nummum credarn plumb eum.” 
Some writers apply the name to imitations 
of the Denarii of the Consular and Im- 
perial series. 


Nummi Scyphati. See Concave Coins. 

Nummi Vitrei. See Glass Coins. 

Nummularius. A Roman money changer. 
The term is found in English literature 
in the Mirour of Saluacioun (58), written 
circa 1450, to wit : “He ouerthrewe the 
hordes & shedde the monee of the Numel- 
ariens. ’ ’ 

Nummus, also written Numus. In Latin 
a generic term for money, and the name 
applied to the chief current coin in any 
system. See Sestertius and Follis. Multi- 
ples, e.g., Pentanummion, Decanummion, 
etc., are frequently used in describing the 
Byzantine coins. 

The Nummi of Alba and Signia in Cen- 
tral Italy, issued B.C. 303-268, correspond 
to the As of about ten Roman ounces. 

Nummus Aereus. A small copper coin 
of late Roman times ( see Noumia) ; prin- 
cipally used as a generic term for a bronze 
coin. 

Nummus Argenteus. See Denarius. 

Nummus Aureus. See Aureus. 

Nummus Bracteatus. See Bracteates. 

Nummus Centenionalis. See Follis and 
Centenionalis. 

Nummus Dentafus. See Serrated Coins. 

Nummus Epularis. See Labay. 

Nummus Incusus. See Bracteates. 

Nummus Ratitus. A general name for 
Roman coins which bear the figure of a 
galle}^ or the prow of a galley. 

Nummus Realis. See Real. 

Nummus Serratus. See Serrated Coins. 

Nunciata. A corruption of Annunciata 
(q.v.). 

Nurling, or Knurling. Another name for 
the reeding on the edge of a coin. 

Nusflik. A gold coin of the modern 
Egyptian series of the vahie of fifty Pias- 
tres. It was introduced A. II. 1255 or A.D. 
1839. 

The corresponding silver coin of the 
value of ten Piastres is called Nusf. No- 
back (p. 243) cites the Nusf as a gold 
coin of Morocco of the value of half a Rial, 
or six and three quarter Ukkias. 

Nyueki Jimpo. See Jiu Ni Zene. 


[ 162 ] 


Oak Tree Coins 


Obryzum 


O 


Oak Tree Coins. An early silver issue 
for the Colony of Massachusetts. The 
series consists of Shillings, Sixpences, and 
Threepences, dated 1652, and Twopence 
dated 1662. See Pine Tree Coins. Conf. 
Crosby. 

O Ashi. The common Japanese name 
for money. The word means “Honorable 
Foot.” 

Oban. The largest of the Japanese gold 
coins. It is oval in shape but variable in 
size, some specimens being six inches in 
length, and weighing over five ounces. 

The face of this coin is usually covered 
with symmetrical lozenge shaped flutings, 
and it is stamped at the ends and sides 
with the Government crest of the day, 
namely, the Kiri flower and leaves. The 
value, usually about ten Ryo, is painted in 
Japanese ink on the face by the superin- 
tendent of the mint. 

The Oban came into use A.D. 1573-1592, 
and was issued until about 1860. For the 
many varieties conf. Munro (p. 188 et 
seq.) . 

Obeliskoi. See Iron Coins. 


Oblongs. A nickname given by the 
soldiers to the bills of the Bank of the 
United States in allusion to their shape. 
The term appears to have been common in 
Ohio in the early part of the nineteenth 
century. See Cist, Cincinnati in 1859 
(Pt. i.). 

Obol, Obolus, or Obolos. Originally a 
weight of ancient Greece, and later a silver 
coin, the one sixth of the Drachm ( q.v .). 
The etymology of the name is uncertain, 
but the generally accepted theory is that 
it is derived from opekoq, i.e., a 

spit, or skewer, the appellation given to 
the earliest iron bar money which was made 
in this form. The normal weight of the 
Obol was 0.73 grammes, or 11.25 grains. 

The multiples of the Obol consisted of 


Pentobolon 

Tetrobolon 

Triobolon 

Diobolon 

Trihemiobolion 


4 

3 

2 


l '/2 


Oboli. 


The divisions of the Obol were the fol- 
lowing : 


Tritemorion 

= % 

Hemiobolion 

= % 

Trihemitetartemorion 

= % 

Tetartemorion 

•= Vi 

Hemitetartemorion 

= Vs 


The last named coin was the same as 
the Chalcus (q.v.). By Roman times the 
Olio] had degenerated into a bronze coin. 
At Athens the Obol of gold was another 
name for the gold Hemihecte (q.v.). 

The Obol was the coin which it is said 
was put in the mouth of deceased persons 
to pay to Charon for their passage over 
the Styx. See Naulum. 

Obole. A name generally given to the 
half Denier of the Middle Ages. The term 
is applied to the earliest small coins of 
the Gauls, and is also used to describe the 
base silver pieces of the Merovingian and 
Carlovingian dynasties. It was retained in 
the Hungarian coinage until the sixteenth 
century. 

Obolino, implying a small Obolo, is the 
name given to a silver coin of Como, issued 
by Loterio Rusca (1412-1416). It also oc- 
curs in the coinage of Enrico III to Enrico 
V of Milan (1039-1125), and Ludovico of 
Savoy (1439-1465). 

Obolo. See Grano. 

Obolos. A name given to the five Lepta 
piece of modern Greece. 

The Ionian Islands, under British pro- 
tection, 1834-1863, issued copper pieces of 
one, two and one half, five, and ten Oboli 
in 1819 and later, as well as a silver coin 
of thirty Oboli. The one Obolos was also 
known as Mikron and the silver coin as 
Tripenon. 

Obryzum, or Obrussum Aurum, is the 

Latin term for pure gold. This expression 
is signified on the gold Solidi after the 
reign of Constantine the Great by the let- 
ters ob or obr usually found in the exergue 
on the reverse. 


[ 163 ] 


Obsidional Coins 


Oirtken 


Obsidional Coins, or Siege Pieces, as 

they are generally called, are stamped 
pieces of metal struck during sieges or by 
beleaguered cities, when the customary 
money became scarce. They frequently 
represent a fictitious value, and a promise 
of redemption at some future time. The 
subject cannot be treated here in detail, 
but eonf. Mailliet. 

Obverse of a coin is the side which bears 
the more important device or inscription ; 
the other side is called the reverse. In 
the United States the side bearing the date 
is called the obverse, irrespective of device. 
On ancient coins the side bearing the por- 
trait of a ruler or the picture of a deity 
is always the obverse. Some writers claim 
that in classifying ancient coins the obverse 
must always be regarded as the side which 
received its impression from the lower die, 
i.e., the die supported by the anvil. 

Ochavo. A copper coin of Spain, the 
half of the Quarto ( q.v .). It dates from 
the beginning of the sixteenth century and 
received its name from being valued at one 
eighth of the Real. It was also issued 
during the French occupation of Barce- 
lona and Catalonia (1808-1814). See Oc- 
tavo. 

Ochota. A Spanish copper coin struck 
by Charles III pursuant to an ordinance of 
May 5, 1772. Its value was two Quartos 
or eight Maravedis. 

Ochr el guerche. See Millieme. 

Octachalk. A piece of eight Chalks 
(q.v.). This multiple of the Chalk is not 
specifically mentioned by ancient writers 
but certain large bronze coins of Egypt, 
from their weights, were probably of this 
denomination. 

Octadrachm, or oz-raSp ayp-ov, represent- 
ing the multiple of eight Drachms (q.v.), 
was a coin struck not regularly, but occa- 
sionally in Thrace, Macedonia, and more 
generally at Sidon in Phoenicia. The 
Octadrachm of gold (also known by the 
term Mnaieion, q.v.) was struck by the 
Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings. 

Octas, or Octussis. A multiple of eight 
Asses after the first reduction. It is doubt- 
ful, however, whether such a coin was actu- 
ally struck, or whether it was only a money 
of account. 


Octavo. A copper coin of Mexico of the 
value of one eighth of a Real, adopted 
during the Revolution of 1812-1813, and 
later copied by the state of Jalisco from 
1828 to about 1862. See Ochavo. 

Octobol (Gr. oy.Twpo/.ov). The multiple 
eight Obols (q.v.) and equal to one and 
one third Drachms. No coins of this de- 
nomination are known. 

Octussis, or piece of eight Asses. Never 
struck in bronze, but only in silver under 
another and more common term : Quinarius 
(q.v.) or half a Denarius (when this had 
become equal to sixteen Asses). 

Odelos (Gr. bbCkbq) . A term for Obol 
(q.v.), sometimes found in Arcadia, Crete, 
and also at Delphi and Megara. 

Odolke (Gr. oSoXy.i), oSoXxod), Hesychius 
says, was the name of the Obol (q.v.) in 
Crete. 

Oertchen. A diminutive of Ort (q.v.). 
According to the monetary regulations 
adopted by the district (“ Kreisordnung”) 
of lower Saxony in 1568, its value was 
established at two Pfennige. It is of fre- 
quent occurrence in East Friesland and 
was in use in a number of the German 
States to the end of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

A similar coin, also called Oirtken, was 
struck for Brabant in 1512 and later with 
a value of twelve Myten. See Frey (No. 
231). 

Orterer. The popular name for the 
quarter Gulden, established by the mone- 
tary convention of Essling November 10, 
1524. 

Oertli. The name given to a billon coin 
issued at St. Gallen, Schwyz, and other 
Swiss cantons during' the seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries. They exist on both 
round and square planchets, and were 
equal to four Batzen. 

Offering Pieces. A name given to cer- 
tain coins of Alfred the Great, which are 
considerably larger in size than the then 
prevalent issue. Carlyon-Britton considers 
that they were intended for Shillings. See 
British Numismatic Journal (i. 5). 

Ogata Sen. The Japanese name for 
large specimens of their cast Sen. 

Oirtken. See Oertchen. 


[ 164 ] 


Okelpenning 


Oord 


Okelpenning. A variety of Denier, the 
precise etymology being unknown. In an 
ordinance of 1314, Johann V, Margrave of 
Brandenburg is authorized to coin certain 
Deniers “ qui vulgariter Okelpenninge vo- 
cantur.” In Pommeranian archives of the 
year 1325 they are called Denarii Augmen- 
tabiles, and in Brandenburg at a somewhat 
later period they are referred to as Kel- 
penninge. See Kehlpfennig. 

Oke Money. See Hock Money. 

Okkia. See Ukkia. 

Oktodrachmon. See Octodraclim. 

Old Milk Penny. An English dialect 
term used in West Yorkshire to indicate a 
Penny of the eighteenth century which 
was formerly added to the standard 
weights to give a good weight. 

Olotl. See Sicca. 

Omnibuses. See Polleten. 

Onbeshlik. A silver coin of the Ottoman 
Empire of the value of fifteen Paras. Its 
weight is from sixty-five to one hundred 
grains. 

Onca. See Canello. 

Oncetta. A Neapolitan gold coin of the 
value of three Ducati, with multiples of 
two, five, and ten. It was made pursuant 
to the ordinance of April 20, 1818, double 
in value to the Oncia of Palermo. See 
Ducato. 

Oncia (Gr. opu'a, ouqxia). The Latin 
Uncia, the small unit of the Siculo-Italian 
Litra ( q.v .), of which it was the twelfth 
part. It was struck only in bronze, and 
at many cities of Sicily and Southern Italy. 

Oncia. A gold coin of Sicily, notably 
of Palermo. It was originally equal to the 
Oncetta of Naples, as is indicated by the 
value T 30, i.e., thirty Tari, on some of 
these pieces dated 1793, etc. By the or- 
dinance of April 20, 1818, it was reduced 
to half the value of the Neapolitan coin. 
See Dncato. 

The Oucia of Malta was a silver coin in- 
troduced early in the eighteenth century 
and was equal to thirty Tari or two Scudi. 

Ongaro. See Ungaro. 

Onion Penny. An obsolete English dia- 
lect term, formerly used principally in 
Hampshire. The English Dialect Diction- 
ary cites a manuscript glossary compiled 


by W. Kennett, circa 1700, which reads: 
“At Silchester they find great plenty of 
Roman coins which they call Onion Pen- 
nies, from one Onion whom they foolishly 
fancy to have been a giant, and an inhab- 
itant of this city.” 

On-le-vault. The popular name for the 
Denier Blanc of Cambrai, coined in 1347 
by Jean Bougier of Arras, for Guido IV 
of Ventadour, the Bishop of Cambrai. It 
was valued at two Deniers Tournois. See 
Blanchet (i. 462). 

Onlik. A Turkish silver coin originally 
of the value of ten Paras, but later slightly 
reduced. See Rebia. 

The issues for Egypt, introduced by 
Soleiman I (A. IT. 926-974), were of cop- 
per, and of the value of ten Aspers; this 
was followed by a billon Onlik under 
Mahmud II (A.H. 1223-1255) ; and finally, 
under Abd-el-Medschid (A.H. 1255-1277), 
the silver coins equal to ten Paras were 
made. 

In Tripoli the Onlik was a billon coin 
of the value of one fourth of a Ghrush. 
It does not seem to have been issued prior 
to the reign of Abd-el-Ilamid I (A.H. 1187- 
1203). 

Onza. A name given to the gold eight 
Escudo piece of Spain and the Spanish 
Colonies. See Dobla. 

Oof. An English slang term for money, 
and a corruption of ooftish, i.e., from the 
German auf clem Tisch, meaning “on the 
table.” 

J. W. Pearce, in Modern Society (Jan- 
uary 16, 1892), says: “Oof as a current 
pseudonym for money lias been in use for 
about seven years, but ooftish, which also 
is Whitechapel slang for coin of the realm, 
has been in use in England over thirty 
years. ’ ’ 

Oord, or Double Duit. A base silver 
coin, common to all the provinces of the 
Low Countries, and of the value of one 
fourth of a Stuiver. 

There are many varieties. Those of 
Gueldres, Zeeland, and Overysel have the 
bust of Philip II on the obverse; those of 
Holland a female seated figure; those of 
Utrecht and West Friesland the arms of 
the respective provinces, etc. All of the 
preceding types were struck in the latter 
part of the sixteenth century. 


[ 165 ] 


Or 


Osella 


The name of the coin is variously writ- 
ten Oord, Oordje, and Ort.je. 

Or. See Ore. 

Ora. Ending (i. 114) states that this 
was an Anglo-Saxon money of account, and 
that the name is supposed to be derived 
from the Anglo-Saxon word ore, i.e., ore 
or metal. He adds that “it seems to have 
been brought into this island by the Danes, 
at least the first mention of it occurs in 
the league between Edward the Elder and 
Guthrun the Danish monarch. The exact 
date of this treaty does not appear, but 
it must have been ratified between the 
years 901 and 924. The Danes used this 
term both as a denomination of money and 
also as a weight.” See Ore. 

Ordensthaler, and Ordensdukaten. The 

name given to such coins on which are 
representations of the insignia or badges 
of the Orders of Knighthood, etc. Thus 
on a Thaler of Frederick I of Prussia the 
chain of the Order of the Black Eagle, 
founded by him, is depicted; and on a 
Crown of Christian V of Denmark the cross 
of the Order of Danebrog is pictured. 

Ore. The name of this coin is probably 
derived from eyrir, a Norse word meaning 
a weight of an ounce, and Latinized ora 
or hora. It was employed in Anglo-Saxon 
and Scandinavian computation. Schmid, 
Clavis Numismatica (i. 50), states that it 
means the same as the Latin octans, or the 
eighth part of the silver Mark. 

It appears originally as a silver coin of 
Sweden, in the middle of the fourteenth 
century, but under the name of Or t ug ; 
while the Ore with its double is found in 
the early part of the sixteenth century. 
The silver issues ceased about 1626, since 
which time the Ore lias been a copper coin. 

Erik XIV issued square silver coins of 
four, eight, and sixteen Ore from 1562 to 
1567. 

After the adoption of the Riksdaler the 
latter was made the equivalent of one hun- 
dred copper Ore, and this ratio was re- 
tained when the Krone was established by 
the monetary convention of 1875. 

The Icelandic form is Aur. 

Orichalcum. See Brass. 


Ormond Money. A series of silver 
coins issued in 1643 under the superin- 
tendence of James, Marquis of Ormond, the 
Viceroy of Ireland. 

They consist of seven denominations : 
Crowns, Halfcrowns, Shillings, Sixpences, 
Groats, Threepence and Halfgroats. See 
British Numismatic Journal (ii. 341-348). 

Ort. An abbreviation, for the sake of 
convenience, of Ortsthaler, and used to 
designate the one fourth Speciesthaler com- 
mon to many of the German States in the 
seventeenth century and later. The cur- 
tailed form must have been officially recog- 
nized, as in the Swedish series, under 
Christina, the Ryksort or Riksort occurs, 
struck for Stettin, of the value of one quar- 
ter Rixdaler, and in Brandenburg, Gottin- 
gen, Brunswick-Liineburg, etc., there is the 
Reichsort, with divisions of halves and 
quarters. 

The one quarter Ort is also called Acht- 
zehner, i.e., one eighteenth, as this coin was 
equal to eighteen Pfennige or the one six- 
teenth part of the Thaler of twenty-four 
Groschen, or two hundred and eighty-eight 
Pfennige. See Oord and Oertehen. 

Ortelin. The name given to the quarter 
Pfennig of Strasburg, struck in 1393. See 
Blanch et (i. 494). 

Ortje. See Oord. 

Ortsthaler. A Thaler of small size, com- 
mon to a number of the German States, 
and popularly designated as Ort (q.v.). 

Ortug. See Ore. 

Orty. The plural of Ort (q.v.), used in 
Poland to indicate the quarter Thaler. 

Oscenses. See Denarius Oscensis. 

Osella. It was the custom in Venice at 
the time of the Republic for the Doge to 
make a present on New Year’s Day to the 
members of the Council, said present con- 
sisting of birds ( uccelli ). This practice 
was altered at the beginning of the six- 
teenth century by substituting a memorial 
coin of silver, which received the name 
Osella from the original gift. 

The earliest of these was struck by An- 
tonio Grimani in 1522, and the custom was 
continued, with few interruptions, until 
1797. These historical medals usually bear 


[ 166 ] 


Othmany 


Ox Silver 


the name of the Doge and the regnal year, 
biit otherwise they present a great variety 
of designs and inscriptions. 

There were occasional issues struck in 
gold, the earliest being that of Alvise I, 
Mocenigo, dated 1571, on the naval victory 
at Lepanto. The Dogaressa also had the 
privilege of coining Oselle in her own name. 

Of the many varieties the Osella di Mu- 
rano bears a date instead of a regnal year. 
These occ\ir as early as 1711. See Schmid, 
Clavis Numismatica (i. 13). Conf. also 
Werdnig, Die Osellen oder Munz-Medaillen 
der Republik Venedig. Wien, 1889. 

Othmany. See Akcheh. 

Ottavetti, or Ottavini. A type of silver 
coins resembling the Luigini, and current 
in Genoa during the seventeenth century. 
They were valued at eight Soldi. An or- 
dinance of 1667 refers to clipped or light 
money and mentions the Ottavetti. 

Ottavo. An Italian term, implying one 
eighth of some accepted standard, e.g., the 
Ottavo di Scudo di Tassarolo, issued by 
Agostino Spinola in 1607. 

Ottene. A billon coin of the value of 
three Deniers, issued by Louis XI of 
France (1461-1464), for Savona in Sar- 
dinia. 

Ottenpfennige. A name given to cer- 
tain Deniers of the Middle Ages, so called 
after Otto I, Emperor of Germany (936- 
973), in whose reign they appear. 

These coins have on one side a cross 
with the inscription otto rex, and on the 
reverse the name of the locality. 

Ottino. A silver coin of eight Danari, 
current in Milan during the fifteenth cen- 
tury. It was another name for the Soldo 
of twelve Danari, after the same had been 
reduced in 1410 by the Conte di Virtu. 


Otuzlik. See Utuzlik. 

Overstrike. This term is used by nu- 
mismatists to describe a coin where a por- 
tion of the design, and especially the date, 
appears under another design or date. 

Owls (Gr. TXauxeg). The familiar name 
for the Athenian Tetradrachms, which bear 
a figure of an owl on the reverse. See 
Glaukes. 

Oxford Crown. The name given to a 
variety of the silver crown of Charles I, 
dated 1644, and made by Thomas Rawlins, 
while mintmaster at Oxford. 

Behind the figure of the King on horse- 
back holding a drawn sword, is shown a 
view of the city of Oxford, in which some 
of the chief buildings and fortifications are 
delineated. See Exurgat Money. 

Oxford Unite. When the Civil war 
broke out in England in 1642 the mint at 
Shrewsbury was removed to the New Inn 
Hall at Oxford, where gold pieces, consist- 
ing of triple Unites, Unites, and double 
Crowns, were struck. 

All of these coins have on one side a 
portrait of King Charles I, and bear on 
the other a scroll with the words Religio 
Protestans, Leges Angliae, Libertas Parlia- 
menti (abbreviated), referring to the 
King’s declaration, on September 19, 1642, 
that he would “preserve the Protestant re- 
ligion, the known laws of the land, and 
the just privileges and freedom of Parlia- 
ment.” The type upon which this inscrip- 
tion occurs is, therefore, called the ‘ ‘ Declar- 
ation Type.” 

The other inscription, Exurgat Deus 
dissipentur inimici, is from Psalms (lxviii. 
1 ). 

Ox Silver. See Sheep Silver. 


[ 167 ] 


Pacheia 


Paisa 


P 


Pacheia, Ha^eia Spct^iq, or “Heavy 
drachm,” the term given by the Athenians 
to the Aeginetan Drachm, which weighed 
about two grammes more than their own. 
This name has also been applied to Di- 
draclnns in contradistinction to the 
Drachms. 

Pada. Authorities differ as to whether 
this is a weight or a coin. In the Maha 
Vagga, edited by Mr. Dickson in the Jour- 
nal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1875), 
occurs a liturgy used at the admission of 
laymen to the Buddhist order of mendi- 
cants, and he translates Pada as the quar- 
ter of a Pagoda. Other writers recognize 
it as a weight of small value. For a full 
account of this subject, the reader is re- 
ferred to the work by Rhys Davids (sec. 4). 

Padaka. A copper coin of Kaschmir of 
the Gonerdiya and Gupta dynasties. See 
Fonrobert (2396-2400). 

Padens. See Badam. 

Padiglione. The Italian name for the 
Pavilion d ’Or {q.v.). 

Padika, another name for the Tang-Ka, 
a silver coin of ancient India. The word 
means “one fourth,” and is used to in- 
dicate the quarter of Karsha. See Pana. 

Padma Tanka, or Lotus Coin. A name 
given to a gold coin of Southern India, 
concave in shape and averaging about fifty- 
eight grains. Their peculiar form con- 
nects them with the coinage of the Western 
Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani, but their 
date cannot be determined with accuracy, 
though it is later than the sixth century. 

The obverse shows a seven-petalled lotus 
flower, and the reverse is blank. 

Paduans. The general name for coun- 
terfeits of ancient coins, especially the Ro- 
man first bronzes ; they were extensively 
manufactured by Cavino and Bassiano of 
Padua, about the middle of the sixteenth 
century. 


Pagoda. A name given to both a gold 
and silver coin current in Madras, Chan- 
dergerry, and many parts of Southern 
India. For an extensive history of the 
derivation of the term see Thurston (p. 
11 ). 

The Tamil name is Varaha, i.e., a boar, 
due to the circumstance that some of the 
older types had on the obverse the figure 
of this animal. The Hindustani name of 
the Pagoda is Hun, a word probably 
derived from Honnu, the Kanarese name 
for the half Pagoda. See Pana. 

The modern Pagoda can be traced to the 
early part of the seventeenth century and 
among the more prominent varieties are 
the Lakshmi, the Swami, the Star, and the 
Porto Novo Pagoda, all of which are sepa- 
rately referred to. 

The divisions of the Pagoda are usually 
computed as follows : 

20 Kas = 1 Fels. 

4 Falus = 1 Fanam. 

42 Fanams = 1 Pagoda. 

“But,” says Codrington (p. 121), “owing 
to attempts made by orders to equalize 
the currencies of the Presidencies, the rel- 
ative value of the coins became altered, 
and we have copper coins of Madras with 
a variety of legends stating their value.” 

The French equivalent, Pagode, is ap- 
plied to a gold coin struck in the reign 
of Louis XV for Pondichery. See Zay 
(p. 298). 

The Dutch introduced the Pagoda at 
Paliakate in the latter part of the seven- 
teenth century, and rated it at one hun- 
dred and twenty Sous. Tavernier, in his 
Voyages, Paris, 1676, describes it. 

Pai, or Phai. A Siamese copper coin, 
the one thirty-second part of the Tical 
[q.v.), and conf. Suka. 

Paisa, or Paissah. A copper coin of 
Hindustan, frequently referred to as Pice, 
though Paisa is probably the older name. 
It is found existing as far back as the 
sixteenth century. The value varied, being 
from forty to eighty to the Rupee. 


[ 168 ] 


Pala 


Panterino 


The minor coinage of Mysore, under 
Tipu Sultan, is usually classified by this 
name. 

In Mombasa, Zanzibar, and German East 
Africa, the Paisa, also called Pysa, has 
been introduced since 1881. Conf. also 
Baisa. 

Pala. The name given to both a gold 
and silver denomination of ancient India. 
See Pana. 

Falanca. The popular name given to 
all coins of the value of one Soldo, in 
Liguria, Tuscany, and Venice. 

Pallades. Greek coins (particularly 
those of Athens) with the head of Pallas 
are thus referred to. 

Palladium. An attempt has been made 
to utilize this rare element for medallic 
purposes. A communication to the Revue 
Beige de Numismatique, 1869 (p. 477), 
states that Sir Thomas Graham, Comp- 
troller of the English Mint, struck a medal 
of palladium alloyed with gold, silver, or 
nickel. 

Palpa. Promis (ii. 34) cites this as a 
coin of Milan referred to in an ordinance 
of 1473 of the Duke of Savoy; Du Cange 
finds “Palpas” in another monetary ordi- 
nance of 1465. 

Pana. An early copper coin of Ceylon. 
It is referred to in works of the fifth cen- 
tury and later, and is frequently alluded 
to under the name of Kahapana. 

The English traveller, Robert Knox, who 
was in Ceylon from 1659 to 1679, and 
whose writings were published in 1681 by 
order of the East India Company, states 
that “the King’s proper coin is called a 
pounam (panam) ; it is as small as a 
spangle ; 75 make a piece of eight, or a 
Spanish Dollar.’’ See also Rhvs Davids 
(secs. 14-18). 

In the coinage of ancient India the Pana, 
or Karshapana, as it is sometimes called, 
was based on the weight of eighty rati 
seeds, equivalent to one hundred and forty- 
four grains, or nearly nine and a half 
grammes. The name, like the Greek 
Drachma, means a “handful,” and is 
derived from pani, the hand. See Cun- 
ningham (pp. 4-5, and 42-44). 


The following table exhibits the names 
and weights of the early Indian coins in 
detail : 

Copper Coins 

Equivalent Weight 
in Rati in 

Name Seeds or Grains. 


Cowries. 


Ardha-KAkinl or one eighth Pana 

10 

18 

Kflkini or Vodri, or one quarter Pana 

20 

36 

Ardhapana, or one half Pana 

40 

72 

Pana or Kflrshflpana 

80 

144 

Dwi-pana, or two Panas 

160 

288 

Silver Coins 



Tung-ka, or PAdika, or one quarter 



Kftrshfl 

8 

14.4 

Kona, or one half Kflrshh 

16 

28.8 

Kflrshflpana, Dharana, or Parana 

32 

57.6 

Satamflna or Pala, or ten Kflrshfls 

320 


Gold Coins 



Fanam, or one tenth Pagoda 


5.28 

Mada, or one quarter Pagoda 


13.20 

Pratflpa, or one half Pagoda 


26.40 

Pagoda, Varftha, or Hun 


52.80 

Kflrsha 


57.60 

Suvarna 


140-144 

Nishka, Pala, Satamflna, or quadruple 



Suvarna 


560-576 

Panam. From the Sanskrit 

pana, 


wealth, and probably corrupted by Euro- 
peans to Fanam ( q.v .). The name given 
to certain Travancore gold coins. These 
vary slightly in value and receive different 
names, as — 

Kali panam (Cullian Fanam) = 4 Chuckrams, 3 
Kasus. 

Chinna (little) panam 5 Chuckrams. 

Nflma panam = 5 Chuckrams. 

Vella panam = 6 Chuckrams, 12 Kasus. 

Veerarflya panam = 7 Chuckrams. 

Annnta vameu panam = 9 Chuckrams, 3 Kasus. 

See Fanam. 

Panchia, or Panchio. A silver coin of 
Cutch and Kathiawar of the value of five 
Koris, or one and one quarter Rupees. It 
is described in detail by Codrington, in 
the Numismatic Chronicle, 1895 (Series iii. 
xv. 59), who also cites a corresponding 
half, called an Ardpanchio. See Kori. 

Pandu. A silver coin of India and equal 
to one fifth of a Rupee. See Sihansah. 

Pan Liang. The name given to certain 
of the ancient Chinese round coins from 
the inscription on them, Pan Liang, or 
Half Ounce. This style of coin was issued 
during the Ch‘in and Han dynasties, circa 
B.C. 220-86. It originally was of good 
weight, but gradually so deteriorated that 
the coinage was abolished. 

Pano. A former copper coin of Angola 
and other Portuguese possessions. See 
Equipaga. 

Panterino. See Quattrino. 


[ 169 ] 


Pa-nying Tang-Ka 


Para 


Pa-nying Tang-Ka. See Tang-Ka. 

Pao. A Chinese word, meaning treasure. 
The term is used in conjunction with Tung, 
i.e., currency, on coins, forming two of the 
usual four characters on the obverse. See 
Ho. 

Pao. The more recent Chinese word for 
Ting in reference to the silver ingot or 
shoe. It generally means the fifty Tael 
piece. Another name is Yuan Pao, or 
round ingot. 

Paolino. Another name for the Scudo 
d’Oro, struck by Pope Paul III in 1535, 
and bearing the figure of St. Paul. It was 
originally issued from the mint at Ancona, 
then at Rome, and later at Camerino, 
Bologna, Perugia, and Parma. 

Paolo. An obsolete Papal silver coin 
which obtained its name from Pope Paul 
III, in whose reign it was originally issued 
to replace the older Giulio ( q.v .). 

In the sixteenth century it was also 
coined in the Duchy of Ferrara, and later 
by the Dukes of Tuscany, and in Modena. 

Ten Paoli were equal to one Scudo, and 
the Paolo of Tuscany was the fifth of a 
silver Florin. Conf. also San Paolo and 
Paul. 

Paparini. A name given to coins issued 
in the thirteenth century, which were made 
for the exclusive use of the subjects of the 
Popes. They were principally struck at 
Viterbo and Montefiascone. 

The term should not be confused with 
the Moneta Papalis, which is used to desig- 
nate coins struck at Rome and Avignon 
at a later period. See Bivista Italiana 
(xxii. 379, xxiii. 37). 

Paparoni. The term given to certain 
coins of the same value as Piccoli in an 
ordinance of 1398 of the Archbishop of 
Orvieto. 

Paper. The earliest use of paper money 
is probably the reference to be found in 
the Travels of Marco Polo (ii. 18), who 
states that it was extensively used in China. 

Among the obsidional coins Mailliet 
(lxxi. lxxii.) mentions various denomina- 
tions from five to thirty Sols issued at 
Leyden when besieged by the Spaniards in 
1574, which are supposed to have been 
made from the leaves of missals. See Sao. 


Papetto. A small Papal silver coin, 
equal to one fifth of the Scudo. It ap- 
pears to have been first issued under Ben- 
edict XIV (1740-1750), and was continued 
until the period of Pius IX. 

Papineau. A nickname given by the 
French-Canadians to the Pennies and half 
Pennies issued by the Bank of Montreal, 
City Bank, La Banque du Peuple, and the 
Quebec Bank in 1837. Pierre Papineau 
was the leader of the rebellion which oc- 
curred in this year. The coins bear on one 
side the figure of a native in winter cos- 
tume. The value of this Penny was in- 
creased one fifth by an order in the Coun- 
cil, passed August 30, 1870, which estab- 
lished a uniform currency of Dollars and 
Cents, and converted its purchasing power 
at two Cents. See Breton (521-522). 

Papione. See Pepion. 

Para. Originally a silver coin of the 
Ottoman Empire, which came into exist- 
ence about A.H. 1066, and eventually took 
the place of the Akcheh {q.v.), although 
at first it had a value four times as great 
as the latter coin. 

The Para was made the fortieth part of 
the Piastre or Ghrusli, a value it has al- 
ways retained. Some of the earlier issues 
are rectangular in form. 

The modern Para and its multiples are 
of copper and nickel ; it was instituted by 
Abdul Medjid, A.H. 1260, i.e., in 1844. 
Ten Paras are today roughly computed as 
worth a Metallik. 

Para. The name given to the smallest 
copper coin of Servia, adopted in 1867 
when that country followed the Latin 
Union in its monetary system. One hun- 
dred Para are equal to one Dinar. King 
Milan issued pieces of five and ten Paras 
in nickel in 1883 and later. 

The Para of Montenegro has a somewhat 
higher value, as it is the fractional part of 
the Perper, which latter has the same value 
as the Austrian Krone. Nickel and copper 
coins respectively of ten and twenty Paras 
in nickel, and one and two Paras in cop- 
per, were struck for Montenegro at the 
Paris mint in 1909. 

Para. A copper coin of Russia issued 
in 1771 and 1772 for Moldavia and Walla- 
chia. The Para was equal to three Dengi 
and the double Para to three Kopecks. 


[ 170 ] 


Parali 


Pataca 


Parali. This was a subdivision of the 
older Leu of Roumania. Twenty-eight 
Parali were equal to one Leu, and on the 
adoption of the decimal system they were 
succeeded by the Bani. 

Pardao, or Pardau. A silver coin 
originally issued under John V (1706- 
1750) for the Portuguese Indies, and 
struck principally at Goa. 

It was valued at half a Rupia and the 
type represents a bust of the ruler on the 
obverse and the Portuguese arms on the 
reverse. Varieties occur with the figures 
300 stamped on them to indicate their 
value in Reis. 

Pardaw. A former money of account at 
Atjeh. See Mas. 

Parisis, or Parisis d’Or. A gold coin of 
Prance, originally struck by Philip VI of 
Valois (1328-1350). Its name is based on 
the fact that the Paris standard was one 
fourth above that of Tours. It was re- 
tained in France to the end of the seven- 
teenth century, but it gradually lost its 
technical significance. 

A Royal Parisis appeared in the reign 
of Philip IV (1285-1314) ; this was of bil- 
lon. The Denier Parisis was struck about 
the same time, and of the same composition. 

Parpagliola. A base silver coin of the 
value of two and a half Soldi struck by the 
Emperor Charles V for the Duchy of Milan 
(1535-1556). Louis XII of Prance issued 
it for Asti, and William II (1464-1483) 
for Casale. At Correggio, under Camillo 
of Austria (1597-1606), it had a value of 
three Soldi ; it was struck at Montalcino 
in Tuscany in 1556 and 1557, and at Mi- 
randola and Siena about the same time. 
See Rassegna Numismatica (xi. 31-34). 

All of the preceding are probably copied 
from a Swiss coin, known as the Parpai'ole, 
which continued in use until the sixteenth 
century. It was quite common in the can- 
ton of Waadt, under Barthelemi Chuet, 
Bishop of Lausanne (1469-1472). 

Parruccone. A nickname for the Quad- 
rupla d’Oro of Charles III of Spain, issued 
from 1761 to 1785. The word means a 
wig, and the allusion is to the abundance 
of hair and curls on the sovereign’s head. 


Partenope. The popular name for a sil- 
ver coin of twelve Carlini, issued in Naples 
in 1791 to commemorate the return of the 
rulers, Ferdinand and Caroline, from Ger- 
many. 

Parthenoi, meaning ‘ ‘ maidens. ’ ’ A name 
given to the silver coins of Athens, from 
the head of Pallas on the obverse. 

Passir, probably a corruption of the 
French verb passer. A name given to 
pieces of brass or copper resembling coins 
which had a weight denomination stamped 
on them and were used by banks, mer- 
chants, etc., to determine whether a coin 
was equal to the necessary weight standard. 
A well known example is the brass Louis 
d’Or of 1772, stamped passir. 

Kelly (p. 8) states that the name Passier 
Dukaten was used in Germany to indicate 
such Ducats as were deficient in weight or 
fineness more than one sixth of a carat. 

Pasteboard Coins. See Paper. 

Pataca, or Patacao. A Portuguese sil- 
ver coin of the value of three hundred and 
twenty Reis, which appeared in the reign 
of John IV (1640-1656) after the restora- 
tion of the House of Braganza. There are 
doubles and halves of corresponding values. 

Teixeira de Aragao (p. 219) mentions 
an edict of November 13, 1630, by which 
the value of the Pataca was fixed at six 
Tangas; this was evidently for the Portu- 
guese colonies. This coin is the one re- 
ferred to under the name of Patachine by 
William Barret in his Book of Travels, 
1684, who writes of Malacca : 

“There is also a sort of silver mony 
which they call Patachines and is worth 6 
Tangas of good mony which is 360 reyes 
and is stamped with two letters S T which 
is St. Thomas on one side and the arms 
of Portugall on the other.” 

In Brazil Meili catalogues specimens as 
early as 1695 struck at Bahia, and 1700 
struck at Pernambuco. The colonial issues 
are frequently counterstamped with higher 
or lower values. See Butaca. 

Pataca. In the Neapolitan series this 
name was applied to the half of the silver 
Ducato (q.v.), authorized by the ordinance 
of April 20, 1818. 


[171 ] 


Pataca 


Pattacona 


Pataca, or Patack. The Species Thaler 
is so called in Abyssinia. See Wakea. 

Pataca Chica and Pataca Gourda. For- 
mer money of account in Algiers. The 
first was reckoned at eight Muzunas of 
twenty-nine Aspers, or two hundred and 
thirty-two Aspers ; and the latter at three 
times that amount. 

Patacchina, also called Petacchina. A 

small silver coin of Genoa issued during 
Republican rule in the fourteenth century 
and in use until the period of the Sforza 
dynasty. Specimens struck under the 
French occupation (1396-1409) bear the 
divided arms of France and Genoa, or 
France and Savoy. 

Pataccho. A silver coin of the Princi- 
pality of Monaco, which appeared early in 
the seventeenth century. Under Onorato 
11 pieces of four Patacchi were issued from 
1640 to 1649 ; they have on the reverse 
a cross, formed by four letters II, all 
crowned. 

Patachine. See Pataca. 

Pataco (plural Pat.acoes). A copper 
coin of Portugal, first issued by John III, 
of a value of ten Reis, and intended as a 
substitute for the small silver coins of the 
same value. It was revived from about 
1811 to 1833 with a value of forty Reis. 

Patagon. The name given to the piece 
of fifty Stuivers issued in various parts of 
Brabant and the Low Countries during the 
seventeenth century. The word, like Pie- 
fort, means heavy. 

Pataque. The largest of the silver coins 
of the Ottoman Empire. See Yuzlik. 

Patard. A silver coin of Flanders, Bra- 
bant, Burgundy, etc., originally issued in 
the latter part of the fifteenth century. 
Its value fluctuated, although in the main 
it was about equal to the Dutch Stuiver. 
At Liege and Cambrai the Ecu d ’argent 
was equal to thirty or thirty-two Patards. 
The Daalder of the Low Countries was 
valued at thirty-two Patards, and the gold 
Florin at thirty-four. 

Patard. A billon coin of France, struck 
by Charles VI (1380-1422), and copied by 
Charles VII and Louis XI. The last 
named ruler issued it for Perpignan, and 
Louis XII for Provence and Milan. See 
Hoffmann ( passim ) . 

[1 


Pataz. The Hungarian name for the 
Groschel ( q.v .), which was computed at 
three fourths of the Kreuzer. 

Pathenmiinzen. A term used by Ger- 
man numismatists for tokens presented at 
baptisms by the god-parents or sponsors. 

Patina. An oxidation produced by cer- 
tain soils and moisture upon copper coins. 
This oxidation takes a black, brown, red, 
blue, or green color, according to the ma- 
terials which have affected the surface of 
the coins. 

Patla. Another name for the gold Mo- 
hur of Nepal, of the weight of half a Tola. 
The word means “a thin coin.” See Suka. 

Patlachte. The name given to cacao 
beans which circulated as money among the 
ancient Mexicans. See Sicca. 

Patolquachtli. Bancroft, in Native 
Races of the Pacific States of North Ameri- 
ca, 1875 (ii. 381-382), states that among 
the ancient Mexicans this name was used 
for “small pieces of cotton cloth used as 
money in the purchase of articles of im- 
mediate necessity or of little value.” 

Patricius Farthing. A copper coin of 
Ireland, struck in 1463 by Germyn Lynch, 
the warden of the mints at Dublin and 
Trim. 

The obverse has a bishop’s head, with 
the inscription patricivs, and the reverse 
a cross pattee, with salvator. 

Patrick. At a Parliament held at Drog- 
heda, 1460, before Richard, Duke of York, 
Lord Lieutenant, it was enacted that “a 
proper coin separate from the coin of Eng- 
land was with more convenience agreed to 
be had in Ireland,” and among the pro- 
posed coins was one “having imprinted on 
one part of it a crown, and on the other 
part a cross, called a Patrick, of which 
eight shall pass for one Denier.” See 
Ruding (i. 278). 

This probably refers to a copper half 
Farthing issued by Henry VI for Ireland, 
which bears the inscription patrik. 

Patriotenthaler. See Pelikanthaler. 

Pattacona. A nickname given in Istria 
to the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of 
four Kreuzer which was abolished about 
1890. It is probably a corruption of Pata- 
gon (q.v.). 

72] 


Patte d’oie 


Pelavillano 


Patte d’oie. A name given to a variety 
of the Gros Blanc a la fleur de lis, issued 
by John II of France (1350-1364). It has 
the word franc in large letters horizontally 
across the reverse. See Hoffmann (49, 50). 

Pattern. A suggested design, which may 
or may not he adopted. Pattern pieces are 
those for which the dies have been designed 
and cut for a proposed coinage. These 
models are afterwards submitted to the 
mint authorities for approval and have 
been discarded by them for various rea- 
sons. 

Paul. An obsolete English term for the 
Paolo ( q.v .). 

Sterne, in Tristram Shandy (ix. 24), 
says : “I paid five Pauls for two hard 

eggs;” and James Russell Lowell in his 
Journal in Italy remarks: “You give the 
custode a paid for showing you the wolf 
that suckled Romulus and Remus.” 

Paulah. A copper coin of Hindustan 
and ecpial to one fourth of the Dam (q.v.). 

Paunchea, or Paunschih. A former 
money of account of Bombay, etc., com- 
puted at five Rupees. See Molmr. 

Pavali. Lewis Rice in the Mysore Gazet- 
teer , 1877 (p. 8), states that a silver coin 
of this name, and of the value of one quar- 
ter Rupee, was in circulation in the above- 
mentioned year. 

Pavilion d’Or. A gold coin of France, 
issued by Philip VI of Valois (1328-1350). 
It receives its name from the canopy or 
tent under which the King is seated. It 
was copied by Edward the Black Prince 
in the Anglo-Gallic series, and struck at 
Bordeaux. 

Pax Type. A designation employed to 
classify English silver coins. The coins of 
Harold II all have pax across the reverse, 
which device was copied to some extent on 
the pennies of AVilliam I. These have the 
letters paxs (perhaps signifying pax sit), 
in the angles of the cross. 

Pe. See Prak Pe. 

Peack. A corruption of Wompompeeke, 
a variety of Wampum. See Roanoake. 

Peca. A Portuguese gold coin of six 
thousand and four hundred Reis, or four 
Escudos, introduced in 1750, and repre- 
senting a reduced form of the Dobra 


(q.v.). It circulated extensively in Brazil 
and was struck at Rio and Bahia. 

Pecco. See Bahar. 

Pecunia. The Latin name for money, 
derived from pecus, a fiock of sheep or a 
herd of cattle. This indicates that animals 
were the earliest mediums of exchange. 
See Homer, Iliad (vi. 235). In the third 
century the word was used to define the 
Roman copper money. 

In the Domesday Book, issued circa 
1086, the word is used for cattle almost 
universally, and in a few instances it has 
the meaning of possessions or personal 
property. 

Pecunia Major. See Majorina. 

Pecuniola. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1600 in which this word is used as a 
diminutive of Pecunia and is specially ap- 
plied to copper coins. 

Peerdeke. A base silver coin issued at 
Nimegue, Zutphen, Zwolle, Groningen, 
Roermond, etc., during the sixteenth cen- 
tury. Its value varied slightly, being from 
one half to one third of the Escalin or 
Snaphaan. The name, like that of the 
Cavallo (q.v.), appears to be derived from 
the figure of the running horse on the ob- 
verse. See v.d. Chijs (passim). 

Pegasi. A popular name for Greek 
coins of Corinth, Syracuse, etc., bearing a 
figure of Pegasus. They are also variously 
known as Polos and Pullus. Conf. Greek 
TUoXot. 

Pegione. A silver coin of the Grosso 
type of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. It 
appeared first in the reign of Galeazzo 1 1 
and Barnabo Visconti (1354-1378), and was 
continued to the end of the fifteenth cen- 
tury. The types show a figure of St. Am- 
brosius, usually seated, with a triple- 
thonged whip in his hand. See Ambrosino. 

The name is variously spelled Pegione, 
Pigione, and Picchione, and the etymology 
is uncertain. It is of the value of one and 
one half Soldi. 

Pei. The Chinese name for the Cowrie 
(q.V.). 

Pelanor (IleXavop, IlsXavo?). The Greek 
name for the iron bars long used as money 
at Sparta and other places in ancient 
Greece. 

Pelavillano. See Poillevillain. 


[ 173 ] 


Pelegrini 


Penny Poize 


Pelegrini. See Foghetti. 

Pelf, probably allied to pilfer, means 
money or riches, but it often conveys the 
idea of something ill-gotten or worthless. 

It was in use as early as the beginning 
of the sixteenth century, and Spenser, in 
the Fairie Queene, 1590 (iii. ix. 4), has 
the line, “But all his mind is set on mucky 
pelf.” 

Pelhauquins. The name given to cer- 
tain leaden jetons or tokens used for games 
and issued during the second half of the 
fourteenth century. They are described in 
detail by Adrien Blanchet in the Proces- 
verbaux de la Societe Frangaise de Numis- 
matique, 1907 (xxxix.). 

Pelikanthaler. The name given to a 
Thaler struck by Henry Julius, Duke of 
Brunswick-Liineburg in 1599. It bears on 
the reverse the figure of a pelican feeding 
its young, and the inscription pro aris et 
focis, i.e., “for home and hearth;” from 
this it is also known as the Patriotenthaler. 

For details, including the legend for- 
merly current, that the pelican fed its off- 
spring by tearing its own breast, conf. 
Madai. 

Pelliculati. See Plated Coins. 

Pempobolon (xs[j.7r(o[jokov) . Another 
form of the word Pentobolon ( q.v .). 

Penabad. The half Kran in the coinage 
of modern Persia. See Kran. 

Pengar. The Swedish name for money 
in general ; it is derived from Penning, 
Pfennig, etc. 

Penge. A Danish word for money in 
general. 

Penni. A copper coin of Finland, the 
one hundredth part of the Markka. There 
are multiples of five and ten Pennia. 

Penning. The Dutch equivalent of 
Pfennig (q.v.), and applied to the Denier. 
There were special issues for Brabant and 
the Low Countries called Penning van een 
en een halven (one and one half) Groot; 
Penning van Twee Grooten (i.e., Stuiver) ; 
Penning van Drie Grooten (i.e., Mechelaar, 
and later called Tweeblankspenning) ; 
Penning van Ses (six) Grooten, etc. 

Penny (plural, Pennies and Pence). An 
English coin, the twelfth part of a Shil- 
ling. It succeeded the Denarius or Denier 
of the Anglo-Saxons since the eighth cen- 


tury and from this circumstance probably 
retained the abbreviation D or d. 

Offa, King of Mercia (757-796) is the 
first king to whom any silver Pennies can 
be attributed with certainty ; and from 
this time this coin remained the basis until 
the introduction of the Groat and half 
Groat by Edward III. The type is almost 
uniformly with a portrait on one side and 
a long or short cross with pellets in the 
angles on the reverse. 

In 1257 Henry III struck a gold Penny, 
which was first valued at twenty silver 
Pennies and later at twenty-four; it 
weighed forty-five and one quarter grains. 
“This piece,” says Ending, “was properly 
a Ryal, and the first of the sort coined in 
Europe : the petit Ryal of Philip le Bel 
being much in imitation of it, and he was 
the first King of France who coined Ry- 
als. ” See Jaku. 

The silver Pennies struck for Ireland 
frequently have the bust of the King in 
a triangle ; those for Scotland were called 
Sterlings (q.v.). 

Thirds of Pennies are mentioned in the 
laws of Aelfred (872-901), and the half 
Pennies of Edward the Confessor may be 
actually thirds of Pennies, as they weigh 
from seven to nine grains. 

The earliest specimen of an English cop- 
per Penny is one dated 1601, which was 
evidently intended for a pattern. The ob- 
verse lias a bust portrait of Elizabeth with 
the words the . pledge . of . On the re- 

verse is the royal monogram crowned, with 
the date and the inscription a. penny. 
The half Penny is not dated; it has the 
royal monogram on one side and a rose 
crowned on the other. 

Montagu’s work cites the long series of 
copper Pennies and half Pence which sub- 
sequently appeared, and the reader is re- 
ferred to this book. 

For many of the British colonies and 
possessions Pennies and half Pence were 
also struck, and for Southern Nigeria Pen- 
nies in nickel and one tenth Pennies in 
aluminium were issued, both perforated. 
See Pfennig. 

Penny Poize. An early English weight 
standard used for discovering the lack of 
proper weight in the coins. An ordinance 
of the year 1205 states that “there was 
issued, from the mint office, a penny-poize, 


[ 174 ] 


Penny Yard Pence 


Perkin Warbeck Groat 


wanting one eighth of a penny, to he de- 
livered to any one who would have it, to 
be used until Easter in the next year.” 

Ruding (i. 211) states that about the 
year 1331, “a curious kind of fraud was 
devised by Salamon de Ripple, a monk of 
the Abbey of St. Augustin in Canterbury, 
and receiver of the tenth and fifteenth in 
that diocese, as deputy for the abbot. He 
framed a balance, which he called a penny 
pise, and having selected twenty shillings 
in old and heavy pennies, he weighed 
against them the money which he received ; 
by which means those who thought to pay 
only twenty shillings were forced to pay 
five shillings more, or three shillings and 
fourpence at the least. At length a com- 
plaint from the whole diocese was laid be- 
fore the council, and the king gave order 
for proper inquiry to be made ; in conse- 
quence of which the abbot was fined eighty 
pounds, for the offence committed by his 
deputy, and was obliged to refund what 
had been unjustly taken, although it was 
done without his knowledge.” 

Penny Yard Pence. Berry, Encyclo- 
paedia Heraldica, 1828, states that certain 
varieties of silver Pennies receive this 
name, “from the place where they were 
coined, which is supposed to have been at 
Penny Yard Castle, near Ross, in Here- 
fordshire.” 

Pentadrachm. A Greek silver coin of 
the value of five Drachms ( q.v .). It was 
rarely struck, though specimens issued 'by 
the early kings of Macedonia are known. 
A gold Pentadrachm was issued for Egypt 
by Ptolemy I Soter (B.C. 323-284) and 
Ptolemy II Philadelphia (B.C. 284-247). 

Pentalitron, or five Litra (q.v.) piece, 
was struck in silver at Agrigentum. 

Pentanummion. A name given to the 
eighth part of the Follis, consisting of five 
Nummi. 

Pentastater (tcvt<3cot®ty)po<5) are men- 
tioned by Pollux. They are the gold De- 
cadrachms of Berenice of Egypt. 

Pentechalkon. A Greek silver coin of 
the value of five times the Chalcus, or five 
eighths of the Obol (q.v.). 

Pentecontadrachm (TisvrrjyvOVTaSpaygov) , 
or fifty Drachm piece, is mentioned by 
Pollux. There was a gold coin of this 
value struck by Alexander the Great and 


by several of the Ptolemaic sovereigns of 
Egypt. It is better known to us by the 
more common name of Distater (q.v.), 
double Stater, or gold Tetradrachm. 

Pentecontalitra. The Sicilian name for 
the Decadrachm (q.v.). See also Litra. 

Pentecostals. Ayliffe, Parergon, 1726 
(p. 434), has the following: “Pentecostals, 
otherwise called Whitsun Farthings, were 
Oblations made by the Parishioners to the 
Parish Priest at the Feast of Pentecost.” 
At times they were contributed by in- 
ferior churches or parishes to the principal 
mother church. 

Pentobolon. A piece of five Oboli. See 
Obol. Specimens of this denomination in 
silver were struck at Athens, and in bronze 
by the Ptolemies. 

Pentoncion (tu£VT(oy7.iov) , Latin Quin- 
cunx. A multiple of the Uncia (q.v.). It 
was struck in silver at Agrigentum and 
Leontini, in bronze, at Catania, Rhegium, 
Camarina, and by the Mamertines in 
Sicily. 

Pepion. A billon coin of Castile and 
Leon, issued by Ferdinand III and his 
successor, Alfonso X, during the thirteenth 
century. It was struck at Burgos, Toledo, 
and Cuenca. It is sometimes referred to 
by the name of Papione. 

Pepulea. T he name given to coins 
struck in Bologna in 1338 by the Signors 
de Pepoli. 

Pequenino. A copper coin, struck for 
Goa and other Portuguese colonies ; it is 
of the value of half the Bazarucco or Leal. 

Pereale. The popular name for the 
Real, struck in Messina by Peter III of 
Aragon (1282-1285). 

Peregozi. See Petragordin. 

Perkin Warbeck Groat. In Ruding 
(Suppl. Plate iii. No. 33) is given the rep- 
resentation of a silver coin which is pre- 
sumed to have been struck by the Duchess 
of Burgundy for Perkin Warbeck, when 
he set out to invade England in the year 
1495. On what ground this appropriation 
has been made, Ruding was never able to 
discover. The coin bears date 1494, but 
no evidence whatever of the mint where 
it was struck, or the authority by which 
it was coined exists. The very singular 
legend on the reverse mani teckel phares 


[ Ho ] 


Permische Schilling 


Pesson 


*1494* ma y possibly have been intended as 
a prophetic threat to Henry ; but this sup- 
position is not warranted by any known 
record, nor is this coin mentioned by any 
historian of that period. The motto on 
the obverse, domine salvvm fac regem, is 
taken from Psalms xx. 9, and that on the 
reverse is the denunciation against Bel- 
shazzar. See Daniel (v. 25). The date 

appears to have been the chief, if not the 
only reason for the appropriation. Wise 
says, “ ejus | nempe Warbeck | gratia mini- 
mum sequentem in Burgundia cusum fuisse 
putant antiquarii, propter epocam inscrip- 
tani,” Num. Bodleian. Cat. (p. 241). If 
it were really struck by order of the 
Duchess of Burgundy, it might be expected 
that the rose would have been made more 
conspicuously prominent than it is upon 
the coin, bearing in mind the fact that she 
gave Perkin Warbeck the title of “the 
White Rose of England.” 

Permische Schilling. A silver denomi- 
nation of Belgium under Austrian rule, 
and valued at seven Stuivers. It was 
struck pursuant to a monetary convention 
of 1749. 

Perner. See Berner. 

Perper. The gold standard of Monte- 
negro, of the same value as the Austrian 
Krone, and subdivided into one hundred 
Paras. In 1910 the Vienna Royal Mint 
struck gold coins of one hundred, twenty, 
and ten Perpera pieces for Montenegro in 
commemoration of the fiftieth year of the 
reign of Prince Nicolas I. 

Perpero. A silver coin of Byzantine 
origin, current in Ragusa, Dalmatia. In 
the thirteenth century it was a money of 
account and equal to twelve Grossi ; from 
1683 to 1750, however, an actual coin of 
this denomination was issued. 

Peseta. The monetary unit of Spain, 
replacing the Escudo in 1868 when the 
Latin Union system was adopted. It is 
divided into one hundred Centimos, and 
there are multiples in gold of ten, twenty, 
and twenty-five, and in silver of five Pese- 
tas. 

The etymology is from pezzo, a piece, 
or portion, whence pezeta, a small piece. 
This is borne out by the fact that it was 
originally a part of the Peso ; the latter 
coin consisting of eight Reales, whereas 


the Peseta was equal to two silver or four 
copper Reales. 

In the Peruvian coinage the Peseta is 
a silver coin equal to the one fifth of a 
Sol, but its value is little more than half 
that of the Spanish unit. It is equal to 
two Dineros, or twenty Centavos. 

Peso. The Spanish equivalent for our 
word Dollar; primarily it means a weight, 
and by implication the weight of an ounce. 
This designation is apparent when it is 
considered that originally it was only a 
silver bar, the value of which was deter- 
mined by weighing. 

As a silver coin of Spain it was issued 
about the middle of the sixteenth century. 
Its value, eight Reales, is frequently found 
on the side of the armorial shield on the 
reverse; thus, VIII or 8, and from this 
circumstance arose the expression “Piece 
of Eight.” 

The Peso at times had a value of ten 
Reales. By a decree of June 6, 1856, the 
Paraguay government decided that the 
Spanish Piastre should be reckoned equal 
to ten Reales. See Graty, Republica de 
Paraguay (p. 403). This refers to the 
Peso, which is frequently termed a Piastre. 
In Colombia the Peso of ten Reales was 
introduced about 1850, an essay having ap- 
peared in 1849, Fonrobert (8135) ; and in 
Venezuela about 1863, Fonrobert (7953). 

Of the obsidional Pesos there were issues 
for Chile, Copiapo, Lima, Sombrerete, and 
Zahatecas. 

The Peso Duro is a somewhat larger 
coin, and of a value of twenty Reales. It 
was issued under Philip III (1598-1621) 
by Joseph Napoleon from 1809 to 1812, 
and by Isabella II in 1835 and 1836. See 
Duro. 

In the South American series and the 
Philippines the Peso is divided into one 
hundred Centavos. In Uruguay it is one 
hundred Centesimos ; and the Peso of Pan- 
ama is equal to one half Balboa ( q.v .), or 
fifty Centesimos. 

The Peso Fuerte of Venezuela is equal 
to five Bolivares and is divided into one 
hundred Centavos, and the Peso Maquina 
of the same country equals four Bolivares 
or eighty Centavos. 

Pesson (7C£aaov), the Greek name for 
Tessera (q.v.). 


[ 176 ] 


Pest Thaler 


Petrus Schilling 


Pest Thaler. This, strictly speaking, is 
not a coin but a commemorative medal is- 
sued when a pestilence or plague ravaged 
a district, or immediately thereafter. There 
are well known specimens for Breslau, 
Hamburg, Erfurt, etc., the majority of 
which were struck in the sixteenth century. 

Petacchina. See Patacchina. 

PetaJon (xexoAov), the Greek name for 
Flan ( q.v .). 

Peter. The name given to both a gold 
and a silver coin of the Low Countries, 
which obtains its title from the prominent 
effigy of St. Peter on the obverse. The 
Gouden Peter, or Pierre d’or, first ap- 
peared under Jan Til of Brabant (1312- 
1355). It was twenty-three and one half 
carats fine and of half the value of the 
Rozenohel (q.v.). The Zilveren Peter, or 
Pietre d ’argent, was a silver coin issued 
contemporaneously with the preceding, 
and copied by Jan Y von Arkel, Bishop 
of Liege (1364-1378). 

Petermannchen, also called Petermen- 
ger, were small base silver coins which 
bore on the obverse a bust of St. Peter in 
the clouds, holding a key in his right hand. 

They were struck at Trier as early as 
1621 and had a value of nine Pfennige. 
Their issue appears to have been discon- 
tinued early in the eighteenth century. 

Peter’s Pence. The name given to a 
tribute which was collected for the Roman 
pontiff in reverence of the memory of St. 
Peter. The payment was abolished in 
England in 1366, but not entirely sup- 
pressed, as Fabian in his Chronicle (temp. 
Edward IV) states that in some counties 
of England it was still collected. It was 
finally stopped by a statute of Henry VIII 
in 1533. 

Certain small coins of Poland and Sile- 
sia, probably coined for paying this offer- 
ing, have received the name of Peters- 
pfennige. 

The semi-ecclesiastical Pennies struck for 
St. Peter, at York, about A.D. 920 to 940, 
are commonly though incorrectly called 
Peter’s Pence. 

Selden, History of Tithes (217), states 
that the Anglo-Saxon term Almesfeoh or 
Almsfeoh, i.e., alms-money, is supposed to 
be the same as Peter’s Pence. It was like- 
wise called Romefeoh and Romescot. 


Petit Blanque. See Blanc. 

Petit Dauphin. See Dauphin. 

Petition Crown. In the year 1663 the 
celebrated Simon Petition Crown was pro- 
duced. It arose out of a trial of skill be- 
tween Thomas Simon, who held the office 
of engraver to the mint since 1646, and 
John Roettier, a Flemish engraver, who 
was brought over under the patronage of 
Charles II. Both made pattern pieces for 
a new coinage to be introduced, but Roet- 
tier ’s work was accepted and he received 
orders to prepare the dies. Simon ex- 
pressed Ids displeasure at the verdict and 
was deprived of his office by the King. 

The artists’ petition is on the edge of 
the pattern-piece and reads: THOMAS 

SIMON MOST . HVMBLY . PRAYS YOVR . 
MAJESTY TO COMPARE THIS . HIS . TRY ATT, 
. PIECE . WITH . THE . DVTCH . AND . IF . MORE 
. TRVLY . DRAWN . & . EMBOSS’D . MORE . 
GRACE : FVLLY . ORDERED . AND . MORE . AC- 
CVRATELY . ENGRAVEN . TO . RELEIVE . HIM. 

About twenty of these pieces were struck 
off with the petition, and a small number 
without. See Reddite Crown. 

Petit Royal d’Or. See Royal d’Or. 

Petit Tournois. See Gros Tournois. 

Petizza. A silver coin of Piedmont, in- 
troduced in 1799 with a value of seventeen 
Kreuzer. See Promis (ii. 192). The name 
was also applied to the piece of fifteen 
Carantani of Venice. The latter coin has 
the numerals XV in the exergue. 

Petragordin, Pierregordin, or Peregozi. 

The name by which the Denier of the 
Counts of Perigord is referred to in Me- 
diaeval ordinances. The best, known type 
is that of Angouleme. See Blanchet (i. 
288). A document of the year 1305 states 
that two Florentines agreed to supply to 
the Count of Perigord twenty thousand 
Marques of a white money known as Pierre- 
gordins by July 25 of that year. 

Petros. Du Cange cites a chronicle of 
1456 in which are mentioned Petros auri, 
meaning the gold coins of the Counts of 
IJainaut bearing the effigy of St. Peter. 

Petrus Schilling. The common name for 
a silver coin struck by Hermann V of 
Wied, Archbishop of Cologne (1515-1546), 
which bears a figure of St. Peter. 


[ 177 ] 


Pettine 


Philippi 


Pettine, meaning a comb, is the name 
used in Lombardy for such coins of Napo- 
leon I as have a radiated crown on the 
reverse, said crown being supposed to re- 
semble a comb. 

Pewter. See Tin. 

Peze. A slang French term for a Peso. 

Pezza. The name given to a variety of 
Scudo struck by the Medici family at Leg- 
horn. It appears to have been first issued 
by Ferdinando II about 1660, and was 
retained by Cosmo III and Giovanni Gas- 
tone. It is usually known as the Pezza 
della Rosa from the figure of a rose-bush 
on one side. There is a corresponding half. 
A gold type, struck in Florence in 1716, 
is known as the Pezza d ’oro della Rosa ; 
and the double Zecchino of this series is 
popularly called Rosina. 

Pezzetta. A billon coin of Monaco, is- 
sued from the period of Onorato II (1640- 
1662) to the middle of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. It corresponds to the Piecette ( q.v ). 
There is also a mezza Pezzetta. 

Pezzetta Imperiale. A silver coin of 
Guastalla, issued in 1736, and equal to 
twelve Carantani. 

Pfaffenfeind Thaler, also called Gottes- 
freund Thaler. A silver coin issued by 
Christian of Brunswick, Bishop of Ilalber- 
stadt, in 1622, with the inscription gottes/ 
frevnpt /der pfaffen/feindt, and on the 
reverse the figure of an arm emerging from 
the clouds and holding a sword. These 
coins were struck at Lippstadt from silver 
taken from the shrine of St. Liborius in 
the cathedral at Paderborn. 

Pfaffen Pfennige. The name given to 
such varieties of Bracteates (q.v.) as were 
struck by religious denominations or at 
ecclesiastical mints. 

Pfauenthaler. A silver coin of crown 
size issued under Maximilian II, in 1563, 
upon his coronation as Emperor of Hun- 
gary. It obtains its name from the figure 
of a peacock on the reverse. 

Pfennig. The etymology of the word is 
unsettled. Some authorities claim it is 
from the Keltic word pen, a head. Conf. 
Teston, Kopfstuck, etc. Others derive it 
from the Old High German, phantinc, or 
phentinc, meaning a pledge, and a third 


etymology is suggested from pfanne, a pan, 
due to the saucer shape of some of the 
bracteates. 

The word was formerly frequently writ- 
ten Pfenning, and the plural at this day 
is Pfennig, or Pfennige, both forms being 
used. In all German archives of the 
Middle Ages the Denarius is translated by 
this word. In 1271 mention is made of 
denarii qui dicuntur Hantpennige, and in 
1223 the Council of Quedl inburg men- 
tions a payment of talentum Quedlinghe- 
burgensium denariorum quod vulgariter 
Vischepennige dicitur. 

Originally two hundred and forty of 
these coins were computed at the Mark of 
fine silver. In course of time, however, 
they were not only made of lighter weight, 
but a certain proportion of base metal was 
added to their composition. The copper 
Pfennig was introduced in Westphalia in 
the sixteenth century and was soon copied 
throughout central Europe. At the pres- 
ent time the Pfennig is equal to the one 
hundredth part of the Mark. The German 
Empire now issues one and two Pfennige 
in copper, and five, ten, and twenty-five 
Pfennige in nickel. 

Pfundner, or Zwolfer. A silver Grosch- 
en of the value of twelve Kreuzer, struck 
by Ferdinand I (1521-1564) for Tyrol, 
Carinthia, and Styria. It was copied by 
William de Bi’onckhorst of Batenbourg, 
(1556-1573), and by Michael Apafi for 
Transylvania. 

Phai. See Pai. 

Phan. The Annamese name for the Chi- 
nese Fen (q.v.). It is a weight and so 
intended when used on the coins. 

Phenyng. See Halard. 

Phetang. The name given in India to 
a bag of gold dust which is current for 
eight Rupees. Cunningham (p. 7) thinks 
that the name is “a survival of the Rig 
V eda name of Pindan, or collected quan- 
tities of gold dust.” See Suvarna. 

Philippe. A popular name for the Ecu 
of Louis Philippe of France. 

Philippeioi. See Philippi. 

Philippi (<hihtTCTi£tot). Gold coins of 
Macedonia, which derive their name from 
having been issued by Philip, the father 
of Alexander the Great. 


[ 178 ] 


Philippus 


Piastre 


They are frequently mentioned by an- 
cient writers, and Livy relates (Lib. xliv. 
c. 15) that in the year of Rome 583 (B.C. 
169) ambassadors from Pamphylia brought 
an offering of a crown of gold for the tem- 
ple of Jupiter, wrought from twenty thou- 
sand Philippi. Later this term came to be 
applied to Roman Imperial coins as well. 

Philippus. A type of the gold Florin 
struck by Philip the Good (1430-1467) for 
Brabant. This coin was issued in 1435 and 
must not be confused with the Filips Gul- 
den, a later gold coin (q.v.). 

The Philippus was of the Rijder type 
with a figure of the Duke on horseback. 
See v.d. Chijs (p. 150). 

Philippus Daalder, also called Filips- 
daalder. A silver coin of crown size 
struck by Philip II of Spain for Brabant, 
Flanders, and the various provinces of the 
Low Countries. It received its name from 
the large bust of the king on the obverse, 
and appeared about 1557, but the type 
was retained for many years, even after 
the Netherlands had become independent 
of Spain. 

Originally it was issued at the value of 
one half of the gold Reaal, or thirty Stui- 
vers; later many divisions were made, con- 
sisting of one half, one fifth, one tenth, 
one twentieth, and one fortieth. 

This coin is sometimes referred to as the 
Ducaton (q.v.). 

Philistideion (cptktcmSecov vop. tap.a ) , men- 
tioned by Hesychius, refers undoubtedly 
to the handsome sixteen Litra silver coins 
of Iliero II of Syracuse, bearing the por- 
trait of his queen Philistis. 

Phocaides (cpcoy.aiosq, cpwy.aty.oi uTaxYjpe?, 
cpwxat8e<; Ivaat, ^puatov (pwy.aty.6v ) , was the 
name by which the electrum Staters and 
Ilectes of Phocaea were generally known 
to the ancients. They are frequently men- 
tioned in inscriptions and in these in- 
stances we probably must also include the 
Hectes of Mytilene which were sufficiently 
similar to those of Phocaea to allow them 
to be classed as one with the former. 

Phoenix, called by the Italians Fenice. 
The popular name for the Oncia d'Oro 
struck at Palermo in 1735, by Carlo III 
Borbone. This coin has on the reverse the 
figure of the Phoenix rising from the 
flames, and the inscription resurgit. The 

[1 


name is also given to a silver coin of the 
value of thirty Tari, issued in Palermo by 
Ferdinand III (1759-1825). 

Phoenix. A silver coin of the Greek 
Republic under Capo d’lstria, adopted in 
1821 and superseded by the Drachma in 
1833. It is divided into one hundred 
Lepta, and its original value was one 
eighth of the Spanish silver Dollar. 

It obtains its name from the figure of 
the fabled bird Phoenix, which is promi- 
nent on one side of the coin. 

Phoka Dam. See Dam and Suka. 

Phokikoi, cr-rar/jpes cpwy.iy.ot, of Athenian 
inscriptions, were undoubtedly the very 
common triobols of Phocis. 

Phollis (cpoXXtq). See Follis. 

Phtuli. See Abbasi, and Pul. 

Phuoc. A silver coin of Annam, issued 
under the Emperor Thieu-tri (1842-1847). 
It corresponds in value to ten Quan or five 
Piastres. See Fonrobert (2127). 

Pi. A Chinese word, the equivalent for 
commodities and for which individuals 
readily exchange their products and ser- 
vices. 

The word also applies to a coin round in 
shape, and many of the modern Chinese 
pieces are thus inscribed with an ad- 
ditional qualifying word, such as copper 
or silver, for a copper or silver coin. 

Primitive rings and amulets and a cer- 
tain form of jade bore this name. Pi was 
also a term given to the early round coins 
when the field is also the width of the 
central hole. See Iluan and Yuan. 

Pi is used in conjunction with other 
words as follows: Ch‘ien Pi or Tung Pi 
means copper money; Chin Pi, gold money; 
and Chili Pi, paper money. 

Pi. The native name for the Siamese 
Porcelain Tokens (q.v.). 

Pianetto, or Planetto. The Denier of 
Brescia issued in the fourteenth century 
is so called on account of its very flat ap- 
pearance. 

Piastre. The Turkish unit of value, 
equal to forty Para, and the one hundredth 
part of the Lira or Pound Turkish. It is 
sometimes known as the Bir-ghrush. In 
Egypt the same system prevails, but the 
value of the Egyptian Piastre is slightly 
higher than that of Turkey, and it is di- 
■9] 


Piastre 


Pice 


vided also into forty Para or ten Ochr-el- 
guerches, also called Milliemes. 

The Piastre of Cyprus was introduced 
in 1901, when, for the English Florin, 
Shilling, Sixpence, and Threepence, silver 
pieces of eighteen, nine, four and one half, 
and three Piastres were substituted. In 
the reign of Edward VII only the quarter 
Piastre was struck. 

The etymology of the name can probably 
be traced to the Italian word Piastra, 
meaning originally a thin plate of metal. 
Another derivation is from the pillars, i.e., 
pilastres, which are found on the Spanish 
coins bearing this name. See Glirush and 
Guerche. 

Piastre, or Piastra. Originally a Span- 
ish silver coin of the value of eight Reales, 
introduced at the beginning of the six- 
teenth century, and intended for trade 
with the Orient and the Spanish colonies. 
See Peso. 

Charles III of Bourbon issued the Pias- 
tra of one hundred and twenty Grani for 
Naples from 1735 to the end of his reign, 
and with it a corresponding half Piastra. 
These coins were continued in the Neapoli- 
tan series to the year 1860. In the Re- 
pubblica Partenopea of 1799 the Piastre 
had a value of twelve Carlini. 

In the Florentine series the Medici fam- 
ily struck the Piastra in both gold and 
silver. One variety, called the Piastra 
della Rosa, issued by Cosmo III, receives 
its name from the bunch of roses on the 
reverse. See Rial. 

The name is supposed to be derived from 
the Italian piastro, a plaster. John Florio, 
in his Worlde of Words, 1598, has: “Pias- 
tra d’Argento, a coine or plate of silver 
used in Spaine. ’ ’ Blount, Glossographia, 
1674, says: “Piastre, a coyn in Italy, 

about the value of our crown.” See Chal- 
mers (p. 390). 

Piastre de Commerce. The name given 
to the Dollar size silver coins struck for 
French Indo-China, beginning about 1884. 

Piastre Gourda. A monetary denomina- 
tion of the French and Spanish AVest Tu- 
dies. It is usually found with a new value 
stamped on the Mexican Piastres or Dol- 
lars, or with a heart-shaped ‘ ‘ bit ’ ’ cut from 
the same coins. See Gourde. 


Piastrino. Another name for the Car- 
lino of Ferdinand II Medici, struck at 
Florence in 1665. 

Piatak. A Russian copper coin of the 
value of five Kopecks, issued in 1758 and 
later for Siberia. They occur with the 
mint marks of Anninsk, Ekaterinburg, and 
Kolywan. 

Piataltininck. Another name for the 

Russian coin of fifteen Kopecks. 

Picaillon. A copper coin of Turin, 
struck originally about 1755 for use in 
Sardinia, and of the value of one twelfth 
Soldo. 

Picayune. A popular name in the 

Southern States and the Mississippi val- 
ley for the Spanish Medio or half Real. 
It was originally valued at six and a quar- 
ter Cents, but at a later period the same 
designation was applied to the half Dime 
and the five Cent piece. 

Picchione. See Pegione. 

Picciolino. A diminutive of Piccolo. 

The term was used in Florence and Rome, 
and the coin is mentioned in an ordinance 
of the Papal mint as early as 1454. 

Picciolo, or Piccolo. The name given 
to a small copper coin current in Malta 
and the two Sicilies from the middle of 
the sixteenth century. Its value was one 
sixth of a Grano. 

In the coinage of Verona it is found as 
early as the period of Michele Steno (1400- 
1413), and in the Venetian series from 
Doge Sebastian Ziani (1172-1178). These 
early varieties are rude coins of the De- 
nier type with a cross on both obverse and 
reverse. 

Pice. This coin is mentioned in the an- 
nals of Bombay as early as the middle of 
the seventeenth century, and while its 
value varied to some extent, it was gen- 
erally accepted as equal to the fourth part 
of a Fanam. Specimens of Pice, as well 
as halves and doubles, exist in both copper 
and lead. 

In 1835 an Act was passed in the Presi- 
dency of Bengal making the Pice legal 
tender for one sixty-fourth of the East 
India Company Rupee. The copper Pice 
of today retains this ratio and is divided 
into three Pies. 


[ 180 ] 


Pi Ch’an 


Piefort 


Among the varieties of the Pice for- 
merly current in the Deccan and other 
parts of Hindustan, two of the principal 
ones were known as the Seorai, equal to 
one sixty-fourth of the Chandor Rupee, 
and the Jamodi or Siahi, equivalent to 
one fifty-sixth of a British Rupee. See 
Paisa. 

The Gazetteer of Aurangabad, 1884, 
cites the following in reference to the coins 
of the Deccan : 

“The copper coins that prevailed were 
the Seorai, Jamodi, Dhabbu, and Siahi. 
The Seorai-pice weighed 1D/2 mashas, 
equal to 172% grains troy, and 16 gaudas 
"of them, viz. 64, were given in exchange 
for a Chandor Rupee. The Jamodi, or 
Sialii-pices, were exchanged at the rate 
of 14 gaudas, viz. 56, for a Surti or 
British Rupee. The Dhabbu weighed 18 
mashas, equal to 270 grains troy, and was 
exchange at 8 gaudas, viz. 32, for a Chan- 
dor Rupee. The Siahi and Dhabbu are 
still sparingly current.” 

Pi Ch’ an. One of the Chinese names for 
the Spade Money {q.v.). 

Pichi. See Pitje. 

Picta, or Pictata. See Pite. 

Pictavina. See Poitevin. 

Picture Sen. See E Sen. 

Picureddu. The popular name for the 
silver coin of twenty Grani issued by 
Charles II (1665-1700) for Naples and 
Sicily. The word is a corruption of pecor- 
ella, i.e., a young sheep, and the allusion 
is to the Order of the Golden Fleece, which 
is upon the coin. The name was retained 
at a later period for all coins of this type. 

Pie (plural Pies). A copper coin of 
India, which must not be confused with 
the Pice, of which it is the one third part. 

An Act of 1835 passed in Bengal or- 
dained that the Pie should be equal to 
the twelfth part of an Anna, or the 192d 
part of a Rupee. This relationship still 
exists. See Paisa. 

Piece. A piece of money ; a coin. Mory- 
son, in his Itinerary, 1617 (i. 289), says 
“They coyne any peece of which they can 
make gayne. ” 

Piece de Fantaisie. The name given to 
any coin of an unauthorized character 


which is struck for political, religious, or 
other purposes. Consult on this subject 
Stroehlin, Refrappes et Falsifications, Ge- 
neva, 1893. 

Piece de Plaisir. A name given to any 
coin of which only a limited number are 
struck, or of which some specimens are 
struck in a different metal from the ordi- 
nary type. They are found frequently in 
the French coinage from the reign of Louis 
XIV. See Hoffmann {passim). 

Piece of Eight. The name given to the 
Spanish silver coin of eight Reales and 
the predecessor of the silver Dollar of the 
United States. It was extensively coined 
in all of the Spanish mints of North and 
South America, and in the seventeenth 
century it usually was current for four 
Shillings and Sixpence. For extensive 
notes on the practice of cutting it see 
Wood (p. 4 et seq.), and conf. also Peso 
{supra). See Chalmers {passim). 

Pieces of Silver. This term occurs sev- 
eral times in the New Testament. In St. 
Matthew (xxvi. 15, xxvii. 3, 9) the original 
reads Tpiawma dtpyupia, and the coins are 
usually identified as tetradraclnns of An- 
tioch or Tyre prior to A.D. 34. 

The quotation from St. Luke (xv. 8) is 
§pa^fxa<; dextx in the original, and the coin 
found in the mouth of the fish, St. Matthew 
(xvii. 27), is a Stater. 

Piecette. A billon coin of the cantons 
of Freiburg and Neuchatel, in Switzerland, 
of a value of seven Kreuzer. It was issued 
from about 1780 to the end of the century. 
See Pezzetta. Multiples as high as fifty-six 
Kreuzer were struck. 

The original meaning is any fractional 
part, and it must have been used in this 
sense in England, as Cotgrave, in his Dic- 
tionarie, 1611, has “Piecette, a shred, bit, 
morsell, a small parcell, or peece.” 

Pied-Guailloux. The name given to a 
variety of Liard, struck by Henri IV of 
France (1589-1610). The obverse has a 
crown between three lilies, and on the re- 
verse is a hollow cross. 

Piefort, or more properly, Piedfort, 
means literally any coin struck on an un- 
usually thick planchet as a trial piece or 
essay. The designation is applied chiefly 
to coins of Bohemia, the Low Countries, 


[ I'M ] 


Pierced 


Pin Money 


and France, where some of these pieces 
were undoubtedly used as current money. 
The Dickgroschen of Prague are so termed, 
and in the French series Pieforts of billon 
occur as early as the reign of Louis VII 
(1137-1180), while those of silver and gold 
from the fourteenth to the seventeenth cen- 
tury are frequently met with. 

Pierced. A coin or medal is said to be 
pierced when it has a hole in it. This is 
sometimes done by the issuer for purposes 
of suspension, but is more often the work 
of vandals. 

Pierre d’Or. See Peter. 

Pierregordin. See Petragordin. 

Pietje. A popular name for the piece 
of seven Stuivers, struck for Friesland 
during the seventeenth century. 

Pietre. See Peter. 

Pig- An obsolete English slang term for 
a Sixpence. Fletcher, in his play, The 
Beggar’s Bush, 1622 (iii. 1), has the 
following: “Fill till ’t be sixpence, And 
there’s my Pig.” 

Pigeon Eye Sen. See Hatome Sen. 

Pigione. See Pegione. 

Pignatelle. The name given to a base 
silver coin originally struck in France 
during the sixteenth century and more or 
less circulated in the neighboring coun- 
tries. A Douzain of Henri III counter- 
stamped i.h.s., probably for Geneva, is 
so called, and the name is also given to 
pieces of six Blanques issued by Henri IV. 

Pilarte. A billon coin of Portugal is- 
sued by Fernando (1367-1383), and struck 
at Lisbon and Porto. Its value was two 
Dinheiros. The obverse has a cross with 
surrounding inscription and on the re- 
verse are five shields in cruciform arrange- 
ment. 

Pile and Trussell are obsolete Scottish 
terms which corresponded to what are now 
known as the obverse and reverse dies. 

Cochran-Patrick in Records of the Coin- 
age of Scotland, 1876 (I. introd. 49), has 
the following: “Each moneyer had two 
irons or puncheons, one of which was called 
the pile, and the other the trussell. The 
pile was from seven to eight inches long, 
and was firmly fixed in a block of wood. 
On the pile was engraved one side of the 
coin, and on the trussell the other.’’ 


In the Registers of the Privy Council 
of Scotland, 1562-63 (i. 227), occurs the 
following entry: “Ane pile and ane tursall 
maid for cunyeing of certane pecis of gold 
and silvir, the pile havand sunkin thairin 
foure lettris. ’’ 

Pile is used in French for the reverse 
of a coin. 

Pillar Dollar. See Colonato. 

Pimpion. A slang French term for the 
Pepion ( q.v .). 

Pineapple Penny. The popular name 
for a copper penny of Barbadoes, issued 
in 1788, which bears a large pineapple on 
the obverse. See Atkins (p. 313). 

Pine Tree Coins. An early silver issue 
for the Colony of Massachusetts, consisting 
of Shillings, Sixpences, and Threepences. 
They are all dated 1652, but probably did 
not come into use until 1662. Originally 
they were known as Boston or Bay Shil- 
lings or Sixpences, and the name Pine Tree 
was adopted about 1680 to distinguish them 
from the earlier Oak Tree and Willow 
Tree coins. See Crosby. 

The prevalent erroneous conception of 
this coin, due probably to its rarity, is 
indicated by the following curious passage 
in a work by Richard Hayes, entitled The 
Negociator’s Magazine, 1740 (pp. 213- 
214). The author had never seen the coin, 
but states that “it is made of good silver, 
and is about the value of a common Eng- 
lish shilling. This piece they first coined 
in Oliver Cromwell’s time; and I have 
been told, they continue to coin the said 
Shilling to this very time, and do still re- 
tain the first date upon the same. I am 
told that on one side is a palm-branch and 
a laurel united together like a tree; and 
on the reverse side is St. George’s cross 
in a shield, conjoined to another shield, 
within which is an Harp for Ireland.” 

Pin Money. A sum of money allowed 
or settled on a wife or other lady for her 
private and personal expenses. In the 
fourteenth century, long after the inven- 
tion of pins, the makers were allowed to 
sell them only on certain days. It was 
then that the women gathered there to buy 
them. When pins became cheap and com- 
mon, they spent their allowances on other 
fancies, but the expression “pin money” 
remained. 


[ 182 ] 


Pinpennellos 


Pitje 


Pinpennellos. Du Cange cites an ordi- 
nance of Philip II of France of the year 
1218, in which small coins are referred to 
by this name. Nothing further is known 
concerning them. 

Pinto. See Cruzado. 

Pions de Jeux. See Tessera. 

Pisisthaler. The Francescone of Tus- 
cany is thus referred to by German nu- 
mismatic writers. 

Pistacchio. The popular name used in 
Naples for the small Danaro of the period 
of Alfonso I (1416-1458). Its value was 
one sixtieth of the Carlino. 

Pistareen, also variously written Piste- 
reen and Pistoreen. The name given to 
the Spanish silver piece of two Reales, in- 
troduced at the beginning of the eighteenth 
century. Its value was one fourth of the 
corresponding new Peso, but it was rated 
at one fifth of the old type Peso, the latter 
being of inferior silver. It was frequently 
divided or cut for use in the British West 
Indies. See Chalmers (pp. 53 and 395). 

Pistole, from the Spanish pistola, a plate 
of metal. Originally this was a Spanish 
gold coiii struck in the beginning of the 
sixteenth century and approximately of 
the value of one fourth of the Dobla. It 
was the prototype of the Louis d’Or of 
France and was also copied in the Pala- 
tinate and by several of the Swiss cantons, 
Geneva, Uri, etc. 

In the later German coinage the Pistole 
represents a gold coin of five Thaler, and 
received various names from the sovereign 
whose portrait it bore, e.g., Friedrich’s 
d’Or, etc. 

Pistole. A gold coin, sometimes called 
the Twelve-Pound Piece, struck by Wil- 
liam III of England, for Scotland, in 1701. 
Its weight is one hundred and six grains, 
and there is a corresponding half. 

These coins were struck from gold sent 
over from the Colony of Darien, in a 
vessel called the “Rising Sun.” The name 
of the ship is commemorated by the device, 
under the King ’s bust, of a situ rising from 
the sea. 

There is also a gold pistole in the Irish 
series of 1642 called Inchquin Money 
(q.v.). It has 4 dwtt. 7 gr. stamped on it. 


Pistole Forte. A name given to a gold 
coin issued in Geneva in 1722 and later, 
on account of its value, which was five 
Florins higher than that of the ordinary 
Pistole. 

Pistolet. A small Pistole. The term is 
applied to the Scudo d’Oro of Francisco 
III of Monteferrato ; to the gold issues of 
Herman Thierry, Seigneur of Batenbourg 
(1573-1612), etc. See also Ecu Pistolet. 

A proclamation of Elizabeth of October 
9, 1560, states that “Pistolets, then valued 
at six shillings and two pence, shall go 
for five shillings and ten pence.” See 
Ruding (i. 338). 

Pistoreen. See Pistareen. 

Pi Tch‘eng Ma. The Chinese name for 
Saddle or Riding money, known generally 
as Weight Money (q.v.). 

Pitching Pence is defined by Wharton in 
his Law Lexicon, 1864, as being “money, 
commonly a penny, paid for pitching or 
setting down every bag of corn or pack of 
goods in a fair or market.” 

The practice is referred to early in the 
eighteenth century. 

Pite, Pitta, or Picta. A base silver coin 
of Savoy of the value of half of the Obole. 
It was introduced under Count Aimon 
(1329-1343), and is mentioned as late as 
the middle of the fifteenth century. The 
Pitta Genovese was half of the Danaro. 
Du Cange cites an ordinance of 1599, in 
which the term Picta is used synony- 
mously. See Pogesia. 

Pitje, Pitji, or Pitis. A tin coin of Java 
introduced about 1750, and copied in Su- 
matra for Atjeh, Palembang, and Djambi. 
See Millies and Netcher (passim), the lat- 
ter of whom (pp. 169 and 173) states that 
4000 Pit.jes were equal to a Spanish Real, 
thus indicating their insignificant value. 
To facilitate their use they were sewed in 
bags or on mats as follows : 

250 Pitjes = 1 Keeper = 1 / 18 Real = 20 Duits. 

500 " =1 Tali = y s “ = 40 “ 

1000 “ =1 Soekoe = % “ = 80 “ 

2000 “ =1 Djampel = y 2 “ z= 160 “ 

In a paper contributed by R. C. Temple 
to The Indian Antiquary, 1913 (pp. 85 et 
seq.), the relative values of the coins of 
the Malay Peninsula are given as follows : 


[ 183 ] 


Pitta 


Plaquette 


A. Dutch popular method of reckoning: 

4 Pitjes (Pitis, Pese, Cash) = 1 Unit. 

2% Duit (Cent) = 1 Dubbeltje, Wang Baharu 

(copper). 

2% Dubbeltje = 1 Kenderi perak (silver). 

2 Kenderi (candareen) = 1 Suku (quarter). 

4 Suku — 1 Ringgit (Real, Spanish Dollar). 

B. Modern British popular method of 
reckoning : 

4 Pities, Keping, Duit (Cash) = 1 Tengnh Sen 
(half rent). 

2 Tengah Sen = 1 Sen (cent). 

2% Sen = 1 Wang Baharu (copper). 

2 Wang Baharu = 1 Buaya. 

2 Buaya = 1 Kupang. 

2 y 2 Kupang = 1 Suku (quarter). 

2 Suku = 1 Jampal, or Djampel. 

2 Jampal = 1 Ringgit (dollar). 

Pitta. See Pite. 

Pitt Token. The popular name for a 
copper token probably issued to commemo- 
rate the efforts of William Pitt, Earl of 
Chatham, to secure the repeal of the Stamp 
Act. It has on the obverse the bust of Pitt 
and the words : the restorer of commerce, 
and on the reverse a ship and the inscrip- 
tion : THANKS TO THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY 

AND TRADE. 

Atkins (p. 264) says: “The history of 
this piece is better known than most Ameri- 
can tokens. The Stamp Act was passed 
March 22, 1765, and repealed, principally 
by the agency of Mr. Pitt, March 18, 1766. 
This coin, or rather medalet, was struck to 
commemorate this event by Mr. Smithers, 
of Philadelphia, from the designs of Colonel 
Revere of Boston. Although doubtless 
originally intended for this purpose only, 
it soon became, in consequence of the dearth 
of small change, converted into currency.” 

Placaatschelling. See Statenschelling. 

Plack. A Scotch billon coin first issued 
by .James III (1460-1488) and continued 
almost uninterruptedly to the reign of 
James VI. It was originally valued at 
three Pence, but later at two Pence. A 
variety struck under James VI was current 
for four Pence and was known as the 
Saltire Plack, from the design on one side 
of two sceptres in saltire (i.e., crossed), 
united by a thistle. 

The name Plack is derived from the 
French plaque, a thin plate of metal. See 
Achesoun, and Bodle. 

Plagauner. The name given to certain 
varieties of necessity coins struck by Pope 
Clement VII while he took refuge in Castel 


san Angelo in 1527. The issue consisted 
of Scudi, Ducati, and fractions of the 
same. 

Plaisant. A silver coin struck by Wil- 
liam III, Count of Hainaut (1336-1389), in 
1387. Its value was fifteen Deniers and 
it was subdivided into three Tiercelins. 

Plak (plural Plakken). The French 
equivalent is Plaque. There are various 
meanings for this term, e.g., a flat sur- 
face, a plate, a shield, a piece of tin, etc. 
To one of these definitions can probably 
be traced the name of the small coins is- 
sued in Brabant, Lorraine, and the neigh- 
boring districts from the fourteenth cen- 
tury to the seventeenth. They were usu- 
ally of the size of a Grosehen, and of in- 
ferior silver. 

Double Plakken occur for Groningen, 
etc., from 1579 to about 1620, and a twelve 
Plakken piece was struck by Philip II for 
Overysel in 1560. 

The diminutive, called Plaquette, was 
applied to small silver coins issued about 
the same time in Burgundy, Liege, etc. 
One variety remained current in Belgium 
to the Revolution in 1830. See Gros 
Blanque an Lis. 

Plakette. See Plaquette. 

Planchet. The disc of metal on which 
the die of the coin or medal is impressed. 
Also called Blank, Disc, and Flan. 

Plancus Thaler. The name given to a 
medall ic Thaler of Basle, struck in 1571. 
It has on the reverse a figure of Lucius 
Munatius Plancus, the conqueror of the 
Rhaetians or Rauraci, and the founder of 
Augusta Rauricorum. There are half and 
quarter Thaler of the same design. 

Planetto. See Pianetto. 

Plappart. See Blaffert. 

Plaque. See Plak. 

Plaquette, also called Plakette, is the 
name given to a variety of uniface medal, 
usually of a quadrilateral, hexagonal, or 
octagonal form. 

They exist from the time of the Renais- 
sance and there are examples by Enzola 
(1456-1475) and Peter Flotner of the same 
period. In recent times the Plaquette has 
been brought to a high degree of artistic 
perfection by Roty, Scharff, Chaplain, Mar- 
schall, etc. 


[ 184 ] 


Plat 


Plate Money 


Plat (plural Platar). A general term 
used in Sweden to designate any copper 
coin. 

Plata. See Yellon. 

Plated Coins. The issue of plated coins 
was sometimes practised by the ancient 
Greeks, as is known from some extremely 
rare examples in electrum of the earliest 
period of coinage, and from the not un- 
common occurrence of plated silver money. 
A famous example in silver is the Stater of 
Themistocles, the Athenian, issued at Mag- 
nesia, Ionia, circa B.C. 465-449 (Brit. Mu- 
seum). This is not regarded as an official 
issue, but a private forgery, for the Paris 
specimen is not plated and is from different- 
dies. The practice was not general, and 
as a state measure was rare. However, one 
finds plated silver coins among Greek is- 
sues, and sometimes from identical dies 
with the official pure specimens, so that 
they can scarcely be regarded as of pri- 
vate origin. The Romans, on the contrary, 
struck plated silver coins as legal state is- 
sues for profit. The earliest are said to 
be those struck in B.G. 91 during the war 
with Hannibal. In B.C. 84 these plated 
pieces were recalled. But Sulla cancelled 
this measure, and plated coins were issued 
in certain quantities until Augustus’ re- 
form in B.C. 15. Plated coins continued 
to be issued under the Empire for exporta- 


tion. One must distinguish between the 
Roman silver pieces of careful style and 
those of barbarous execution, the latter 
being doubtless the product of false mon- 
eyers. Plated coins were designated by 
the Romans Nummi mixti, Subaerati, or 
Pelliculati, terms which refer only to such 
pieces as had a core of base metal, e.g., 
copper, lead, etc., covered with a thin plate, 
usually of silver, though plated gold coins 
are found among the Roman imperial 
issues. 

The French equivalent is Monnaies 
Fourrees, and the German is Subaerati, or 
Gefiitterte Miinzen, but these terms never 
refer to coins of debased metal. 

Plate Money, also known as Koppar- 
platmynt. The name given to large flat 
rectangular and square pieces of copper, 
with a stamp of value in each corner and 
one in the centre. They were issued in 
Sweden during the seventeenth and eigh- 
teenth centuries, and may perhaps be con- 
sidered as weights for the purchase of 
goods, rather than coins, though some au- 
thorities state that they were accepted at 
the value of one third of the Riksdaler 
(q.v.). 

As no complete list of them has ever 
been published in tabular form, the fol- 
lowing arrangement will be of assistance 
to the student and collector. 


10 Daler 
8 Daler 


5 Daler 
4 Daler 


3 Daler 
2 Daler 


1 Daler 


% Daler 


Avesta. 


1644 

1652, 1653, 1656, 1657, 1658, 
1659, 1660, 1601, 1662, 1663, 

1671, 1681, 1682 
1674 

1649, 1652, 1653, 1656, 1657, 

1658, 1716 to 1746 (inc.), 

1753 to 1758 (inc.) 

1674 

1649, 1651, 1653, 1654, 1658, 

1659, 1600, 1664, 1668, 1669, 

1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 
1677, 1678, 1680, 1681, 1682, 
1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1691, 
1693, 1710 to 1759 (inc.) 

1649, 1650, 1652, 1653, 1654, 
1655, 1656, 1657, 1658, 1659, 

1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 
1667, 1668, 1669, 1672, 1673, 
1674, 1675, 1676, 1077, 1678, 
1679. 1680, 108i. 1682, 1683, 
1685, 1686, 1689, 1690, 1710 
to 1759 (inc.) 

1681, 1682, 1683, 1685. 1686, 
1689, 1710 to 1759 (inc.) 


1663 


1674, 

1693, 

1711, 


1746, 


1710, 

1700, 

1712, 




1711, 

1712, 

1713, 
1714 

1701, 

1713, 




1710 


1711, 

1748, 

1746, 

1752 




1752 

1748, 

1753 


1714 



1748, 

1746, 

1752 




1752. 

1748, 



1753 


[ 185 ] 


Platinum 


Points Secrets 


Platinum was used for a series of coins 
consisting of pieces of three, six, and 
twelve Rubles, issued in Russia on May 6, 
1828. 

The coins are all of the same type and 
they were struck uninterruptedly to the 
year 1845. At first, their novelty ap- 
pealed to the people and the three Rouble 
piece was accepted universally by both the 
bankers and the general public, the latter 
promptly nicknaming them seririkie, i.e., 
“the little gray coins.” It was the favor 
with which they were at first received that 
encouraged the government to continue 
their issue. 

In June, 1843, the Russian government 
decided to abandon this form of coinage. 
The general populace were tired of them, 
and for a number of years previously they 
were sent to Bokhara, China, etc., in pay- 
ment of accounts. These countries prompt- 
ly returned them and the Imperial treas- 
ury discovered that they began to accumu- 
late. Two years later the edict above 
mentioned was published and the govern- 
ment redeemed all the platinum coins, pay- 
ing for them in gold or silver as demanded 
by the holders. 

At times wfiien this metal was of less 
value than at present, it was used in a 
plated condition for fabrications of gold 
coins. 

Pledges of Value. See Tokens. 

Plinthos (luXivOo?). A Greek term for 
Flan ( q.v .). 

Plough Alms. This is stated by Whar- 
ton, in his Law Lexicon, 1864, to be “the 
ancient payment of a penny to the church 
for every plough land.” It is referred to 
as early as the eleventh century. 

Plough Silver. W. Jones, in his Reports, 
1675 (280), says: “In some places they 
have Plough silver and Reap silver, which 
is Socage Tenure now turned into Money.” 

Tomlins, Law Dictionary, 1809, has 
“Plow silver in former times, was money 
paid by some tenants, in lieu of service to 
plough the lord’s lands.” 

Reap Silver, or Rep Silver, was a sum 
of money formerly paid by a tenant to a 
lord or other superior in commutation of 
his services in harvest time. It is referred 
to as early as 1299 in the Monuments of 


Magdalen College, Oxford (145), under 
the name of Ripsulwer. 

Plugged Money. A general name for 
gold coins used in the West Indies in which 
a gold plug was inserted to rectify any 
deficiency in weight. For a detailed ac- 
count of the practice, see Wood (p. 4 et 
seq.). 

Plum. A popular name for the sum of 
£100,000 Sterling. Steele, in The Tatler, 
1710 (No. 244) speaks of “an honest Gen- 
tleman who . . . was worth half a Plumb. ’ ’ 

Plunk. A slang term in the United 
States for a Dollar. George Vere Hobart, 
writing under the pseudonym H. McHugh, 
in his novel John Henry, 1901 (12), has a 
description of a theatrical performance 
with “Sarah Bernhardt at five plunks a 
chair. ’ ’ 

Poen. A popular name in various parts 
of Holland for money in general. 

A Dutch proverb is: “Om de poen is bet 
te doen, ” i.e., “money is the vehicle to 
accomplish everything. ’ ’ 

Pogesia, or Pougeoise. A base silver 
coin current in the thirteenth century and 
later which takes its name from Le Puy 
in the Haute-Loire. Its value was half of 
the Obole or Maille. 

Du Cange cites an ordinance of Philip 
IV of France of 1294 in which the Pogesia 
is stated to he the same as the Pite (q.v.), 
and also asserts that the term pogesata is 
used to indicate anything of the value of 
one Pogesia. 

Pogh. An Armenian copper coin. 
Langlois (p. 14) states that it had the 
value of an Obolus, and that it corresponds 
to the Fels or Follis. 

Poid. The French word for weight. 

Poillevillain. A nickname given to a 
variety of the Gros Blanc struck by John 
II of France (1350-1364). It was so called 
from the name of the master of the royal 
mint. See Hoffman (xx. 35, 36). 

The type was copied by Amedeo VI of 
Savoy, and known as Pelavillano. 

Poin^on. The French word for a punch. 

Points Secrets. A term used by French 
numismatists to indicate the place of mint- 
age. The custom was introduced in 
France about 1415 by putting a period or 
similar mark under certain letters of the 


[ 186 ] 


Poitevin 


Poney 


inscription. Thus a dot under the fourth 
letter showed that the coin was struck at 
Montpellier, under the ninth letter at La 
Rochelle, etc. 

On the 18th of April, 1420, an ordi- 
nance was issued, directed tovtlie wardens 
of the mint of St. Lo, commanding them 
“to coin Groats, of the same kind as those 
which were ordered to be struck at Rouen, 
by the writ bearing date on the twelfth 
of January, with this distinction only, that 
a single point was to be placed under the 
second letter from the beginning of the 
inscription on each side of the coin.” 

Poitevin. The name given to the Denier 
of Poictiers in Aquitaine to distinguish it 
from the Denier Parisis. The former was 
valued at one fourth of the latter. 

Rich silver mines were discovered in this 
locality in the tenth century, and a mint 
was established under William IV, Count 
of Poictiers, and Duke of Aquitaine (963- 
990). The old name of the town was Pic- 
tavi, and frequent references to Pictavinas, 
evidently the same coin, can be found. 

Poldenga. An early Russian silver 
coin ; the half of the Denga. See Novgor- 
odka. 

Pollard, probably a corruption of “poll 
head,” was a clipped coin which made its 
appearance in large numbers in England 
toward the close of the thirteenth century. 
For a short time these coins were allowed 
to pass at the rate of two for a Penny, 
but were prohibited A.D. 1310. They were 
decried in Ireland by a proclamation of 
Edward I. See Brabant and Crocard. 

Polleten, sometimes called Augslups 
Polleten, were a series of copper, brass, and 
zinc pieces, used in the city of Stockholm, 
Sweden, and in the surrounding neighbor- 
hood. These tokens were accepted on vari- 
ous lines of transportation, e.g., ferries and 
stage-lines, the latter receiving ' the nick- 
name Omnibuses. 

Poloi (ttwXoi). See Pegasi and Colts. 

Polonaise, or Polonese. Another name 
for the August d’Or, issued by August III, 
Elector of Saxony, and King of Poland 
(1752-1756). 

Polos. See Pegasi. 

Polpoltin. Another name for the Rus- 
sian coin of twenty-five Kopecks or one 
quarter Ruble. 


Poltina, or Poltinink. A silver coin of 
Russia of the value of one half Ruble or 
fifty Kopecks. It was introduced at the 
beginning of the eighteenth century by 
Peter the Great. 

Poltora, or Poltorak, from the Polish 
pol, meaning half, and twory, the other, 
i.e., one and a half, was the common desig- 
nation for the Polish piece of one and a 
half Groschen. It occurs extensively in 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 
and was copied in Germany under the 
name of Dreipolker, and in Sweden was 
called Trepolcher. 

Poltura. The Hun garian equivalent of 
the Poltora {q.v.). It had a value of one 
and one half Kreuzer, and was largely 
coined during the eighteenth century for 
Hungary and Transylvania. 

Poluschka. A former Russian coin, the 
quarter of the Denga {q.v.). Originally 
it was struck in silver, but the later issues 
are of copper. The Poluschki first ap- 
peared under Peter the Great from about 
the year 1700, and continued in use during 
the eighteenth century. Catherine II 
struck varieties for special use in Siberia. 

The name is traceable to the early Rus- 
sian custom of using skins as money, and 
is derived from potu, the half of any 
article, and schkura, a skin. Two Po- 
luschki represented the value of one hare 
skin. 

Pon. A Tamil name for the Pagoda or 
Varaha {q.v.). 

Pond. A gold coin of the South African 
Republic, agreeing in weight and value with 
the English Sovereign. There is a cor- 
responding half. The ordinary issues have 
the bust of President Paul Kruger, but 
obsidional varieties were struck in 1902 at 
the headquarters of the commanding gen- 
eral, with the inscription z. a. r. (Zuid 
Afrikaansche Republiek) in. monogram. 

Pondo, i.e., a pound. The synonym of 
the As on account of its weight ; hence 
Dupondius, etc. See Stevenson (p. 135). 

Pone. See Poon. 

Poney. A slang English expression for 
the sum of twenty-five Guineas or Pounds. 
Mrs. M. Robinson, in Walsingham, 1797 
(ii. 97), has the following, “There is no 
touching her even for a poney.” 


[ 187 ] 


Poni Portugaloser 


Poni. A money of account formerly 
used at Bengal. Stavorninus, in his Voy- 
ages to the East Indies, 1798 (i. 460), says: 
“For change they make use of the small 
sea-shells called cowries, eighty of which 
make a poni, and sixty or sixty-five ponis, 
according as there are few or many cowries 
in the country, make a Rupee.” See Poon. 

Ponti. A Sicilian money of account. By 
a regulation of 1823 the Tari were com- 
puted at any of the following rates : two 
'Carlini, twenty Grani, fifteen Ponti, or one 
hundred and twenty Piccoli. 

Poon, or Pone. A money of account in 
the Maidive Islands, and equal to eighty 
Cowries (q.v.). 

Pool. See Putta. 

Pop. A nickname given to the silver 
coins of one Gulden, issued by the Nether- 
lands. The word is probably a corruption 
of the German Puppe, or French poupee, 
i.e., a doll, and is used principally to desig- 
nate the coins struck with a youthful por- 
trait of the ruler. 

Popolano. The name given in Milan to 
the piece of twenty Centesimi struck in 
1863. 

Popolino. A silver coin of Florence, a 
variety of the Fiorino d’Argento. It was 
struck early in the fourteenth century of 
the value of two Soldi, and continued in 
use until the period of the Medici family. 
The Popolino is notable for its great vari- 
ety of mint-marks, among which are stars, 
keys, antlers, fish, etc. In one of the tales 
in Boccaccio’s Decameron, a juggling trick 
is narrated where gilt Popolini appeared as 
gold coins. 

Popone. See Poupon. 

Porcelain Coins are known to have been 
issued as pieces of necessity in Egypt 
during Ptolemaic times. Two specimens 
are in the Paris collection. See Revista 
Numismatica, 1891 (p. 233). 

Porcelaine. See Wampum. 

Porcelain Tokens. These Siamese pieces 
were in use from the middle of the 
eighteenth century until 1871, when they 
were forbidden. The majority were issued 
by companies and traders at Bangkok. 
They occur in a great variety of shapes, 
colors, and values, from one quarter to one 
sixty-fourth of a Tical. The values are on 


the reverses and are generally written in 
blue. The native name is Pi. 

Two of the old English potteries adopted 
china or porcelain tokens. At Worcester 
W. Davis issued them for the value of one 
and two Shillings; and John Coke put 
forth tokens for five and seven Shillings 
at Pinxton, in 1801. See Chany. 

Marco Polo, in his Travels (ii. 39), re- 
fers to the use of porcelain shells. 

Porc-epic. See Ecu an Porc-epic. 

Porpyne. On July 8, 1525, a proclama- 
tion was made that “Crowns named Por- 
pynes be valued at four Shillings and four 
pence sterling.” See Ruding (i. 303), and 
Ecu au Porc-epic (supra). 

Portcullis Money was the currency 
struck by Queen Elizabeth in 1600-1601, 
for the use of the East India Company, 
and it was so called from its having the 
Westminster Arms, i.e., a large portcullis, 
on the reverse. The issue consisted of 
Crowns, half Crowns, Shillings, and Six- 
pences. They were of different weights 
from the current English Crown and its 
divisions, being struck to agree with the 
weight of the Spanish Piastre or piece of 
eight Reales. 

The Portcullis Groat and Farthing 
struck in the reign of Henry VIII were 
never intended for the Indian trade, and, 
concerning the Groat, the late Sir John 
Evans has suggested that “from the care- 
ful manner in which this piece has been 
struck and from the extreme rarity of this 
variety of the groat, it appears doubtful 
whether it should not be regarded as a 
pattern-piece rather than as a coin in- 
tended for actual currency.” 

Porto Novo Pagoda. A name given to 
one of the varieties of the Pagoda (q.v.), 
probably because it was first coined by the 
Portuguese at Porto Novo or Feringhipet. 
It has a figure of Vishnu on the obverse, 
and the reverse presents a granulated sur- 
face. It is sometimes referred to as the 
Scott Pagoda. 

Portugaloser. The Portuguez was cop- 
ied in various parts of Germany, Transyl- 
vania, Poland, etc., with a value of ten 
Ducats or Kronen, and received the above 
name. These coins are semi-medallic in 
character and were struck for presentation 
purposes and not for general circulation. 


L 188 ] 


Portuguez 


Pramienthaler 


When the Bank of Hamburg was 
founded in 1667, a number of these pieces 
were issued, called Bankportugaloser, and 
the custom has been kept up in that city 
to comparatively recent times, to commem- 
orate any important historical event. 
These beautiful gold coins generally have 
views of the city-towers, etc., and the in- 
scription MONETA . NOVA AVREA . CIVITATIS . 
HAMBVRGENS . NACH . PORTVGALIS . SCHROT . 
VND . KORN. 

Portuguez, also called Lisbonino. A 
large gold coin of Portugal, originally of 
three thousand nine hundred Reis and ad- 
vanced in 1517 to the value of ten Cru- 
zados or four thousand Reis. It was issued 
by Manuel I (1495-1521), and referring to 
the great discoveries by Portuguese naviga- 
tors, styles him as r : portvgalie : al : c : 

VL : IN : A : D GVINE : I.C.N. ETHIOPIE : ARABIE : 

persie : inde : i.e., Rex Portugalie, Al- 
garves, Citra Ultra in Africa, Dominus 
Guinee. In Commercii, Navigacione, 
Ethiopie, Arabic, Persie, Inde. The ob- 
verse lias the armorial shield, and the re- 
verse a large cross ; it was also struck by 
John III (1521-1557) and then discon- 
tinued. See Fernandes (pp. 113, 115), 
who mentions a silver Portuguez, not 
known to exist at the present time. 

Postage, or Postal Currency. The first 
series of fractional currency issued by the 
United States in August, 1862, and so 
called from the fact that representations 
of postage stamps were a part of the de- 
sign. The credit for this issue is due to 
General F. E. Spinner, the Treasurer of 
the United States, who adopted the idea 
from the postage stamps being used by the 
people in lieu of small change during the 
Civil War. 

Postal Currency. The encased postage 
stamps in circulation as currency during 
the early part of the Civil AVar in the 
United States in 1861 and later. 

Posthumous Coins are such as were 
struck after the death of the individual 
whose name they bear. 

Postulatsgulden. The name given to cer- 
tain gold coins struck by Count Rudolph 
von Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, in 1440, 
to confirm his claim to the bishopric, which 
was disputed. The practice was copied by 


other prelates to the middle of the six- 
teenth century. 

Potin. A brittle base metal ; an alloy 
of lead, copper, tin, zinc, and twenty per 
cent of silver. This composition occurs in 
the Denarii of Valerianus, Gallienus, etc., 
and the large series of base Tetradrachms 
struck at Alexandria in Egypt from the 
first to the third century A.D. The term 
is usually applied to ancient coins, but the 
mixture is of the character of Billon ( q.v .). 

Pougeoise. See Pogesia. 

Poul. See Pul. 

Pound. Silver Pounds and Half Pounds 
occur only in the Declaration Type coinage 
of Charles I, and were struck at Oxford 
and Shrewsbury. They are marked re- 
spectively with the figures XX and X. 

The Half Pound struck at Exeter was 
from the die of a Crown and is a Half 
Pound only as regards weight. 

Pound Sovereign. See Sovereign. 

Pound Sterling. See Sterling. 

Pound Turkish. Also called Lira, or 
A r slik. A gold coin of Turkey divided 
into one hundred Piastres, and of a 
weight of 111.37 grains. In Egypt a 
gold standard was introduced since 1885, 
and the Pound Egyptian is divided simi- 
larly to the Turkish, but weighs 131.175 
grains, and is of the same fineness. 

Poupon, or Popone. A nickname given 
to the silver Ecus of Louis XV of France 
bearing the youthful portrait, because the 
same was supposed to resemble a doll. 

Poy. A coin mentioned in The Nego- 
tiator’s Magazine, by Richard Hayes, 1740 
(p. 247). In referring to the money of 
Brabant and Flanders he says that “they 
had also among them the Bohemia Grosses 
of 3 Cruitzers, eacli Cruitzer 2 Pence or 
Poy, the Poy at 2 Helliers, and one Hellier 
at two Urchins.” 

Pramienthaler. A silver coin of the 
Albertinian Line of Saxony. It was issued 
by Xavier as administrator of Frederick 
Christian (1763-1768), and the Elector 
Frederick August III (1763-1806) struck 
many varieties. See Madai (No. 5266). 

All of these coins have on the reverse 
the inscription zur belohnung des fleises, 


indicating that they were awarded as 
prizes. 

[ 189 ] 


Prager Groschen 


Provisino 


Prager Groschen. See Grosz. 

Prak Pe, or Pe. A Cambodian term 
signifying money ; the term is used for 
certain base coins of Battambang valued 
at the Siamese Att. 

Pratapa. A gold coin of ancient India, 
of the value of one half the Pagoda. See 
Pana. 

Prestation Money. Cowell, The Inter- 
preter , 1607, s.v. Commissarie, has: “The 
Bishop taking prestation money of his 
archdeacons yearely. ” 

In the same work occurs: “Spiritualties 
of a Bishop. Prestation money, that sub- 
sidium charitatinum, which vppon reason- 
able cause he may require of his Clergie. ” 

Priesken. A base silver coin of Brabant 
issued in 1429-1430, and of the value of 
one fourth of a Groot. It obtains its name 
from a small bread of the same name which 
could be purchased for this coin. See Ver- 
aehter, Documens pour servir a l.’histoire 
monetaire des Pays-Bas, 1840 (p. 71). 

Pringle. An obsolete name for the silver 
coin of twenty Pence, struck in 1636 for 
Scotland. G. Merton, in his Glossary of 
the Yorkshire Dialect, 1697, has: “Pringle, 
a little silver Scotch Coin about the big- 
ness of a penny, with two XX on it.” 

Private Gold Coins, and Proprietary 
Gold Coins. The terms are used indis- 
criminately to designate certain gold coins 
issued in Georgia in 1830; North Carolina 
in 1831 ; and in California from 1849 to 
1855. See also Territorial Gold. 

Probemiinzen. See Essays. 

Proclamation Money. The name given 
to coins valued, according to a table pre- 
scribed in a proclamation of Queen Anne, 
on June 18, 1704, in which the Spanish 
Dollar of seventeen and one half penny- 
weights was to be rated at six Shillings 
in all of the North American Colonies. 

Horace White, in Money and Banking, 
1896 (p. 15), says that “six shillings was 
considered by the home government a fail- 
average of tlie various Colonial valuations 
of the Spanish Dollar. This valuation 
came to be known by the term Proclama- 
tion Money.” 

In the Archives of the State of New Jer- 
sey, 1735 (xi. 432), occurs a statement: 
“I do hereby promise to Pay to the said 

[11 


Discoverer the Sum of Thirty Pounds, 
Proclamation Money. ’ ’ 

Similarly, in the New Hampshire Pro- 
vincial Papers of 1748 (reprinted 1871, v. 
905), an official says that “His Majesty 
has recommended that my salary should be 
fixed and Paid in Sterling or Proclamation 
Money. ’ ’ 

Proclamation Pieces are, as their name 
indicates, such coins or medals as bear on 
their face a ruler’s proclamation for his 
authority for striking the same. There is 
an extensive series of them issued for 
Spain, Central America, and South Am- 
erica. 

Pronkdaalder. A large silver coin, 
sometimes known as a double Ducaton, 
struck by Philip II of Spain for Gueldres 
in the latter part of the sixteenth century. 
It has on the reverse eighteen crowned 
shields surrounding a central and larger 
shield of Spain. The name signifies osten- 
tatious or splendid. 

Proof Coins are those struck from pol- 
ished or specially prepared dies. They 
have a mirror-like or frosted surface. 
Many recent proof coins, however, have a 
mat surface produced artificially after 
striking. 

Proprietary Gold Coins. See Private 
Gold Coins. 

Provinois. A name applied to the De- 
nier struck at Provins, a mint of the 
Counts of Champagne, early in the twelfth 
century. See Blanchet (i. 407). The 
earlier types bore poorly executed por- 
traits and under Thibaut IV (1201-1253) 
was issued the Nouveaux Provinois, which 
bore a pcigne, i.e., a head surmounted by 
three towers and resembling a comb. This 
rude portraiture was due to the careless- 
ness of the engraver, though some writers 
claim that the hair was worn in this fashion 
in Champagne at this period. 

Du Cange refers to an ordinance of 
Philip IV of France dated 1301, in which 
Pruvinienses, evidently the same coins, are 
mentioned. 

Provisino. The name given to a variety 
of the Denaro struck at Rome under the 
rule of the Senate ( circa 1188-1303), and 
copied from the Provinois (q.v.). In 1347 
Cola da Rienzo, Tribune of Rome, issued 
Provisini with the inscription n. tribun. 
AUGUST . OWERO . ALMUS . TRIBUNAT . URBS. 

»] 


Provisional 


Pustulatum 


In the Papal series a Provisino of Boni- 
face VIII is described at length in the 
Rivista Italiana (xviii. 89-95), and Boni- 
face IX struck Provisini with the figure 
of a comb on them on the occasion of his 
jubilee in the year 1400. 

Provisional. See Moneta Provisional. 

Pruvinienses. See Provinois. 

Psephos (^fjcpo<;) . The Greek name for 
Tessera ( q.v .). 

Psothia (^GOuz). See Kikkabos. 

Ptolomaici. A general name for the 
coins struck by the Ptolemies in Egypt, 
which extend from circa B.C. 323 to B.C. 
30, and cover fifteen rulers. Those issued 
by Ptolemy I in honor of his wife Berenice 
are generally known as Berenicii. 

Pu. A Chinese word meaning “cloth,” 
though probably the original sense of the 
word was “to spread,” or better, “to cir- 
culate.” The term Pu or Ku Pu is ap- 
plied to certain ancient Chinese bronze 
coins derived from the Spade (q.v.) and 
Weight money (q.v.), though sometimes 
used to include all of these forms. The 
Pus were in use from the sixth to the third 
centuries B.C. and were confined, for the 
most part, to western, northern, and cen- 
tral China. There are a number of minor 
forms of Pus, but they can roughly be 
divided into square and pointed-toed class- 
es. The shape was copied later by the 
Usurper Wang Mang (A.D. 7-22) who is- 
sued them with a value from one hundred 
to one thousand Li. These latter pieces 
are known as New Pus. 

Publica, also called Pubblica. A copper 
coin of the Two Sicilies, first struck by 
Philip IV about 1622, and issued by his 
successors until the middle of the eigh- 
teenth century. Its value varied from 
three to four Tornesi, and it obtains its 
name from the inscription publica com- 
moditas, found on the coins. 

Pu Ch’ uan. A Chinese word, meaning 
“currency.” See Ch’uan. 

Pudsey Sixpence. The name given to 
a variety of an Elizabethan Sixpence, upon 
which a large escallop shell has been 
stamped. Hawkins contends that ‘ ‘ they 
are nothing more than the caprice prob- 
ably of some silversmith,” but Ruding in 
a note states that they were “said to have 

[1 


been made current in Ireland for a shil- 
ling, to pay the army in the time of the 
Rebellion there, by the advice of one Pud- 
sey, who was afterwards executed for giv- 
ing it.” 

In another note Ruding quotes Browne 
Willis, who says “this was called the Pud- 
sey sixpence from the place where the sil- 
ver was dug in Yorkshire.” 

Pul. A Russian copper coin, issued as 
early as the reign of Vasili Vasil ievitcli 
(1425-1462). It is quite common up to 
the period of Ivan III (1682-1689), and 
was struck for Twer, Kaschin, Kiev, etc. 
The name is sometimes written Poul, and 
the plural is Pouli or Puli. In the Geor- 
gian series ten Phouli were equal to one 
Kopeck. The coinage of these pieces ceased 
in 1810. See Abbasi, and Kasbegi. 

In the modern Persian series the Pul is 
an insignificant copper coin, the fortieth 
part of a Kran. 

Pullus. See Pegasi. 

Puma. See Kesme. 

Pumphosen Krone. A silver coin of 
Denmark, struck in 1665. It receives its 
name from the figure of the King, Freder- 
ick III, who is represented attired in very 
wide trousers or slops. 

Pung. A coin of Turkestan. See Yam- 
ba. 

Punsad-Dinar. A silver coin of Persia. 
See Nadiri. 

Purana. A silver coin of ancient India 
of the “punch-marked” type, and usually 
assigned to the second century B.C. See 
Pana. 

The Puranas, or Dharanas, as they are 
sometimes called, were struck to the scale 
of 32 rati seeds, and their normal weight 
was fifty-eight grains, or three and three 
quarters grammes. At Taxila they varied 
in value from one to four of the copper 
Panas. See Cunningham (p. 3). 

Purnya. The name given to the copper 
twenty Cash piece of Mysore, struck at 
Salemabad from circa 1800 to 1845. 

Pustulatum, or Pusulatum Argentum. 

The Latin term for pure or refined silver, 
and corresponding to Obryzum in the gold. 
The letters pv or ps on Roman silver coins 
therefore signify that such coins are of 
good metal. 

91] 


Putschanel 


Pysa 


Putschanel. A term found in Adam 
Berg’s New Milntzbuch, 1597, and used to 
describe small Bohemian silver coins, of 
which three are equal to a Kreuzer and 
one hundred and eighty to a Gulden. The 
term is probably a nickname. 

Putta, or Poot, meaning a fragment, is 
a name given to lumps of tin used as money 
in the island of Junkseylon in the Malay 
Peninsula. See R. C. Temple, in the In- 
dian Antiquary, 1902 (p. 51). 

Puttan. A silver coin of Cochin, struck 
during the Dutch occupancy (1782-1791), 
and continued until 1858. The word means 


“new,” and the ordinary Puttan weighs 
from five to eight grains ; the double six- 
teen grains. See Elliot (pp. 141-142). 

Pyramiden Thaler. The name usually 
given to a coin on which the reverse in- 
scription is in the form of a pyramid. 
They are generally struck to commemorate 
a death. A notable example is the Thaler 
of Frederick William II of Sachsen- Alten- 
burg issued in 1668, on the death of his 
second wife, Magdalena Sibylla. See Ma- 
dai (No. 1471). 

Pysa. See Paisa. 


[ 192 ] 


Q 


Quarantano 


Q 


Q. An obsolete English dialect symbol, 
meaning a Farthing, and probably an ab- 
breviation of Qnadrans. 

In a work entitled Recorde of the Greate 
Artes, 1575 (p. 29), occurs the passage: 
“q a farthing the iiij part of a penny.” 

Qaz. See Kasbegi. 

Quadrans, or Teruncia. The fourth 
part of the As. It bears on the obverse 
the head of Hercules and on the reverse 
the prow of a galley. On each side are 
three bosses, indicating its weight of three 
ounces. See Aes Grave, and Vierer. 

Quadrant. The same as Quadrans, but 
the name is also given to the copper Farth- 
ing struck by Edward IV for Ireland. 

Quadrigati. A name given in ancient 
times to such varieties of the Roman De- 
narii as have a four-horse chariot on the 
reverse. 

Quadrilateral Pieces. A general name 
given to the so-called Roman Quadrussis 
and Quincussis, on account of their rec- 
tangular shape. 

These curious coins bear on them repre- 
sentations of objects of exchange or sym- 
bols and allusions to the victories of the 
Roman armies. One of the animals de- 
picted on a variety of these coins is an 
elephant in connection with the battle of 
Asculum, B.C. 279, which circumstance 
would fix the approximate date of these 
pieces, as the elephant was unknown to the 
Romans before that time. 

The Quadrussis and Quincussis weighed 
respectively four and five Roman pounds. 

Quadruble. A term used on a coin 
struck in 1786 for the French possessions 
in Africa. See Zay (pp. 241-242). 

Quadrupla. A large Italian gold coin 
which obtains its name from being four 
times the size of some other current gold 
denomination. 

It occurs in the Papal series of four 
times the value and weight of the Scudo di 
Oro ; the Emperor Charles V struck it for 
Naples and Sicily in 1547 ; Alberico Cibo 
for Massa di Lunigiana ; Ferdinand Gon- 
zaga (1612-1626) for Mantua, etc. 


It is common to Savoy where its original 
value was four Scudi di Oro and later 
eighty Lira. In the Milan coinage it is 
found during the seventeenth century, and 
is known as the Doppia da Due. 

Quadruple. See Ecu Pistolet. 

Quadrussis. A piece of four Asses. 
Some of the large, cast, rectangular Roman 
bronze bars are, from their weights, sup- 
posed to represent Quadrusses. See Quad- 
rilateral pieces. 

Quakers’ Money. A name given to 
those crowns of Queen Anne which bear 
plumes in the angles of the cross formed 
by the shields. The plumes indicate that 
the silver was obtained from Welsh mines, 
and the Company by which the mines were 
operated comprised among its members 
many persons of the Society of Friends. 

Quan, or Qwan. The unit of value of 
the empire of Annam, and which was in- 
troduced during the reign of the Emperor 
Minh-mang (1820-1842). It is a base silver 
coin with a sixteen or twenty-rayed sun on 
one side and a dragon on the reverse. See 
Fonrobert (2112-2114, 2123-2124). Under 
the Emperor Tu-Duk (1847-1883) a silver 
rectangular bar of three Quan was issued. 
Fonrobert (2133). 

The Quan represented a value of half 
a Piastre or Tambac-tron ( q.v . ) , and was 
divided into six hundred Sepeks. Ten 
Quans in a single block formed a Chuc ’ ; 
the French soldiers and sailors called this 
block “a sow,” from its resemblance to 
the metal pigs used for ballast in vessels. 

The string of cash is also known as a 
Quan and has superseded the older word 
Man. 

The silver coin of four Francs, struck 
by Norodom I, King of Cambodia in 1860, 
is also called a Qwan. See also Kwan. 

Quan Tien. The Annamese name for a 
string of 600 Cash. See Tien. 

Quarantano. A silver coin of Parma, 
of the value of forty Soldi, struck by 
Ranuccio II (1646-1694): In Modena, un- 
der Francesco III (1737-1780), it was is- 
sued at the same value but of a debased 
silver. Conf. Carantano, supra. 


[ 193 ] 


Quart 


Quattrino 


Quart. A silver coin of Geneva and 
other Swiss cantons, issued during the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries. Its 
value was three Deniers and multiples of 
two, three, and six Quarts were struck. 

Quart. See Quarto. 

Quartarii. Lampridius Sev. Alex. (39), 
states that the Emperor Severus Alexander 
caused fourths of the Aureus, or Quartarii, 
to be struck. None until the reign of Gal- 
lienus, however, have come down to us. 

Quartaro. A copper coin of Genoa, is- 
sued under Republican rule (1252-1339). 
It bears on one side a griffin rampant, and 
on the reverse a cross. 

Quartarola. A gold coin of Genoa, the 
one fourth of the Genovino ( q.v .). It was 
issued in the twelfth century and remained 
in use until the termination of the Sforza 
dynasty. 

Quartarolo. A copper coin of Venice, 
issued by the Doge Pietro Ziani (1205- 
1229), and continued by some of his suc- 
cessors. It does not, however, appear to 
have been struck after the fourteenth cen- 
tury. The general type has a cross with 
ldies in the angles. It was copied at 
Verona by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti 
(1387-1402). 

Quart d’Ecu. A silver coin of France, 
first issued in the reign of Henri III (1574- 
1589), with a corresponding Huitieme 
d’Ecu. The name of the former coin was 
corrupted into Cardecu, and it was a legal 
tender in England in 1625 for nineteen 
Pence half Penny, during the suspension 
of the Tower mint at London, on account 
of the plague. There were varieties for 
Bearn, Navarre, Dauphiny, etc. See Rud- 
ing (i. 382). 

Quarter. The popular name for the sil- 
ver coin of twenty-five cents of the United 
States, it being the one fourth part of the 
Dollar. 

Quarternariae Formae were certain gold 
medallions, equal to four Aurei in weight, 
said by Lampridius, Sev. Alex. (39), to 
have been struck by the Emperor Elaga- 
balus. None have come down to us. 

Quartinho. A gold coin of Portugal is- 
sued in the reign of Joseph (1750-1777). 
It succeeded the Moidore (retired in the 
previous reign), and obtains its name on 


account of it being one fourth in value 
of the latter coin, i.e., one thousand Reis. 
Quart inhos of twelve hundred Reis were, 
however, occasionally issued. It was abol- 
ished about 1792. See Cuartino. 

Quartino. A Papal gold coin, the one 
fourth of the Scudo di Oro. It was issued 
during thp sede vacante of 1740, and under 
Benedict XIV. 

Quarto, sometimes called Cuarto, a cop- 
per coin of Spain, of the value of one 
quarter of a Real. It dates from the time 
of Ferdinand and Isabella. During the 
French occupation of Barcelona and Cata- 
lonia from 1808 to 1814, pieces of one 
half (i.e., Ochavos), one, two, and four 
Quartos were issued, and after the Span- 
ish rule was resumed multiples as high as 
six Quartos appeared. 

In 1802 private firms at Gibraltar issued 
tokens of one and two Quartos valued re- 
spectively at a half Penny and a Penny. 
A regal coinage was introduced by Great 
Britain in 1842, consisting of a half Quart, 
Quart, and two Quarts, the Quart being 
equal to a half Penny. 

Quateme, or Quern. Poey d’Avant (ii. 
210), states that the Counts of Barcelona 
in the eleventh century issued gold coins 
of this name which were computed at one 
fourth of the Soldo d’Oro. See Tern. 

Quaternio, Quarterniones, or Quadru- 
ple Aurei were struck by certain of the 
Roman emperors, notably Augustus, Dom- 
itian, Gallienus, and others. 

Quatrine. The same as Quattrino. See 
also Sequin. 

Quattie. The nickname given in the 
island of Jamaica to the silver coin of 
three half Pence issued by William IV 
and Victoria -from 1834 to 1862. It is also 
known as the half Bit. See Chalmers (p. 
110 ). 

Quattrinello. The diminutive of Quat- 
trino. The term was used in Bologna in 
or about 1508 for the small Papal coins 
of Julius II. 

Quattrino. An Italian coin which oc- 
curs both in copper and billon and which 
originally was the fourth part of the 
Grosso (q.v.). It was issued at Ferrara, 
Milan, Bologna, Venice, and other Italian 
states. A reference to this coin is found 


[ 194 ] 


Queen Anne Farthing 


Qwan 


in a ballad circulated in Florence shortly 
after Martin V had been elected Pope in 
1415 ; he is thus referred to : 

Papa Martino 

Non vale un quattrino. 

The Quattrino was later made the fifth 
part (sic) of the Baioccho ( q.v .). Multi- 
ples exist of three Quattrini in copper, and 
five and ten Quattrini in silver. 

The one in the Papal series is generally 
known as the Quattrino Romano, and one 
struck for Lucca from 1684 to 1733 on 
which there is a figure of a panther sup- 
porting the municipal arms is called the 
Quattrino Panterino. It was of silver and 
of the value of one eighth of the Bolognino. 
See Ducato. 

The Quattrino is in all probability the 
coin referred to by Andrew Boorde, in his 
Introduction to Knowledge, 1547 (179), 
who says “In bras they haue Kateryns and 
byokes and denares. ’’ 

Queen Anne Farthing. See Farthing. 

Queen Gold. This obsolete form of 
English revenue is described as follows by 
Wharton, in his Law Lexicon, 1864. 

“It is a royal revenue which belonged 
to every queen consort during her mar- 
riage with the King, and was due from 
every person who had made a voluntary 
offer or fine to the King amounting to ten 
marks or upwards. ’ ’ 

It is mentioned by Blount, in his An- 
cient Tenures, 1679 (36), and Blackstone 
in his Commentaries (i. 221) says that 
“The queen ... is entitled to an antient 
perquisite called queen-gold or aurum re- 
ginae.” 

Quentin, or Quentchen. The one sixty- 
fourth of the Mark (q.v.). 

Quern. See Quaterne. 

Quid. A slang English term for a 
Guinea or a Sovereign. Thomas Shadwell, 
in his play, The Squire of Alsatia, 1688 
(iii. 1), makes use of the expression, “Let 
me equip thee with a Quid,” and Bret 
Harte, in his tale, The Ghosts of Stukeley 
Castle, introduces a. stable boy who wishes 
to sell a three-legged stool for ‘ ‘ five quid. ’ ’ 


Quinarius. A Roman silver coin of one 
half the weight and value of the Denarius. 
It bears on the obverse the head of Minerva 
and the figure Y, i.e., five Asses ; the re- 
verse is the same as the Denarius. 

After B.C. 217, in which year the value 
of the Denarius was altered, the Quinarius 
was only issued at intervals. 

The gold Quinarius was half the Aureus 
and was coined during the first three cen- 
turies. 

Quincunx, Quicunx, or Cingus. One of 

the divisions of the As of the weight of 
five ounces. See Aes Grave. 

Quincussis. A name given to one of the 
large Roman rectangular copper coins, its 
weight being about five Roman pounds. 
See Quadrilateral Pieces. 

Quindicino. A small silver coin struck 
by the Emperor Charles V for the Duchy 
of Milan (1535-1556). It has a crowned 
vase on one side, and a wreath on the re- 
verse. 

Quiniones. The name given to certain 
large Roman gold or silver medallions, 
equal in weight to Quintuple Aurei or 
Denarii. 

Quint. See Nova Constellatio. 

Quinto. The common designation for 
the one fifth of the silver Fiorino of Flor- 
ence. 

But the same name was applied to the 
fifth of the Ducato at an earlier period, as 
in a monetary decree of 1531 it was or- 
dered that the Quinto di Ducato, that is, 
the money of four Grossi, should be valued 
at one Lira and ten Soldi. 

Quintuplo. A name given to the Nea- 
politan gold coin of five Ducati. See Du- 
cato. 

Quirate. See Kirate. 

Quirino. A silver coin of the value of 
eight Soldi struck in Correggio during the 
sixteenth century. It takes its name from 
the figure of St. Quirinus on one side of 
the coin. 

Quran. The half Rupee in the coinage 
of Afghanistan is so called. See Sanar. 

Qwan. See Quan. 


[ 195 ] 


Raal Lakria 


Rap 


R 


Raal Lakria. Stavorninus, in his Voy- 
ages to the East Indies, 1798 (iii. 8), in 
writing of the coinage of Surat, says : ‘ ‘ All 
foreign coins are taken according to their 
weight and assay ; but the Mexican dol- 
lars, or Pieces of Eight, known among the 
natives by the appellation of raal lakria, 
must, if weighed, contain seventy -three 
waals. ’ ’ 

Rabayeasee. See Rebia. 

Rabenpfennige. See Denarii Corvorum. 

Raderalbus, frequently abbreviated into 
Rader, is the name given to a variety of 
the Albus issued by the Archbishops of 
Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, and by the 
Dukes of Juliers, Berg, etc., during the 
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 

The armorial bearings on these coins 
were copied from the Electorate of Mainz, 
which include a double cross within a cir- 
cle ; this design was easily mistaken for a 
wheel by the common people, hence the 
name. 

A larger coin of the same type has re- 
ceived the name of Raderschilling. 

Rag. An obsolete English slang term 
for a Farthing. 

Beaumont and Fletcher in their play 
The Captain , 1613 (iv. 2), use the phrase, 
“Not a rag, Not a Deniere,” and in A 
Dictionary of the Canting Crew, printed 
circa 1700, occurs the definition, “Rag, a 
Farthing. ’ ’ 

Rag Money. A nickname given to the 
paper money introduced during the Civil 
War in the United States. 

During the Greenback agitation the ad- 
vocates of unlimited paper money Avere 
often depicted by the cartoonists as nursing 
a rag doll, in allusion to the fact that the 
paper on which the Greenbacks were 
printed was made almost entirely from 
linen rags. 

Ragno. T he name given to the Lira 
Tron in Bologna. 

Ragusino. See Vislino. 

Raha. A gold coin of Akbar, Emperor 
of Hindustan, and of half the value of the 
Sihansah (q.v.). 


Raha. The word for money in the lan- 
guage of the Esthonians, who inhabited a 
district to the south of the Gulf of Fin- 
land. See Skins of Animals (infra). 

Raij. See Tankah. 

Raimondine, or Raymondine. The 

name given to the Denar struck by the 
Counts of Toulouse, whose principal mint 
Avas at Albi, in the Department of Tarn. 
The Counts of Toulouse from 1088 to 1249 
all bore the name of Raimond, and this 
name occurs on all the coins. See Blan- 
chet (i. 339). 

Raining Flowers. See Hana Furi Kin. 

Raitpfennige. See Rechenpfennige. 

Raku Sen, or Fancy Sen. The Japanese 
name for those coins made in imitation gen- 
erally of regular pieces but larger or more 
elaborate. 

Rama-tanka. The name given to gold 
cup-shaped medals of varying sizes issued 
in Southern India, especially by the kings 
of Yijayanagara. They Avere originally in- 
troduced to commemorate the enthrone- 
ment of the king. They bear the design of 
the durbar, or inauguration ceremony of 
Rama, with his consort Siva, in the ancient 
city of Ayodhya. The other side has Hanu- 
man standing holding a club. 

Ramtinkis. An incorrect spelling of 
Rama-tanka. 

Ran a Sbahi Kori. See Kori. 

Randschrift. A term used by German 
numismatic writers to indicate an inscrip- 
tion on the edge of a coin or medal. 

Rap Avas a counterfeit coin in circulation 
in Ireland after the regular coinage had 
ceased in 1696. The nominal value of the 
Rap Avas a half-penny, but intrinsically it 
Avas not Avorth even a farthing. 

S AA T if t, in his Drapier’s Letters, 1724 
(i.), says “Copper halfpence or farthings 
. . . have been for some time very scarce, 
and many counterfeits passed about under 
the name of raps.” 

The expressions “not worth a rap,” “I 
care not a rap,” etc., can be traced to the 
insignificant value of this coin. 


[ 196 ] 


Rappen 


Ready 


R. Twiss, in his Tour in Ireland, 1776 
(73), has: “The beggers . . . offering a 
bad halfpenny, which they call a rap and 
John Wilson, in Nodes Ambrosianae (i. 
282), mentions “Ane o’ the bawbees o’ an 
obsolete sort . . . what they ca ’ an Eerish 
rap.” 

Byron, in Don Juan (canto xi. 84), says: 
“I have seen the Landholders without a 
rap. ” 

Rappen, or more correctly Rappe, is a 
corruption of Rabe, a raven, and was be- 
stowed originally on small silver coins 
struck at Freiburg in Breisgau in the 
fourteenth century. See Denarii Corvo- 
rum. 

The name was afterwards applied to all 
coins having the figure of this bird and 
consequently we find the expressions Rap- 
penheller, Rappenschillinge, etc. 

In the Swiss cantons the Rappen was for- 
merly the tenth part of the Batzen, but 
since the introduction of the Latin Union 
system, the Rappen was made equal to the 
Centime, and is struck in copper as the one 
hundredth part of the Franc. Multiples 
exist in nickel. 

Rasi. A gold coin of Travancore com- 
puted at ten Chakrams. Elliot, Coins of 
Southern India (iii. 3), states that it dates 
from a period anterior to the seventh or 
eighth century, and adds, “though seldom 
seen in circulation, it is still the denomina- 
tion used in Northern Malabar for record- 
ing the value of lands and the ancient rev- 
enue assessed on them ; but for all ordinary 
transactions, it has long been superseded by 
the Kali Fanam, five of which are equal to 
one Rasi.” 

Rathausthaler. The name given to a 
silver coin of Zurich struck to commemo- 
rate the foundation of the City Hall in 
1698. It is from designs by H. J. Bullin- 
ger and has on one side a picture of the 
building, and on the reverse a view of the 
city of Zurich. 

The same title is given to an undated 
silver coin of Nuremberg from designs by 
P. H. Muller. This has a view of the town- 
hall on the obverse, and an illustration of 
the city on the reverse. See Madai (No. 
2313).' 


Marks in 1711, and the same design was 
employed in 1752 for pieces of 8 Marks and 
32 Marks. The value is given in figures on 
a shield which is placed on the breast of 
the eagle on the obverse. The reverse has 
the coronation insignia on an altar and the 
inscription locvs . coronationis . ciESAREUc. 

Rath Zeiehen. The name used by Ger- 
man numismatists to describe tokens issued 
by a municipality or by civic authorities. 

Rati Seed. The unit of weight of the 
early monetary system of India and equal 
to 1.75 grains troy. It was the seed of 
the Abrus precatorius, or wild licorice. 

One hundred Ratis, i.e., 175 grains, 
formed the Sata-raktika, a weight of fine 
metal, and this was used as the basis of the 
Rupee in 1542 and of the gold Mohur 
about a century earlier. The latter coin 
was, however, for a brief period raised to 
200 grains, but reverted to the Sata-rak- 
tika. See Pana. 

Ratitus. See Nummus Ratitus. 

Raistengroschen, Raiatenheller. These 
terms are applied to various issues of Sax- 
ony from the fifteenth century to compara- 
tively modern times. The word Raute, 
means rue, and the bar composed of rue 
leaves is conspicuous on the armorial shield 
of Saxony. 

Rawani. See Tankah. 

Rawranoke. A corruption of Roanoake 
( q-v .)■ 

Raymond Ine. See Raimondine. 

Razor Money. See Knife Money. 

ReaaL The name given to the Real in 
the Low Countries where it was not only 
extensively copied but also struck in gold, 
receiving the name of Gouden Reaal, or 
Real d’Or. The latter coin was issued 
under Maximilian and Philip (1482-1494) 
in Brabant and Holland, and the coinage 
continued until 1580. See Van der Chijs, 
(p. 267). 

The silver Reaal was also common in the 
latter part of the fifteenth century and 
dated specimens appeared as early as 1487 
(Frey, Nos. 285, 288). 

In 1821 a small silver coin, bearing the 
inscription I reaal was struck for the 
Dutch settlement in Curacao. 

Ready, usually found as “the ready.” 
An elliptical expression for money imme- 


Rathspraesentger. A silver coin of Aix- 
la-Chapelle struck for the value of 16 

[ 197 ] 


Real 


Rebel Money 


diately available and used in this sense 
as early as the beginning of the fifteenth 
century. Other forms are ready money, 
ready gold, ready penny, ready sterling, 
etc. 

Shadwell, in his play The Squire of Al- 
satia, 1688 (i. 1), mentions “the ready”; 
and Goldsmith in the Eton Latin Grammar 
says, Aes in presenti perfectum format, i.e., 

‘ ‘ Ready money makes a man perfect. ’ ’ 

Real. A silver coin current in such 
parts of Spain as were not conquered by 
the Moors. It was first struck at Seville 
and Burgos by Pedro III, king of Castile 
(1350-1368), and was called Nximmus 
Realis, “money of the king,” from which 
the name Real was abbreviated. It was 
one eighth of the Peso, and was divided 
into 34 Maravedis or eight and one half 
Cuartos, and there are multiples as high 
as fifty Reales in silver and one hundred 
Reales in gold. See Cinquantina and Rial. 

The coin continued in use in Spain up to 
the time of the Revolution of 1869-1870, 
and was succeeded by the Peseta. It was 
extensively struck in Mexico, the Central 
American Republics, and in many coun- 
tries in South America. 

When the East India Company was char- 
tered in 1600, it struck a silver Crown, 
Half-Crown, Shilling, and Sixpence for use 
in India, and these pieces were also known 
as eight Reales, four Reales, two Reales, 
and Real. A one twenty-fourth Real was 
issued by James TT for the plantations in 
North America, which has a reverse inscrip- 
tion VAL 24 PART REAL HISPAN. 

For a detailed account of this coin and its 
numerous varieties, etc., see Heiss, and for 
the Portuguese equivalents see Milreis. 

Real Branco. A silver coin of Goa, 
mentioned in the Lendas da India (circa. 
1550), and computed at seven hundred and 
twenty Reaes. There is a corresponding 
half. ' 

Real d’Or. See Reaal. 

Realito or Realillo. A Spanish word 
meaning a small Real. It is applied to a 
series of silver Reales struck by Philip II 
and Philip III as Counts of Barcelona. 
The type usually reads barcino civitas, 
1613, etc. 


Realone. A silver coin of the value of 
eight Reals struck in Genoa by the Banco 
di San Georgio in 1666. Its purpose was 
for trading with Spain and the Levant. 

Real Portuguez. A silver coin of Por- 
tugal which first appeared in the reign of 
Fernando I (1367-1383) and was equal to 
ten Dinheiros. A somewhat smaller va- 
riety was issued under Joao I (1383*1433) ; 
it was called the Real Cruzado and had 
a value of only nine Dinheiros. Still an- 
other variety, known as the Real Grosso, 
was struck in the reign of Alfonso V (1438- 
1481) and was valued at eleven Dinheiros. 
Some later issues show a value of ten 
Soldos, and others of forty Reis on the 
face of the coins, and when the Real was 
struck in copper in the reign of Sebastian 
(1557-1578) its value declined to one tenth 
of its silver predecessors. The half Real 
was commonly known as Chimfram. 

Real Preto. See Ceitil. 

Reap Silver. See Plough Silver. 

Reaux. The French equivalent for 
Reales. Pieces of five Reaux were struck 
at Barcelona in 1641 and 1642, and for 
Oran there were issued copper four and 
eight Reaux in 1691. 

Rebah. An early Jewish weight stand- 
ard ; it was equal to one fourth of the 
Shekel. See 1 Samuel (ix. 8). 

Rebellenthaler The name given to a 
Thaler struck by Henry Julius, Duke of 
Brunswick-Liineburg in 1595. It was is- 
sued to commemorate his victory over 
certain rebellious vassals, and the reverse 
refers to the sedition of Korah, as described 
in Numbers (xvi.). See also Madai (No. 
1110 ). 

Rebellion Token. The name given to a 
variety of the Sou tokens issued by La 
Banque du Peuple of Montreal, Canada, 
which bears a wreath of five maple leaves, 
among which was surreptitiously inserted 
a star of hope and a Phrygian cap of 
liberty. 

Rebel Money. A name given to a series 
of Crowns and half Crowns which were is- 
sued in 1643, probably by the “Confeder- 
ated Catholics” at Kilkenny, Ireland. They 
are to some extent imitations of the Or- 
mond Money ( q.v .). See also British Nu- 
mismatic Journal (ii. 348). 


[ 198 ] 


Rebia 


Regensburger 


Rebia, also variously called Rabayeasee 
and Rabayiahsee, is a gold coin of the Ot- 
toman Empire and the fourth part of the 
Funduk, though it also passes in circula- 
tion for the third part of a Zer-mahbub. 
Its weight is about thirteen and a half 
grains, and its name is derived from reba, 
a fourth part. 

The silver Rebia, also known as the On- 
lik, is of the value of ten Paras or the 
fourth part of a Piastre. It weighs from 
fifty to seventy grains. Since the readjust- 
ment of the Turkish currency, the Onlik of 
the modern coinage is equal to nine and one 
one quarter Piastres. 

Rebia Budschu. See Budsclni. 

Rechenpfennige, or Raiipfennige. The 
name given to certain jetons originally in- 
tended for purposes of computation, the 
earliest specimens of which can be traced to 
France in the thirteenth century. They 
appeared in Brabant under Philip the 
Good (1430-1467) and in Germany about a 
hundred years later. Large quantities 
were issued at Nuremberg, and in the Low 
Countries they were circulated under the 
name of Legpenninge. 

Later they were employed as counters 
at games, and are consequently now chiefly 
known as Spielpfennige or Spielmarken. 
For an exhaustive paper on the subject see 
Forrer, in Spink (i. 5). 

Rechnungsmiinzen. See Money of Ac- 
count. 

Red, A. This term is sometimes applied 
to a copper coin in allusion to its color, but 
it is more generally found in conjunction 
with a substantive and used in a negative 
sense, e.g., “I am without a red cent.” 

Obsolete forms occur in which the combi- 
nation was employed for gold coins on 
account of their ruddy appearance. Thus 
T. Howell, in his Poems, 1568 (i. 91), lias 
the line : ‘ ‘ Ich shall not mis of red ones to 
haue store,” and John Fletcher in his play 
The Mad Lover, 1625 (v. 4), says: 

‘‘There’s a red rogue to buy thee hand- 
kerchiefs. ’ ’ 

Reddite Crown. A pattern by Thomas 
Simon. It is of the same type and bears 
the same legends as the Petition Crown 
( q.v .), and is from the same dies, but the 
edge is inscribed reddite . qv^e . c^esaris . 
clesari, etc. See Rading (xxxiv. 7). 


Red Harp. A nickname given to the 
Groats and half Groats of Henry VIII and 
Edward VI, struck for Ireland, probably 
on account of the baseness of the metal, the 
copper in the composition coming to the 
surface soon after they were put in circu- 
lation. See Harp. 

Red Money. By an Act of the Assem- 
bly of the State of Maryland, of May 10, 
1781, there was an issue of bills to which 
was given the name of Red Money. This 
differed from previous issues in having the 
border of the notes printed in red. About 
£200,000 in face value was issued, and it 
was based upon the confiscated lands of 
British subjects in Maryland of an esti- 
mated value of £500,000. Most of this con- 
fiscated property was in lands, for which 
there was not a ready market, and the 
greater portion was disposed of on credit, 
and final settlement was not effected until 
long after the war was over. 

Redotatos. Du Cange cites an ordi- 
nance of 1342 in which coins of this name 
are mentioned as being base silver pieces 
of Dauphiny of the value of two and four 
Deniers. 

Reeding. The milling on the edge of a 
coin. The corrugations on the rim are 
parallel and run either transversely or ob- 
liquely. 

Referendum Dollar. The name given 
to a series of octagonal silver tokens issued 
by Joseph Lesher at Victor, Coloi-ado, in 
the year 1900. There are five varieties, 
each one of which contains an ounce of 
coin silver. Lesher called them Referen- 
dum Dollars because they are to be referred 
to the people for acceptance or rejection. 

The United States government officials 
stopped all coinage of the pieces and 
seized the dies. 

Refrappe. A term used by French nu- 
mismatic writers to indicate a restrike. 

Regalis Aureus. See Royal d’Or. 

Regenbogenschiissel, also called Iriden. 
The name given to Keltic concave gold 
coins issued in Southwestern Germany and 
the Rhine Provinces by the Boii. 

Regensburger. The name of a former 
Bavarian money of account extensively 
used at Munich, Ratisbon, etc. Four hun- 
dred and ninety-two Regensburger went 


[ 199 1 


Regiments Thaler 


Rheingold Dukat 


to the so-called Regensburger Pfund. See 
Noback (p. 692). 

Regiments Thaler. A silver coin struck 
at the city of Ulm in 1622. The obverse 
has a view of the town and on the reverse 
are eight armorial shields of the magis- 
trates or town councillors and the inscrip- 
tion : * PRO * PATRIA * CVNCTA * ET # FACERE 

* et * ferre * parati * A few specimens 
were struck in gold. 

Reichsalbus. A name given to a variety 
of the Albus which was adapted to the cur- 
rencies of the Palatinate, Mainz, Frankfort 
a. M., and Hanau. It was the equivalent 
of eight Pfennige, or two Kreuzer, or one 
half Batzen, and occurs also in multiples of 
doubles and triples. 

Reichsgulden. A general name for a 
denomination representing two thirds of 
the Thaler (q.v.). It was formerly exten- 
sively used in the South German states. 

Reichsmiinzen. This term was estab- 
lished in the German Empire pursuant to 
an ordinance of July 9, 1873. The desig- 
nation Reichsmark is consequently the offi- 
cial one, but the name Mark is retained on 
the coinage. 

Reichsort. See Ort. 

Reichsthaler. The name given to the 
Speciesthaler by an ordinance of 1623. See 
Thaler. 

Reine. An ordinance of 1310 mentions 

Denier s cl’ or, que Von appelle Denier s a 
la Reine,” but no such coins are in exist- 
ence. Some authorities think that it was a 
gold Denier struck by Louis IX of France 
in honor of his mother, Queen Blanche. 
Others identify it with a small Masse d’Or 
generally attributed to Philip III of France 
(1270-1285), on which the king is repre-* 
sented in the act of receiving the royal 
mantle from the queen. See Blanchet, 
(i. 116). 

Reinoldigroschen. The name given to a 
silver coin of the city of Dortmund, issued 
during the fifteenth century, and which re- 
ceives its title from the figure of Renaldus, 
the patron saint of the city, which is found 
on one side of the coin. Half and quarter 
Groschen of the same design were also 
struck. 

Reis, plural of Real. See Milreis. 


Reisedaler. The name given to a silver 
coin issued by Frederick V of Denmark in 
1749, and specially struck for Norway. It 
had a value of six Marks and appears to 
have been made of native silver. 

Reisethaler. See Schiffsthaler. 

Rektorsthaler. See Vislino. 

Rempel Heller. The nickname given to 
certain Heller struck in Breslau in 1422 in 
large quantities. They bear on one side 
the head of St. John the Baptist, which was 
supposed to resemble that of Nikolaus Rem- 
pel, a justice of Breslau. 

Renaissance Medals. A general name 
for the Italian medals of the fifteenth and 
sixteenth centuries which exhibit beautiful 
workmanship compared with their prede- 
cessors. There are a large number of trea- 
tises on the subject, e.g., by Friedlander, 
Armand, and Lenormant in the Tresor de 
Numismatique et de Glyptique, 1834-1850. 

Repentigny Tokens. The name given to 
a series of pattern pieces which were in- 
tended to be used as passes over the bridge 
near Montreal, Canada, similar to the Bout 
de L’lsle Tokens ( q.v .). They are de- 

described in detail by Breton (p. 55). 

Rep Silver. See Plough Silver. 

Resellado. A Spanish term for re- 
coined or re-stamped money. A piece of 
ten Reales, also called Duro Resellado, was 
issued by Ferdinand VII in 1821 with the 
word Resellado upon it, thus indicating a 
re-coinage. 

Restitution Coins. A term applied to 

such pieces as were re-coined at some time 
after their original emission. Such coins 
frequently occur in the Roman series and 
usually bear the word restituit or the ab- 
breviated form rest. 

The Restitution Coins first appear under 
Titus and end under Trajan. The latter is- 
sued a large number of them commemo- 
rative of some of his predecessors. 

Restrike. A later impression from an 
original die. 

Reverse, from the Latin revertere, to 
turn over, is the opposite of Obverse (q.v.). 
The inscriptions on the reverse of a coin 
are usually considered of lesser import than 
those on the obverse. 

Rheingold Dukat. See Ausbeutemiin- 
zen. 


[ 200 ] 


Rheinischer Albus 


Rijksdaalder 


Rheinischer Albus. Rheinischer Schil- 
ling. The name given to the Gros and its 
corresponding half struck in the Rhenish 
Provinces during the sixteenth century. 
They frequently bear an inscription read- 
ing MONETA . NOVA . RENENS 

Rhino. A slang term for money. John 
G. Saxe in his poem Polyphemus and Ulys- 
ses (ii.), has the following rhyme: 

Drunker than any one you or I know, 

Who buys his “Rhenish" with ready rhino. 

Rial, or Ryal. A silver coin of Morocco 
which occurs in both round and rectan- 
gular form. It corresponded to the Span- 
ish Real and was divided into thirteen and 
a half Ukkias. For a detailed account of 
its comparative weight and fineness see 
Noback (p. 243). 

The Rial of the modern Morocco coinage 
is sometimes known as the Piastre, and is 
subdivided into one hundred Centimes. It 
corresponds in value to the quarter Franc 
or quarter Peseta, and must consequently 
not be confused with the Turkish Piastre. 
See Abbasi. 

For Zanzibar, the Rial has been issued 
since A. II. 1299 with Arabic inscriptions, 
and is the size of a dollar. 

Rial Budschu. See Budschu. 

Riccio. An Italian word meaning cur- 
ly. It was applied to the silver Testone of 
forty Soldi made by Benvenuto Cellini for 
Alessandro de Medici, of Florence (1533- 
1536) , on account of the curly head on the 
obverse. See Symonds, Life of Cellini 
(i. lxxx. ) . 

Rice was a current medium of exchange 
during the later prehistoric age of Japan. 
See Munro (pp. 19-20). It was extensively 
used in the payment of taxes and govern- 
ment officials readily accepted it. 

Riddock. See Ruddock. 

Rider. A Scotch gold coin issued by 
James III in 1475, in his second coinage. 
It receives its name from the figure of the 
king on a galloping horse, and its weight 
was eighty grains. 

There are divisions of one quarter, one 
third, one half, and two thirds, some of 
which are assigned to this monarch and 
others to his successor, James IV. See 
Rijder. 


Ridi, i.e., Silver. A name used in Sin- 
halese literature to designate the hook- 
money. This term, however, was probably 
applied to other silver money before the in- 
troduction of the Larins. The term Ridi 
pahayi, i.e., five Ridis, is still used in re- 
mote districts in the sense of a Rix Dollar. 

Rhys Davids (sec. 73) states that no 
specimens of the Ridis have survived. 

Riding Money. See Pi Tch'eng Ma. 

Rigmarie. An obsolete dialect term used 
both in England and Scotland for a coin of 
small value. The name is supposed to have 
originated from one of the base silver coins 
struck during the reign of Mary (1553- 
1558) which had the words reg. maria, as 
part of the inscription. 

Rigsdaler. The Danish equivalent of 
the Reichsthaler. It was divided into six 
Marks of sixteen Skillings. The double 
Rigsdaler was called the Speciesdaler, or 
Rigsbankdaler. 

Rijder. A coin of the United Provinces, 
Friesland, etc. It obtains its name from 
the armored knight on horseback figured 
on the obverse, and the term was applied 
to any coin bearing this device irrespective 
of the metal. The issues in gold, called 
Gouden Rijder were synonymous with the 
Scottish Rider of James III, and the 
French Cavalier. The gold Rijder of 
Gueldres was first issued in 1581 and that 
of Friesland in 1583. The Nederlandsclie 
Rijder was ordered to be struck early in 
the year 1606 according to the Muntplacaat 
of that year. 

The silver Rijder, or Rijderdaalder was 
also originally issued in 1581 according to 
the Ordonnantie. It was copied in Fries- 
land, etc. This coin is sometimes referred 
to as the Ducaton, and it was usually com- 
puted at forty Stuivers. 

Rijjal. A silver denomination in the 
modern Persian series equal to one Kran 
and five Shahi. 

Rijksdaalder, or Rix Daler. The Dutch 
equivalent of the Reichsthaler. It was is- 
sued early in the sixteenth century and was 
retained in the currency as late as the 
reign of Louis Napoleon (1806-1810). 

The designation is retained as a popular 
name for the current silver coin of two and 
one half Gulden of the Netherlands. 


[ 201 ] 


Riksdaler 


Rogati 


Riksdaler. The Scandinavian equiva- 
lent of Reiclisthaler. It was introduced by 
Gustav I of Sweden (1521-1560) and di- 
vided into twelve Marks. Since the mone- 
tary convention of 1875 it represents forty- 
eight Skillings, or one hundred Ore. See 
Daler. 

Riksort. See Ort. 

Rin. A small Japanese copper coin, the 
one tenth of the Sen (q.v.). The Chinese 
equivalent is the Li (q.v.). 

Ring Dollar. See Holey Dollar. 

Ringgit. The name given to the Real or 
Spanish Dollar in the Malay Peninsula. 
See Pitje. 

Ring Money. One of the earliest forms 
of a circulating medium, and which appears 
to be generally adjusted to a graduated 
system founded upon a certain weight. 

Its antiquity is demonstrated by its 
occurrence in ancient Egyptian paintings, 
showing merchants weighing rings in scales, 
and there is a reference to it in Genesis 
(xxiv. 22). When the Romans invaded 
England they found ring money in use ; in 
Ireland it was utilized until the Danish in- 
vasion, and in Scandinavia until the thir- 
teenth century. In the museum at Stock- 
holm specimens are exhibited of large spiral 
rings of gold, which could be opened, closed, 
and linked into a chain. Some of these 
specimens weigh from eight hundred to one 
thousand grammes. A primitive money in 
Japan consisted of copper rings coated with 
silver and gold and called Kin Kwan and 
Gin Kwan according to their composition. 
See Munro (p. 5), and conf. Manilla. 

Rix Daler. See Rijksdaalder. 

Rix Dollar. A silver coin struck by the 
English government for Cevlon from 1803 
to 1821. 

Roanoake. An inferior kind of Wam- 
pum made and used by the natives of Vir- 
ginia. 

Captain Smith in his work on Virginia, 
1624 (iii. 418), mentions “Rawranoke or 
white beads that occasion as much dissen- 
tion among the Salvages (sic), as gold and 
siluer amongst Christians.” 

In the Statutes of Virginia for 1656 
(repr. 1823, i. 397) it was ordered that 
‘ ‘ Peeces of eight that are good and of silver 
shall pass for five shillings, and Roanoake 


and Wompompeeke to keep their wonted 
value. ’ ’ 

Sir W. Talbot in describing the Discov- 
eries of J. Lederer, 1672 (27), says, “Their 
currant Coyn of small shells, which they 
call Roanoack or Peack. ’ ’ 

Robertino, or Robertone. The common 
name for the Liard struck by Robert, 
Count of Anjou and Duke of Calabria 
(1309-1343). 

Robotmarken. A term used by German 
numismatists for such tokens or jetons as 
are struck to indicate some compelled ser- 
vice done in socage. See Neumann 
(28482-28491). 

Robustus Daalder. The name given to 
a silver coin of Brabant issued in 1584. The 
reverse has the armorial shields of Brus- 
sels, Antwerp, Louvain, and Bois-le-Duc, 
and the motto confortare . et . esto . robvs- 
tvs, i.e.,‘ ‘ Be of courage and be strong,” or 
“Have a bold heart and a strong arm.” 
There is a half and a quarter of the same 
type. 

Roda, meaning a wheel, is the name 
given to a leaden or tin coin of the value of 
three, ten, or fifteen Bazaruccos, issued by 
the Portuguese for their possessions in In- 
dia, at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. 

These coins were struck at Damao, Bas- 
sein, and Goa, and receive their name from 
the fanciful resemblance of the cross on 
the reverse to a St. Catherine’s wheel. The 
second capture of Goa by Alfonso de Al- 
buquerque occurred on November 25, 1510, 
the anniversary of the martyrdom of St. 
Catherine, and the wheel, the instrument of 
her martyrdom, was made a part of the 
Arms of Goa. 

Rodioti. The name generally used to 
describe the Zecchini struck by the Grand 
Masters of Rhodes and which were copied 
from the Venetian types. 

Rossler. The name given to the half 
Dick Thaler of the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, 
and Unterwalden, from the figure of St. 
Martin riding a horse which occurs on 
these coins. 

Rogati. A money current in Padua in 
the thirteenth century. A document of 
1294 mentions a payment of viginti Rogatos 
parvos. 


[ 202 ] 


Rolabasso 


Rose Crown 


Rolabasso. See Rollbatzen. 

Rolino. A variety of the Ducato of 
Savoy current in the sixteenth century and 
valued at 64 Grossi. See Promis (ii. 54). 

Rollbatzen. A name given to a variety 
of Batzen issued by Bishop Hugo of Con- 
stance at the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, on account of the figure of three rings 
or rolling circular lines, which were part 
of his armorial bearings and which were 
copied on these coins. 

The type was imitated in Italy at Mes- 
serano, at Carmagnola, at Casale in Monte- 
ferrato, and by Francesco Trivulzio at Ro- 
goredo (1518-1523) and the original name 
was transformed into Rolabasso, or Arla- 
baso. The Italian coin was current for 
two Grossi. 

Romanati. A popular name in ancient 
times for certain Solidi struck by such By- 
zantine emperors as bore the name Roma- 
nus. 

Romanino. See Grosso Romanino. 

Romano. Another name for the By- 
zantine Solidus. Du Cange cites a number 
of ordinances, documents, etc., of the 
twelfth century in which this form occurs. 

Romefeoh, or Romescot. See Peter’s 
Pence. 

Romesine. In the year 1140 Roger II, 
King of Sicily, called an assembly of the 
barons and the clergy at Ariano di Puglia, 
in Campania, to discuss among other mat- 
ters certain monetary reforms. At this 
meeting the king abolished the pieces 
known as Romesines, which had enjoyed an 
extensive circulation, and introduced in 
their stead three types of the Follari in 
copper, and also established a new silver 
coin which received the name of Ducato 
d’Argento. See Engel and Serrure (ii. 
810). 

Rond. A French nickname for a Sou. 
The allusion is to its shape. 

Roob or Rub. The quarter of the Abys- 
sinian Talari. See Ber. 

Roosebeker. A silver coin of Brabant, 
a variety of the double Groot, struck in 
1387 and later. It obtains its name from 
a group of five roses which surmount the 
double shields of Brabant and Burgundy. 
Philip, Count of Flanders, issued them at 
Ghent, and by an agreement with Johanna 


of Brabant they were struck later at Mech- 
lin and Louvain. See Blanchet (i. 443, 
ii. 4) and Engel and Serrure (iii. 1094). 

Roosschelling. A variety of the Schel- 
ling of the Low Countries having on the 
obverse a floriated cross surmounted by a 
rose. It is consequently also known as the 
Escalin a la Rose. 

This piece was first struck in 1601 and 
the coinage extended to the middle of the 
eighteenth century. 

Roosstuiver. A base silver coin of the 
same design as the preceding and of half 
the value. 

Ropaka. An early Indian coin, the one 
seventieth of the Suvarna. See Cunning- 
ham (p. 22). 

Rosa Americana. A coinage consisting 
of an alloy of brass, zinc, and silver (com- 
monly known as Bath Metal), and issued in 
1772-24 by William Wood, for the use of 
the colonists in North America. The de- 
nominations were Twopence, Penny, and 
Halfpenny, and a pattern Twopence issued 
in 1733, after Wood’s death. 

For a detailed account of this coinage see 
a paper contributed by Philip Nelson to the 
British Numismatic Journal (i, 265-285). 

Rosalino. The popular name for the 
Pezza of eight Reali struck in Florence 
in 1665 which bore the figure of a rose 
plant. 

Rosario. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1300 in which Rosarios are mentioned 
as coins prohibited in France. 

Rosary. A base or counterfeit coin of 
foreign origin, current in England during 
the thirteenth century at the value of the 
silver penny. It was declared illegal by a 
statute of Edward I. 

It is referred to in Fabyan’s Chronicle, 
1513 (vii. 401), and Grafton’s Chronicle, 
1568 (ii. 182). 

J. Simon, in his Essay on Irish Coins, 
1749 (p. 15), says: “These . . . foreign 
coins, called Mitres, Lionines, Rosaries, etc. 
from the stamp or figures impressed on 
them, were privately brought from... be- 
yond the seas and uttered here for pen- 
nies.” 

Rose Crown. A name given to the first 
milled Crown of the reign of Charles II 
from the fact that it had the figure of a 


[ 203 ] 


Rose Farthing 


Ruba 


rose under the bust, said to indicate that 
it was struck from silver derived from 
mines in the western part of England. 
These coins were issued in 1662. 

Rose Farthing. See Farthing. 

Rosen Groschen. A silver coin of the 
Duchy of Juliers issued under William II 
(1361-1393). It receives its name from 
the figures of eleven roses, five on the ducal 
crown and six on the reverse design. 

Rose Noble. See Noble. 

Rose Pennies and half Pence were 
coined in London during the reigns of Ed- 
ward VI and Mary. They were of base 
silver and intended for use in Ireland, but 
were withdrawn from circulation in 1556. 
They receive their name from the design of 
a full-blown rose on the obverse. 

Rose Ryal. Another name for the 
Double-Ryal, a gold coin of the value of 
thirty Shillings, issued by James I of Eng- 
land. See Noble. 

Rosina. See Pezza. 

Rossgulden. A silver denomination of 
Brunswick and Liineburg from the latter 
part of the seventeenth century. It takes 
the name from the figure of the running 
horse on the reverse. 

Rothschild Love Dollar. See Janau- 
schek Thaler. 

Rouble. See Ruble. 

Roue, i.e., a wheel. The terms Roue de 
devant and Roue de derriere, meaning the 
front and hind wheel, are used in French 
slang to denote respectively the two and 
five Franc pieces. 

Rouleau (plural Rouleaux.) A French 
term meaning literally a roll of coins, but 
also applied to a set of coins making a fixed 
unit. Thus Zay (p. 107) states that, by 
an ordinance of 1819, a rouleaux of thirty 
pieces of the billon ten Centime pieces of 
French Guiana, also called Marques Blancs, 
were computed at three Francs. 

Roupie. The French equivalent of the 
Rupee (q.v.). 

Roverino. A name given to the Papal 
Fiorino of Sixtus IV (1471-1184) and Ju- 
lius II (1503-1513). They have the ar- 
morial bearings of the family della Rovere. 

Rovetti. Promis (ii. 34) states that 
these were coins of the Dukes of Savoy 
and valued at eight Grossi. 

[21 


Royal. An obsolete form of the Spanish 
Real and frequently cited as the “Piece of 
Eight” (q.v.). 

In Sir Robert Cotton’s Privy Council Re- 
port of Sept. 2, 1626, occurs a passage : 
“The said Royal of Eight runs in account 
of trade at, 5s. of his Majesties now Eng- 
lish Mony. ” 

Royal Coronat. A silver coin of Mar- 
seilles said to have been originally struck 
circa 1186 by Ildefonso, Marquis of Pro- 
vence. See Blancarcl, Le Millards , 1876 
(p. ID- 

Royal d’Or, or Regalis Aureus. A 

French gold coin of the fourteenth cen- 
tury which bears on the obverse a full- 
length figure of the king in his royal robes, 
and he is usually represented standing un- 
der a Gothic canopy. 

A petit Royal d’Or was issued in the 
reign of Philip III called Mantelet d’Or. 

In the time of Edward IV the English 
applied the name Royal to the Noble 
(q.v.) ; and in the reign of Henry VII the 
double Ryal was called the Royal or Sov- 
ereign. 

Royal Farthing. See Farthing. 

Royalin. A silver coin issued in Den- 
mark from about 1755 to 1807 for its pos- 
sessions in Tranquebar. The obverse bears 
the ruler’s monogram crowned, and on the 
reverse is the Danish Arms with the in- 
scription i royalin or 2 royaliner, and the 
date. France issued similar silver coins of 
one, two, four, and eight Royalins for Pon- 
dichery. See Bergsoe, Trankebar-Monter, 
and Zay. 

Royal Parisis Double. A name given to 
a variety of the double Gros, or Gros Par- 
isis, which bears the inscription moneta 
dvplex regalis. See also Parisis. 

Rozenobel, also called Gouden Nobel 

A gold coin of the Low Countries, copied 
from the English Noble. The type issued 
by Johanna of Brabant was of the value 
and fineness of the English prototype. 

Rsch. The name given to the Piastre in 
the Egyptian coinage. 

Rub. See Rooh. 

Ruba. A base silver coin of the modern 
Egyptian series of the value of five Pias- 
tres. It was introduced A. II. 1255 or A.D. 
1839. 

0 


Ruble 


Rupie 


Ruble, or Rouble. A Russian silver coin 
originally subdivided into one hundred 
Denga but later into one hundred Kopecks. 
The only exception to this rule is an issue 
of Rubles, halves, and quarters, respective- 
ly, of ninety-six, forty-eight, and twenty- 
four Kopecks struck bv Elizabeth in 1757 
for Livonia. 

This coin was originally a piece of silver 
cut from a bar, and the name is derived 
from the Russian rubitj, i.e., to chop off 
or to cut off. The earliest attempt to give 
it a distinct circular form was about 1652 
when Alexei Michailowitsch took Thaler of 
West Friesland, Overysel, Hungary, Tyrol, 
etc., and struck over them the portrait of 
the Czar on one side and the Russian 
double-headed eagle and legends on the 
other. 

The regular issue began under Peter the 
Great in 1704, and in 1707 appeared a new 
type with the value expressed, and the date 
in Arabic numerals. Catharine I in 1725 
issued a Klippe or square Ruble and cor- 
responding half and quarter. These have 
the double eagle in each corner and the 
value and date in the centre. 

Ruddock, also, but rarely, written Rid- 
dock. An obsolete slang name for a gold 
coin in allusion to its ruddy color. 

John Lyly, in his play Midas, 1592 (ii.l), 
has the line : “If . . .he haue. golden rud- 
docks in his bagges, he must be wise and 
honourable. ’ ’ 

Mabbe, in a translation of Aleman’s 
Guzman d’Alfarache, 1622 (ii, 147), says: 
“Three thousand crownes, in good, dainty 
braue ruddocks, all good double pistolets.” 

Rubener, or Ruben Batzen. A nick- 
name given to small silver coins of Salz- 
burg, struck by the Archbishop Leonhard 
von Keutschach (1495-1519), from the tur- 
nip in the armorial shield. A so-called 
Ruben Thaler and Ruben Gulden (Frey 
No. 520) were struck by the same prelate. 

Rundstiicke, or Rundstycken, meaning 
“round pieces,” is the popular name for 
the Swedish Ore of copper. They occur as 
singles, doubles, and quadruples under 
Charles XI (1660-1697), struck for Reval, 
Narva, etc. 

Richard Hayes, in The Negotiator’s 
Magazine , 1740 (p. 337), has the following 
passage : 


“In Stockholm they keep their accounts 
in Rixdollars, Copper Dollars, and Run- 
sticks, reckoning 32 Runsticks to a Copper 
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars to a Rixdol- 
lar valued at 3 Polish Florins, or about 4s. 
6d. Sterling. 

“They have no such coin as a Runstick, 
luit [it] is only used in their reckoning; 
yet they have copper Farthings, of which 
they reckon 2 to a Runstick, 3 Runsticks 
to a Whitton, 10^ Whittons to a Copper 
Dollar, and 6 Copper Dollars, or 64 Whit- 
tons to a Rixdollar. ” 

Rupee, also called Rupih and Roupie. A 

silver coin of India, dating back to the 
reign of Sher Shah (A.H. 946-952), and 
copied in Assam, Ceylon, Mombasa, etc. 
The name is probably derived from the 
Sanscrit word Rupa, meaning cattle. See 
Sihansah. 

In 1676 the Bombay mint was authorized 
by Charles II “to coin rupees, pice, and 
budgrooks, ” which were to be current in 
all the dependencies of the East India Com- 
pany; and in 1758 the coinage rights in 
Bengal were granted to the Company and 
Rupees were issued in the name of Alam- 
gir II, with the regnal year 5 A. II. 

The ancient silver standard of India was 
superseded in 1899 by the gold standard, 
with an arbitrary rating of the Rupee at 
sixteen Pence, which is maintained by 
means of a gold redemption fund. The 
present Rupee weighs one hundred and 
eighty grains, or 11.66 grammes, and is 
nine hundred and sixteen one thousandths 
to nine hundred and twenty-five one thou- 
sandths fine. 

The divisions consist of sixteen Annas, 
each of four Pice, each of three Pies. 
There are also half, quarter, and eighth 
Rupees. In Ceylon the Rupee is divided 
into one hundred Cents. See Mahbubia 
and Sicca, and conf. Zay (p. 306). 

Rupi. A silver coin of Persia. See 
Nadiri. 

Rupia. A silver coin of Goa and Din, 
first issued in 1725, with a value of six 
hundred Reis. A corresponding half was 
struck in 1729. The present Portuguese 
Indian Rupia corresponds with the British 
Indian Rupee. 

Rupie. A silver coin of German East 
Africa, introduced in 1890, and divided 


[ 205 ] 


Ruspone 


Ryuhei Eiho 


into one hundred Heller. There is a double 
Rupie of the same type. 

Ruspone. A gold coin of the value of 
three Zecchini, introduced at Florence un- 
der Giovanni Gastone (1723-1737) of the 
Medici family, and continued to the time 
of the provisional government of 1859. 

The Italian word ruspa, when used to 
describe a coin, means in mint condition, 
and the name was probably applied to 
these pieces on account of their being uni- 
formly bright and well preserved. 

Russino. The name given to a variety 
of Grosso struck by Theodore I of Monte- 
ferrato (1306-1338) at the mint of Chi- 
vasso. 

Ryal. A Scottish gold coin, of which 
there is a pattern in the second coinage 
of James V (1525), but which did not 
appear as a regular issue until the reign 
of Mary I and dated 1555. It had a value 
of sixty Shillings and is consequently some- 
times referred to as the Three-pound Piece. 
It is twenty-two carats fine and weighs one 
hundred and eighteen grains. 

The silver Ryal, with its divisions of one 
third and two thirds, was first issued in 
1565. The second type bears on the re- 
verse a tortoise or “schell padocke” creep- 
ing up the trunk of a yew tree which is 
supposed to intimate the ascent of Henry 
Darnley, son of the Earl of Lennox by his 


marriage to Mary. These Ryals are also 
called Cruickston Dollars ( q.v .). They are 
eleven parts fine to one part alloy, and 
weigh four hundred and seventy-two and 
one half grains. 

The Ryal, or Thirty Shilling Piece, of 
James VI is commonly known as the 
Sword Dollar (q.v.). 

Ryal. A name given to the Rose Noble 
in the time of Edward IV. In 1543 the 
half Sovereign of the value of ten Shillings 
was substituted for the Ryal. See Noble. 

Ryal. See Rial. 

Ryder. See Rider and Rijder. 

Ryksdaalder. See Rijksdaalder. 

Ryksort. See Ort. 

Rynsgulden. The name given to the 
gold Florin struck at Arnheim by William, 
Duke of Juliers and Gueldres (1383-1402). 

Ryo. A Japanese standard of value 
equal to ten Momme. It was used in deter- 
mining the weight of gold in dust or grains, 
when this form of the metal was used for 
payment, and when the Oban (q.v.) was 
issued it was stamped with the Ryo value. 

The Rvo ordinarily was computed at 
twenty Kwan, or twenty thousand Mon of 
copper coin. It was equal to four Bu or 
sixteen Shu. See Munro (pp. 186, 189). 

Ryuhei Eiho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 


[ 20(3 ] 


Sabi 


Salding 


S 


Sabi. The patination or rust on a Jap- 
anese coin. For a detailed account see 
Munro, Introduction (p. x.). 

Sacramental Tokens. See Communion 
Tokens. 

Sad-Dinar. See Mahmudi, and Sanar. 

Saddle Money. See Kiu Ma. 

Sadiki. See Siddiki. 

Sagittarii. A name given, on account of 
their type, to Persian Darics and Sigloi. 
See Archers. 

Sahebqiran. A Persian silver coin, cor- 
responding in size to the Real. It was 
struck for Tabriz, Ardebil, Kermanscha- 
han, etc. See Fonrobert (No. 4670-4714). 

Saiga. A small thick silver coin of the 
Merovingians. Charles Martel struck them 
at Arles, Marseilles', etc. Their value 
varied ; some authorities claim that they 
represent the fourth part of the Tremissis, 
while others think that they were equal to 
the Denarius of that period. See Blanch et 
(i. 24, 27, 102). 

Saime. According to Kelly (p. 5) this 
was a former money of account in Algiers 
and computed at fifty to the Aspre. 

St. Afra Dukaten. The general desig- 
nation for a series of gold coins issued by 
the city of Augsburg in 1635, 1636, etc., 
which have on the obverse a figure of St. 
Afra, the patron saint of the city. 

Saint Andrew. A gold coin of Scotland, 
first struck in the reign of Robert II (1371- 
1390), and continued almost uninterrupt- 
edly to the second coinage of James V in 
1525. It derives its name from the figure 
of St. Andrew with extended arms which 
occurs on one side. Its weight varied from 
thirty-eight to eighty-one grains, and the 
half in proportion. See Lion. 

St. Andries Gulden. A gold coin of the 
Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Bur- 
gundy, struck during the fourteenth cen- 
tury and later. It receives its name from 
the standing figure of St. Andrew on the 
reverse. See under Andreas, supra. 


St. Blasius Thaler. See Vislino. 

St. Jans Rijksdaalder. The name given 
to a silver coin issued by the Emperor 
Rudolf II for Groningen in 1598 and con- 
tinued until about 1602. It has on the 
obverse a full length figure of St. John the 
Baptist holding a lamb. 

An essay of this piece, called the St. 
Jans Daalder, appeared as early as 1561, 
and was struck on both round and square 
planchets. On it the Emperor’s name is 
of course omitted. 

St. Matthew’sgroschen. See Matthias- 
groschen. 

Saint Patrick’s Money. Half Pence and 
Farthings bearing upon the obverse a 
figure of King David kneeling and playing 
on the harp. On the reverse is the stand- 
ing figure of St. Patrick with a cross or 
crozier in his hand. 

Simon classed these coppers as Irish 
siege-money, and states that they were 
struck in Dublin in 1643. Philip Nelson, 
however, in a paper contributed to the 
British Numismatic Journal (i. 184), 

proves without a doubt that they were not 
issued prior to 1678. They are sometimes 
called “Newby Coppers,” because Mark 
Newby brought a quantity of them from 
Ireland to New Jersey in 1681, and they 
were used for a time as currency in that 
State. See also British Numismatic Journal 
(iii. 219-222). 

St. Victor Daalder, or Ecu au St. Victor. 

The name gives to a silver coin of William 
de Bronckhorst, Seigneur de Batenbourg 
(1556-1575), which has on one side the 
figure of St. Victor armed with a sword. 
The inscription reads sanctus victor mar- 

TIR. 

Salding, or Scalding. A base English 
silver coin of the period of Edward I. In 
the Calendar of Documents relating to Ire- 
land, circa 1285 (iii. 8), there is a refer- 
ence stating that the Bishop of Waterford, 
Stephen de Fulborn, caused new money to 
be made. It was called Scalding, Bishop’s 


[ 20 " ] 


Salt 


Sampietrino 


money, or Stephening, from the name of 
the Bishop. See Brabant. 

Salt was used by the Venetians during 
the thirteenth century as an equivalent for 
money, and the Abyssinians have employed 
bars of rock-salt. See Amoles. Marco Polo 
in his Travels (Bk. ii. 38), in describing 
the Chinese province of Kain-du, remarks 
as follows : 

“In this country there are salt-springs, 
from which they manufacture salt by boil- 
ing it in small pans. When the water has 
boiled for an hour, it becomes a kind of 
paste, which is formed into cakes of the 
value of twopence each. These, which are 
flat on the lower, and convex on the upper 
side, are placed upon hot tiles, near a fire, 
in order to dry and harden. On this latter 
species of money the stamp of the grand 
Khan is impressed, and it cannot be pre- 
pared by any other than his own officers. 
Eighty of the cakes are made to pass for 
a saggio of gold. But when these are car- 
ried by the traders amongst the inhabitants 
of the mountains and other parts little fre- 
quented, they obtain a saggio of gold for 
sixty, fifty, or even forty of the salt cakes, 
in proportion as they find the natives less 
civilized, further removed from the towns, 
and more accustomed to remain on the same 
spot ; inasmuch as people so circumstanced 
cannot always have a market for their gold, 
musk, and other commodities. And yet 
even at this rate it answers well to them 
who collect the gold-dust from the beds of 
the rivers. The same merchants travel in 
like manner through the mountainous and 
other parts of Thebeth (Tibet), where the 
money of salt has equal currency. Their 
profits are considerable, because these 
country people consume the salt with their 
food, and regard it as an indispensable 
necessary ; whereas the inhabitants of the 
cities use for the same purpose only the 
broken fragments of the cakes, putting the 
whole cakes into circulation as money.’’ 

In a note to the foregoing passage the 
translator adds: “The saggio of Venice 
was the sixth part of an ounce, and conse- 
quently the cake of salt was in value the 
four hundred and eightieth part of an 
ounce of gold, which, at the price of four 
pounds sterling, is exactly two pence for 
the value of each cake ; a coincidence that 
could hardly have been expected. Its pre- 


cision, however, must depend on a com- 
parison between the English pence and 
Venetian denari of that day.” 

Up to modern times salt cakes have been 
used as money on the borders of Yunnan. 

Saltire Plack. See Plack. 

Salt Silver. Kennett, in Parochial An- 
tiquities of the year 1363, has the following : 
“Salt-Sylver is One penny paid at the 
Feast of St. Martin, by the servile Tenants 
to their Lord, as a commutation for the ser- 
vice of carrying their Lord’s Salt from the 
Market to his Lardar. ’ ’ 

Salung, or Mayon. A Siamese silver 
coin, the one fourth part of the Tical 
( q-v .). 

Salute, called by the French Salut d’Or. 

A gold coin issued by Henry V of England 
in 1422, by virtue of his power as Regent 
of France by the treaty of Troyes. The 
obverse shows the Annunciation, or the 
angel’s Salutation of the Virgin Mary, and 
the two shields of England and France. 
Between the figures is the word ave on a 
scroll, above which are celestial rays. The 
surrounding inscription reads: henricvs : 

DEI : GRA : FRACORV ’ : Z : ANGLIE : REX. 

The Salutes of Henry V are very rare, 
but those of Henry VI are quite common. 
The mint marks indicate that they were 
struck for Calais, Paris, Amiens, Dijon, etc. 

The above coins were copied from the 
Salut d’or, originally issued by Charles VI 
of France (1380-1422). See Hoffmann (7, 
8) . . 

Saluto d’Oro and Saluto d’Argento. 

Names given to gold and silver coins issued 
in Naples and Sicily by Charles I of Anjou 
(1266-1285), and by his successor, Charles 
II (1285-1309). 

They bear on the obverse a representa- 
tion of the Salutation of the Virgin and are 
the prototypes of the Anglo-Gallic Salute 
(q-v.). 

Salvator Thaler. The name given to a 
Swedish Thaler with the effigy of the Sav- 
ior on one side, and the inscription Sal- 
vator mvndi. It was introduced by Gus- 
tavus I Wasa in 1542, and continued until 
the reign of Christina. 

Sampietrino. A Papal copper coin of 
the value of two and a half Baiocci, issued 
by Pius VI (1775-1798). See Madonnina. 


[ 208 ] 


Samson d’Or 


Santo Thome 


Samson d’Or. See Fort. 

Sanar. The unit of the coinage of 
Afghanistan, which is computed as follows : 

10 ninar = l Paisa or Taka. 

5 Paisa = l Shahi. 

2 Shahi = 1 Sanar, Saddinar, or Misquali. 

2 Sanar = 1 Abbasi. 

1 y 2 Abbasi = 1 Quran. 

2 Quran = 1 Rupee. 

20 Rupees = 1 Tuman. 

Conf. for the analogy to the modern Per- 
sian coinage, Senar, Abbasi, etc. 

Sanar-Kasu. The name given by the 
former natives of Portuguese India to the 
Venetian Zecchino, which was at one time 
current in Goa and vicinity. 

San Carlo. A silver coin of Charles 
Emanuel I, Duke of Savoy, struck in 1614, 
and equal to nine Fiorini. 

Sancheti. A general name for coins is- 
sued by such rulers of Navarre as bore the 
name of Sancho, of which there were sev- 
eral. 

Sancto Zoanne. A coin of Florence, al- 
luded to in an ordinance of 1494 as being 
equal to twenty Quattrini. 

Sand Dollar or Sand Cast Dollar. The 

name given to a Mexican Peso cast, in Chi- 
huahua by Ferdinand VII during the Rev- 
olutionary period (1812-1821). These 
pieces are generally counterstamped. 

Sanese d’Oro. A gold coin of Siena, 
struck by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti 
(1390-1404). It has a large S on one side 
and a cross on the reverse. 

San Felipe. A silver coin issued by 
Philip III of Portugal (1621-1640) for 
Goa. It receives its name from the letters 
s. f., i.e., Sao Felipe, which are found on 
the obverse, one on each side of the figure 
of a saint. See Fonrobert (3878). 

San Giovannino. A silver coin of Genoa 
issued in 1671, and of the value of one 
sixteenth of the Scudo. It obtains its name 
from the standing figure of St. John the 
Baptist, represented on one side of the coin. 

The same name is given to a billon coin 
of the value of three Soldi struck at Cor- 
reggio circa 1615 to 1630, on which was a 
seated figure of St. John the Abbot. 

San Joao. A silver coin issued by John 
IV of Portugal (1640-1656) for Damao and 
Goa. It receives its name from the letters 
s. i., i.e., Sao Joao, which occur on the 
obverse, one on each side of the figure of 

[ 2l 


a saint holding a banner. See Fonrobert 
(3881-3887, 3965). 

San Martino. A silver coin of Lucca 
issued under Republican rule from about 
1660 to 1750, and of a value of fifteen 
Soldi. The reverse has a figure of St. Mar- 
tin and the beggar. See Bettler Thaler. 

San Mauricio. A silver coin struck by 
Charles II, Duke of Savoy (1504-1553), 
which received this name from the figure 
of St. Maurice on horseback. It was issued 
in two values, i.e., sixteen Grossi and nine 
Grossi, and there are corresponding halves 
and quarters. See Promis (41). 

Sannar. The name given to a billon 
Soldo of Perpignan struck in 1528 by order 
of Charles V. 

San Paolo. A silver coin of Guastalla 
issued in the reign of Ferdinand Gonzaga 
(1595-1630). Its value was twenty-one 
Soldi. Conf. also Paolo. 

Sanpetronio. A Papal coin of Bologna 
referred to in an ordinance of Francesco 
Maria, Governor of Siena, in 1686. 

Sanpierino. Another name for the 
Grosso d’Argento struck in Rome by the 
Senate, circa 1297, to commemorate the ap- 
proaching jubilee year 1300. It bears a 
figure of St. Peter. See also Sampietrino. 

San Pietro. See Albulo del San Pietro. 

San Rupee. A type of the Rupee struck 
by the East India Company at Farukhabad 
A. II. 1203. It has the inscription yr 45, 
and is consequently usually referred to as 
the forty-five San Lucknow Rupee. 

Santa Croce. A silver coin of Lucca, is- 
sued in 1564 and later, and of the value 
of twenty-five Soldi. The usual reverse has 
a cross and the inscription salvator mvndi. 

Sant’ Anselmo. Another name for the 
Anselmino ( q.v .). 

Santo Thome. A gold coin of the Por- 
tuguese Indies, struck as early as the mid- 
dle of the sixteenth century, principally at 
Goa. Its value originally was fifteen hun- 
dred Reis, and there was a corresponding 
half. The earlier types represent on one 
side a figure of Saint Thomas standing 
dividing the date, and on the reverse the 
armorial shield of Portugal with an in- 
scription. 

At the beginning of the reign of John V 
(1706-1750) there was a readjustment of 

»] 


San Vicente 

the monetary system and the Santo Thome 
was struck in various sizes, based on the 
Xerapliin. We find in consequence a San 
Thome of two, four, eight, ten, twelve, and 
fifteen Xerapliins. The design on these 
coins is usually a cross, the lower bar of 
which divides the date, and the upper one 
the figures 12 X, 10 X, etc. 

The San Thome was issued at Goa until 
the year 1841. 

San Vicente, or Santo Vicente. A gold 
coin of Portugal, first issued by John III 
(1521-1557). It had a value of one thou- 
sand Reis, and bears the full length figure 
of St. Vincent and the inscription zelator 
fidei, a title conferred on John by Pope 
Paul III for his efforts to establish the 
Inquisition in Portugal. The coin was re- 
tained by Sebastian (1557-1578). 

Sao. A variety of paper money issued 
in Annam during the twelfth century. It 
was of two kinds, the smaller being valued 
from one hundred to seven hundred Sa- 
peques, and the larger sort represented 
higher values. See Schroeder (p. 48). 

Sao Felipe. See San Felipe. 

Sao Joao. See San Joao. 

Sapeque, also written Sepek, is used 
chiefly by French numismatic writers as an 
equivalent for the Annamese Cash, of 
which six hundred are equal to one Qwan. 

Yule and Burnell, in II ob son- J ob son, 
A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial 
Words, 1886 (s. v. Sapeca), have the fol- 
lowing : 

“This word is used at Macao for what 
we call cash in Chinese currency; and it 
is the word generally used by French writ- 
ers for that coin. It is very probably from 
the Malay sa, i.e., one, and pakii, a string 
or file of the smallest coins called pichis. 
Sapaku would then properly be a string of 
one hundred cash, but it is not difficult to 
perceive that it might through some mis- 
understanding have been transferred to a 
single coin.” 

Crawfurd, Malay Dictionary, 1852, has : 
“Paku, a string or file of the small coins 
called pichis.” See also Indian Antiquary 
(xxvi. 222) and Zay (pp. 118-122). 

Sar. A coin of Turkestan. See Yamba. 

Saracenato, or Sarrazino. Another 
name for the gold Denarius struck at St. 

[2 


Scalding 

Jean d’Acre from 1251 to 1257. See Engel 
and Serrure (iii. 947). 

Saraceno. A coin of Ubertino of Car- 
rara, Signor of Padua (1338-1345), of the 
value of a Quattrino. It bore the figure of 
a Saracen with wings and horns. 

Sargpfennig. The nickname given to 
small silver coins of the bishopric of Hal- 
berstadt, issued in the early part of the 
sixteenth century. They have on the ob- 
verse the figure of St. Stephen, the patron 
saint, who is supposed to bear some re- 
semblance to a body in a coffin. 

Sata. An obsolete coin of the Malay 
Peninsula. See Caixa. 

Satamana. The name given to both a 
gold and silver denomination of ancient 
India. See Pana. 

Satang. A bronze coin of Siam issued 
pursuant to an order of King Chulalong- 
korn, dated November 11, 1908. There are 
multiples of five and ten Satang pieces in 
nickel. One hundred Satangs equal a Tical. 

Sateleer. The derivation is the same as 
Sapeque ( q.v .), and it meant originally the 
same thing, i.e., a string of cash. It comes 
from the Malay sa, i.e., one, and tali, a 
string. 

Stevens, in his Guide to the East India 
Trade, 1775 (p. 124), says: “In Batavia 
3 Cash are one Satallie; 6 Cash are 1 
Sooka; 9 Cash are one Sooka Satallie.” 

The name Setale is still retained in Java 
and the Malay Peninsula to designate the 
current twenty-five cent silver piece of the 
Netherlands. 

Satrapal Coins is the generic name given 
to the many varieties of coins issued by 
Persian Satraps during the sixth to the 
fourth centuries B.C. iu various cities of 
Asia Minor and Syria. 

Saulen Piastre. The German name for 
the Colonato. 

Sawbuck. A nickname given to the ten 
and twenty Dollar bills of the United 
States with the figures X or XX, which 
bear a fanciful resemblance to a saw-buck. 

Scaggia. The popular name in Piedmont 
for the piece of two Soldi, introduced pur- 
suant to an ordinance of October 26, 1826. 
See Promis (ii. 202). 

Scalding. See Salding. 

0 ] 


Sceat 


Scherf 


% 

Sceat, or Skeat (plural Sceattae). Small 
thick silver coins, varying in weight from 
about seven to twenty grains, and the earli- 
est productions of the Anglo-Saxon mint, 
dating from the fifth to the eighth century. 
They occur with both Runic and Roman 
inscriptions and on some the name of Lon- 
don may be read. 

The word means “a portion,” and it is 
usually supposed that they were a portion 
of some merely nominal sum by which 
large amounts were calculated. 

It is difficult to ascertain their exact 
value. In the laws of Aethelstan, King 
of the West Saxons from 925 to 941, it is 
stated that 30,000 Sceattae were equal to 
one hundred and twenty pounds, and 
Ruding says that “whatever might have 
been the price value of the sceatta, it was 
undoubtedly the smallest coin known 
among the Saxons.” 

Schaap. A money of account formerly 
used at Emden. Noback (p. 235) gives the 
following equivalents : 

1 Gulden = 10 Schaap. 

1 Schaap = 20 Witten. 

Schaelgy. An early silver coin of Bra- 
bant issued by Wenceslaus and Johanna 
(1355-1405). Three Schaelgy were equal 
to two Grooten plus four Placken. See 
Heylen, Antwoord op het Vraeg-Stuk, etc., 
1787 (p. 26). 

Schauri. See Abbasi. 

Schauthaler. The name given to a var- 
iety of Thaler which is of a semi-medallic 
character, and which is struck as com- 
memorative of some anniversary or as a 
memorial rather than for general circula- 
tion. 

Such pieces, also called Schaustiicke, are 
frequently found in the series of the Holy 
Roman Empire at the beginning of the 
sixteenth century. 

Scheepjeschelling, also known as the 
Escalin au Navire. A variety of the Schel- 
ling of the United Provinces which receives 
this name from a ship under full sail on 
the obverse. It was current for six Stui- 
vers. 

This coin was issued by the Province of 
Holland in 1670, by West Friesland in 
1673, by Utrecht in 1702, by Gueldres in 
1716, and by Zeeland in 1750. 

Scheepsnobel. The Dutch name for the 
Noble ( q.v .), so called on account of the 


prominent ship on the obverse. It was ex- 
tensively copied in Brabant, etc. 

The half of the same type was known 
as the Schuitken or Schuytken, this word 
meaning a small ship. There are dated 
specimens as early as 1488, issued by Maxi- 
milian during the minority of Philip the 
Good. See Frey (No. 295). 

Scheidemiinzen. Coins whose actual 
value is considerably less than their de- 
clared value by reason of their mixed com- 
position. They are either silver with a 
large proportion of copper and tin, or, as 
is more frequently the case, copper washed 
over with a thin coating of silver. The 
latter soon wears off, leaving the base metal 
exposed. There are many modern exam- 
ples of this money. In Germany it was 
common to the middle of the nineteenth 
century, and specimens are found in Eng- 
land during the reigns of Henry VIII and 
Edward VI. The base Shillings of the 
former monarch had a full-face portrait 
of the king, but the end of the nose by 
reason of its prominence suffered the great- 
est amount of abrasion. The base metal 
was soon exposed, and from this circum- 
stance this ruler received the sobriquet of 
“copper-nose.” See Billon. 

Schelling, also called Escalin (q.v.). 
Probably the best known coin associated 
with the history of the Low Countries. It 
was of silver though occasionally of billon, 
and varied somewhat in value according to 
the locality, ranging from five to eight 
Stuivers, or one fourth of the Daalder. 

The term Schelling is generally applied 
to the issues for the provinces proper, and 
is frequently used in combinations, e.g., 
Roosschelling, Gehelmdeschelling, etc., all 
of which are described passim. The name 
Escalin, on the other hand, was used to 
designate pieces struck for the Oriental 
possessions, etc. See Snaphaan. 

Scherf (plural Scherfe). A name given 
to very small silver coins which were valued 
at the half of a Pfennig. The word means 
a fraction or fragment, and the designation 
is most frequently applied to the early and 
poorly executed coins of Northern Ger- 
many, and especially Pommerania and 
Brandenburg. “ Scherf penige” are men- 

tioned as early as 1369. 


[ 211 1 


Scherif 


Schnabelthaler 


Scherif. This may be a corruption of 
Ashrafi or Sherify. Conf. also Sequin. 

Schiessthaler. See Schiitzenthaler. 

Schiffs Dukaten. The name given to a 
series of gold coins issued from 1682 to 
1696 by the German African Company. 
They obtain their name from a ship on the 
reverse. In the State Papers of 1686 they 
are referred to as Afrikanische Pfennige. 

Schiffsthaler. A memorial silver Thaler 
without date, and issued by August, Duke 
of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel (1636-1666). 
It lias on the reverse a picture of several 
vessels, and in the foreground the figure 
of a man in a contemplative attitude, un- 
determined whether to embark on a voyage 
or not. The motto, alles mit bedacht, 
confirms this unsettled condition, and the 
coin is consequently also known as the 
Reisethaler. 

Schild. The Dutch equivalent for the 
Crown or Ecu. The Gouden Schild (or 
golden shield) is the same as the Ecu d’Or. 

According to v.d. Chijs, this coin was in- 
troduced in Brabant under Philip of Valois 
(1327-1350) ; in Holland under William V 
(1345-1359) ; and in Gueldres under Rein- 
oud III (1343-1361). A new type, called 
the Brabandsch Schild (q.v.), was struck 
pursuant to an ordinance of May 10, 1430. 

Schild Groschen, also called Schildige 
Groschen. The name given to silver coins 
issued by the Margraves of Meissen during 
the fifteenth century, which have a promi- 
nent shield on both obverse and reverse. 

Schilling. The etymology of the term is 
in doubt. Some authorities consider it a 
corruption of Solidus, and it is thus trans- 
lated in mediaeval archives. The old Ger- 
man scellan, to ring, and the scild, or 
shield, have also been suggested as possible 
roots. 

Originally it was a money of account, 
the pound of silver being divided into 
twenty Schillinge of twelve Denarii. As 
a coin, bearing this name, it occurs in the 
fifteenth century, and originally appears in 
the Baltic Provinces. It was extensively 
used in the currency of the Teutonic Order, 
and was retained in the monetary systems 
of Hamburg, Liibeck, Holstein, Mecklen- 
burg, etc., and in several of the Swiss can- 
tons until comparatively modern times. 
See Shilling and Skilling. 


Schilling Liibsk. A base silver coin com- 
mon to Riga, Stade, Stralsund, etc., in the 
latter part of the seventeenth century. It 
was equal to one forty-eighth of the Riks- 
daler. 

Schinderling. The nickname given to a 
base silver Pfennig issued in Austria from 
1457 to 1460, and later in Salzburg and 
Bavaria. The word schinden means to 
fleece or extort, and these pieces were 
forced on the people at a fictitious value. 
About 1461 they were withdrawn from cir- 
culation at their actual value, i.e., one sixth 
of a pure silver Pfennig. 

Schlagelpfennige. See Slegelpenninge. 

Schlafrock Thaler. The nickname given 
to the Convention Thaler struck by Fred- 
erick August I, King of Saxony, in 1816, 
because the badly engraved uniform of the 
King resembles a dressing-gown. 

Schlecht Thaler. According to Kelly 
(p. 2) this was a former money of account 
at Aix-la-Chapelle of the value of twenty- 
six Marks, and at Emden it was computed 
at one and one half Guilders. The word 
means a Dollar of low grade. 

Schlickthaler. See Thaler. 

Schmalkaldischer Bundesthaler. A sil- 
ver coin of Saxony and Hessen, struck from 
1536 to 1546 during the existence of the 
League. These coins have on one side the 
portrait of the elector Johann Frederick of 
Saxony, and on the reverse that of the 
Landgrave Philip of Hessen. 

When the city of Brunswick joined the 
League, Thaler were struck dated 1538, 
1545, and 1546. These have on the obverse 
the emblematic lion of Brunswick and on 
the reverse a figure of Christ rising from 
the grave and Death at his feet. From this 
design the names Triumph Thaler, Jesus 
Thaler, and Auferstehungs Thaler have 
also been given to this coin. 

Schmetterlings Thaler. A silver coin of 
Poland without date, but struck by August 
II (1697-1733). It had a value of thirty- 
two Groschen, and received its name from 
the butterfly on the reverse. There are 
halves, quarters, eighths, and Groschen of 
the same type. 

Schnabelthaler. A silver coin of Zurich, 
struck in 1559 from designs by Stampfer. 

j 


Schnepfenpfennige 


Scilling 


Schnepfenpfennige. The Pfennige of 
Ludwig von Solms, prince of the House of 
Lich, who succeeded in 1824, are so named, 
on account of a snipe on the obverse. 

Schock Groschen. See Groschen. 

Schoter. See Skoter. 

Schraubthaler. A variety of Thaler, the 
sides of which unscrew like a box, and the 
interior was used for holding portraits, 
erotic objects, etc. 

The earliest of these coins date from the 
middle of the sixteenth century. Augsburg 
and Nuremberg were the principal places 
of their manufacture. 

For an extensive descriptive series of the 
Schraubthaler, see Mittheilungen der Bay- 
erischen N umismatiscJien Gesellscliaft , 1913 
(P- !)• 

Schreckenberger. See Engelsgroschen. 

Schrift Bracteaten. See Bracteates. 

Schrot. The term “Das Schrot’’ is used 
by German numismatic writers to indicate 
the weight of the alloy used for coining 
any particular denomination, irrespective 
of its fineness or purity. See Korn. 

Schu. See Chu. 

Schubbe. A base silver coin of East 
Friesland, struck from the twelfth to the 
fourteenth centuries. They appear to be 
rude imitations of the Deniers and usually 
bear small figures, e.g., a hand, a cross, etc. 

Schiisselpfennige and Schiisselheller, 
meaning “saucer shaped’’ or concave, was 
a name given to small base silver coins 
which were struck extensively in the Pala- 
tinate during the sixteenth century, and 
imitated in Brabant. They are uniface and 
usually bear a device or figure in a beaded 
circle. Dated specimens occasionally occur, 
e.g., a Schiisselheller of Johann von Schon- 
burg, Bishop of Trier, has the year 1589. 

Schiitzen Thaler, or Schiessthaler. This 

is not, strictly speaking, a coin, but a com- 
memorative medal, and common to Ger- 
many, Austria, and Switzerland. In for- 
mer times when citizens were frequently 
called upon to defend their homes and 
property, these pieces had considerable 
significance, but at present they only com- 
memorate a shooting festival held under 
government auspices, or are issued as re- 
wards to such persons as are successful in 
the shooting contests. See Tir Federal. 


Schuitken, meaning a small boat, was 
the name given by the Dutch to the Sycee 
silver ( q.v .), eonf. also Scheepsnobel. 

Schulpfennige. See Brabeon. 

Schuppen. A nickname given to certain 
very small silver coins of thin fabric, 
struck by the bishops of Munster for Em- 
den during the fifteenth century. The 
designation was applied on account of their 
resemblance to fish scales. 

Schurmann. A coin of Brabant, with a 
corresponding half, said to have been 
struck under Wenceslaus and Johanna 
(1355-1405). No specimens appear to be 
in existence. See v.d. Chijs (p. 93). 

Schusterthaler. The nickname given to 
the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four 
Kreuzer which was abolished about 1890. 

Schuyt. See Sycee Silver. 

Schuytken. See Scheepsnobel. 

Schwanz Dukat. See Zopf Dukat. 

Schwaren. The name given to former 
base silver and copper coins of Oldenburg 
and Bremen, equal to one fifth of the Grote. 
In Oldenburg they appeared in the latter 
part of the fourteenth century and usually 
had a figure of St. Lambert. Those for 
Bremen were originally issued about the 
same time and were struck as late as 1866. 
The name is probably from schwer, i.e., 
heavy, and denoted a heavy or thick Pfen- 
nig. See Flinderke. 

According to Jungk (p. 338), the 

Schwaren of 1676 were the earliest bearing 
a date. 

Schwarze Pfennige. See Black Money. 

Schweizer Bundesthaler. See Bundes- 
thaler. 

Schwertgroschen. A silver coin struck 
by Frederick II of Saxony (obit. 1464), 
which receives this name from the crossed 
swords over a shield on the reverse. The 
type was copied by several of his successors 
during the fifteenth century. 

Scilling, or Scill. An Anglo-Saxon money 
of account which appears at an early 
period in the laws, some fines being regu- 
lated by it in the reign of Ethelbert, King 
of Kent (568-616). For a detailed account 
of the etymology of the name see Ruding 
(i. 112-1L3). 


[ 213 ] 


Scimminger 


Scute 


Scimminger. According to Parish and 
Shaw, A Dictionary of The Kentish Dialect, 
1887, this is an obsolete term for “a piece 
of counterfeit money made of base metal 
and coated with silver.” 

Scissel. See Sizel. 

Scorrick. See Scriddick. 

Scott Pagoda. See Porto Novo Pagoda. 

Scrat. An English dialect term for a 
coin of very small denomination. Ross, 
Stead, and Holderness, in A Glossary of 
Words used in the East Riding of York- 
shire, 1877, cite the following: “He deed 
and didn’t leeave a scrat behint. He’s not 
worth a scrat. ’ ’ 

Scriddick. An English dialect term 
meaning a coin of very small value. It is 
common to a number of counties and is va- 
riously written, e.g., Scuddick, Scuddock, 
Scuttick, Skiddiek, Scurrick, etc. 

Grose, Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 
1823, lias: “Scurrick, a half-penny.” 

Elworthy, The West Somerset Word- 
Book, 1886, quotes: “I an’t a-got nothin, 
not a scriddick about me. ’ ’ 

Cope, A Glossary of Hampshire Words, 
1883, has “not worth a scuddick;” and 
Long, in A Dictionary of The Isle of Wight 
Dialect, 1886, cites, “I can’t lend ee tup- 
pence, vor I hain’t got a scuddick about 
me. ’ ’ 

Scripulum. A name given to the earliest 
Roman gold coin, issued about B.C. 206. 

It was originally a silver weight of 
eighteen grains in the Roman computation, 
and later was admitted to the monetary 
system. There are three values worth re- 
spectively twenty, forty, and sixty Ses- 
terces. It was succeeded by the Aureus. 

Scuddick. Scuddock. See Scriddick. 

Scudino. A gold coin of Modena of the 
value of one hundred and three Soldi. It 
was introduced by Francesco I d’Este 
(1629-1658) and continued until the end 
of the seventeenth century. The name was 
used to distinguish it from the Scudo di 
Oro of one hundred and sixty Soldi. 

Scudo means a shield, and the coin re- 
ceives its name from the figure of a shield 
found upon it. 

The silver Scudo, or Scudo di Argento, 
of the Papal States was introduced in the 
latter part of the sixteenth century. It 


was usually divided into ten Paoli or one 
hundred Baiocchi, and multiples exist. In 
the Neapolitan coinage in the eighteenth 
century the Scudo was equal to one hun- 
dred and twenty Grani, and at Mantua to 
one hundred and ten Soldi. See Ecu. 

Scudo della Croce. A variety of the 
silver Scudo first issued in Venice under 
the Doge Nicolo da Ponte (1578-1585). It 
receives its name from the floriated cross 
on the obverse, and had a value of one hun- 
dred and forty Soldi. 

Scudo di Leone. See Leone. 

Scudo di Oro. The gold Scudo is com- 
mon to the Italian series. It was issued 
by Charles VIII of France as King of 
Naples and Sicily, in 1495. There was also 
a variety called the Scudo di Oro del Sole 
struck by the same ruler, which had a sun 
over the armorial shield. This was copied 
by Louis XII of France for Genoa (1499- 
1512). 

Lucca as a republic issued the Scudo di 
Oro in the fifteenth century, and in the 
Venetian series it occurs under Andrea 
Gritti and Pietro Lando (1523-1545). In 
the coinage of Mantua it is found under 
Frederick II (1519-1540), and Maria and 
Charles II (1637-1665) struck the large 
twelve Scudi di Oro. 

The Popes introduced it early in the six- 
teenth century and retained it almost con- 
tinuously to the time of Pius IX. Its 
value in the Papal series was one hundred 
Baiocchi ; in other parts of Italy it was 
the equivalent of one hundred and sixty 
Soldi. 

Scuferus. Du Cange cites this as being 
the name of an early coin of Laon and also 
current in Namur. 

Scurrick. See Scriddick. 

Scute. An obsolete English name for 
the French Ecu ( q.v .). 

Caxton, in his Dialogues, 1483 (17), men- 
tions ‘ ‘ Scutes of the Kyng, ’ ’ and John Skel- 
ton in his tract Why come ye nat to Courte, 
1522 (167), has: “With scutes and crownes 
of gold I drede we are bought and solde. ” 

At a somewhat later period the word was 
vaguely used for a coin of small value. 
Thus, Thomas Nashe, in his Christ’s Teares 
over Jerusalem, 1594 (introd.), says: 
“Therein I imitate rich men who hauing 
gathered store of white single money to- 


[ 214 ] 


Scuttick 


Semision 


gether, conuert a number of those small 
little scutes into great peeees of gold, such 
as double Pistols and Portugues.” 

In Have with you to Saffron-Walden, 
1596, another tract by Nashe, he says : “The 
diuell a scute had he to pay the reckoning.” 

Scuttick. See Scriddick. This form of 
the word is common to Northamptonshire, 
Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight. It is 
also written Scuttuck. 

Scyphati Nummi. See Concave Coins. 

Seawant. See Wampum. 

Sebaldus Thaler. The popular name for 
a Guldenthaler of Nuremberg struck in 
1634 and 1635, which lias on the obverse 
the figure of St. Sebaldus holding a church 
in his arm. See Madai (5065). 

Sechser. A name usually given to pieces 
of six Kreuzer or Pfennige. It is applied 
to the Prussian half Silber Grosclien of 
the value of six Pfennige, and to the Gros- 
chen of six Kreuzer issued by the Archduke 
Sigismund of Tyrol in the latter part of 
the fifteenth century. See Dreier. 

Sechsgroscher. See Dreigrosclier. 

Sechsling. The double of the Dreiling 
( q.v .), and like Sechser applied to the half 
of the Silber Groschen. 

This coin is of common occurrence in the 
issues for Hamburg from circa 1553 to 
1855, and during the French occupation of 
the city in 1809 a billon piece was issued 
with the inscription i. sechsling. See 
Soesling. 

Sechstel. A name generally applied in 
the southern parts of Germany to coins 
having a value of one sixth of a Thaler. 

Sede Vacante Coinage. A term used to 
define such coins as were struck by those 
in temporary authority during an interreg- 
num in the regal succession. They occur 
not only in the Papal series but also in 
various archbishoprics, bishoprics, etc. See 
Vikariats Thaler. 

Sedicina. A silver coin of Urbino and 
Pesaro issued under the Duke Francesco 
Maria II (1605-1606), for the Levant trade. 
Its value was sixteen Quattrini. 

Seed. A slang name for a counter or 
chip used in various games of cards. Its 
origin may be due to its flat circular shape, 
resembling, in an enlarged form, certain 


seeds. The term appears to be confined to 
the United States. 

Seed Sen. See Tane. 

Segeloh. A Javanese term used to desig- 
nate the silver Gulden of the Netherlands. 

Sehim. A paper currency issued in Con- 
stantinople in February, 1840. The larg- 
est denomination was two hundred Piastres, 
and the paper money bore an annual in- 
terest of twelve and a half per cent. See 
Noback (p. 434). 

Seignorage. A certain deduction from 
all the bullion which was coined, and which 
was used to defray the expenses of refining, 
etc. See Brassage. 

Seisino. A copper coin of the value of 
half a Real, struck by Philip IV of Spain, 
during the French occupation of Barcelona, 
1640-1652. It must not be confused with 
the Sixain (q.v.) struck by the French 
during the same period. A similar piece 
was issued for Villa Franca in 1642. See 
Mailliet (cxxiii. 4). 

Sekel. See Shekel. 

Seligkeitsthaler. A silver medallic Tha- 
ler issued by Ernst, Duke of Sachsen Gotha 
in 1672. It has rhymed quatrains on both 
obverse and reverse, embodying the beati- 
tudes, a creed of belief, etc. See Madai 
(1514). 

Selmino. The popular name for a silver 
coin of Guastalla struck in imitation of the 
Anselmino of Mantua. It was issued prin- 
cipally in the seventeenth century and bore 
a figure of St. Peter. 

Serna. The Greek crr)[j.£tov. See 

Type. 

Sembella. A small Roman copper coin 
equal to the Sextans, and the half of the 
Libella (q.v.). Also a silver weight equal 
to the bronze Semis of the libral series. 

Semis, or Sexcunx. The half of the As, 
of a weight of six ounces. It bears on the 
obverse the head of Jupiter and on the 
reverse the prow of a galley and the letter 
S. See Aes Grave. Also used for the half 
Aureus (q.v.) struck in Imperial times, in 
place of the old name Quinarius Aureus. 
The half Solidus (q.v.) was also called 
Semis. 

Semision (tje^tatov) . The Greek name 
for the Semissis or half Solidus. 


[ 215 ] 


Semissis 


Serrated Coins 


Semissis. Another name for the Semis 
( q.v .) when nsed to designate a half Au- 
reus or a half Solidus. 

Semissis. A base silver coin of Stras- 
burg, the half of the Assis {q.v.). 

Semistertius. Another name for the Ses- 
tertius {q.v.). See Varro, Be Ling Lat. 
(iv. 36). 

Semprevivo. A silver coin of Milan, 
varying of the value of five and ten Soldi, 
and issued only by the Duke Francisco II, 
Sforza (1522-1535). It obtains its name 
from the plant sempre-viva, or house leek, 
and this little emblem is usually repre- 
sented sprouting from three hillocks. 

Semuncia. The half of the Uncia of 
bronze {q.v.). 

Sen. A word meaning a fountain, was 
applied to certain Japanese coins as early 
as the eighth century. Copper was discov- 
ered in Japan A.D. 707-708, and a metallic 
currency was at once introduced. The Sen 
was cast in copper. Conf. Munro ( pas- 
sim) . This coinage, with fluctuating val- 
ues, was in use until A.D. 958, and then 
for over six hundred years no coins were 
made in Japan. In 1587 the manufacture 
of copper Sen was resumed, and was contin- 
ued until 1863, when this coinage ceased. 
Occasional iron specimens occur. 

The Sen of the present Japanese coinage 
is the one hundredth part of the Yen {q.v.). 
Multiples exist in nickel and silver. Conf. 
Chien. See Jiu Ni Zene, and Kwan Ei Sen. 

The same designation ' is used in the 
coinage of the Malay Peninsula as an equiv- 
alent for Cent. See Pitje. 

Senage, or Synage, is money paid for 
synodals, a tribute due to the bishop or 
archdeacon at Easter. 

John Wyclif refers to the custom, in a 
tract written circa 1380, and reprinted in 
his Works (edit. 1880, p. 249), thus: “And 
whanne bischopis & here officeris comen & 
feynen to visite . . .wreccliid curatis ben 
nedid to festen him richely & gene procu- 
racie & synage.” 

Senar. A silver coin of the modern Per- 
sian series; it is the tenth part of a Kran 
and equal to two Shahi or four Puli, or 
Abassi. See Sanar. 

Senatorial Coins are such Roman coins 
as were issued by the authority of the 


Senate. They can always be easily distin- 
guished by the letters S. C., i.e., Senatus 
Consulto. 

Seneselli. A popular name for the silver 
Grossi of Siena. 

Seni. A variety of spelling of Sen {q.v.). 

Senio. The multiple of six Denarii. 
Medallions of this weight were from time 
to time coined by Roman emperors to 
commemorate important events. 

Seniorats-Dukat. The name given to a 
gold coin of Anhalt-Cothen, issued by 
Prince August Ludwig in 1747. It has on 
the reverse a bear holding a shield on which 
senior domvs is inscribed. See Kohler 
(No. 1707). 

Seorai. See Pice. 

Sepek. See Sapeque. 

Septim Shilling. See Shilling. 

Septunx. One of the divisions of the As 
of the weight of seven ounces. It is of rare 
occurrence. See Aes Grave. 

Sequin. A colloquial form of Zecchino 
{q.v.). This name was extensively adopted 
in Turkey, Egypt, and the Barbary States 
in general, and it appears to bear a rela- 
tionship to the Arabic sikka, i.e., a coining 
die. 

Early writers of books of travel adopt 
this spelling in preference to the Italian 
form. Moryson, in his Itinerary, 1617 (i. 
292), says, “At Naples . . . ten quatrines 
make one seqnin ; ’ ’ and in the translation 
of Tavernier’s Grand Seignior’s Seraglio, 
1677 (14), occurs this passage, “The 

Scherif, otherwise called Sequin, or Sul- 
tanine. ” 

The name of the coin was variously 
written, or rather corrupted, by the writers 
of the seventeenth century, and conse- 
quently we find Chequin, Chekin, Chiekino, 
etc. 

Serafin. A silver coin of Goa. See Xer- 
aphin. 

Serinkie, i.e., “little gray coins;” a nick- 
name given by the people to the platinum 
coins of Russia. 

Serrated Coins, called Nummi Serrati, 
from serra, a saw, are characterized by 
having their edges indented like the teeth 
of a saw. Examples occur among the 
Chalques in the Syrian coinage, and in 
certain Roman Consular Denarii. 


[ 216 ] 


Sescunx 


Sheep Silver 


Sescunx. One of the divisions of the 
As, of the weight of one and one half 
ounces. It is rarely met with, See Aes 
Grave. 

Sesen. The Swiss equivalent for the 
Sesino, and usually applied to the half 
Groschen. In the canton of Waadt, it oc- 
curs as early as the period of Guy de 
Prangius, Bishop of Lausanne (1375-1394). 

Sesino, also called Sestino. An Italian 
coin in both copper and billon, and origin- 
ally the sixth part of the Grosso (q.v.). 
It was struck in Milan, Venice, Mantua, 
Naples, and other principalities, and was 
in use until the eighteenth century. The 
Republic of Genoa issued a piece of eight 
Sesini in silver in 1653. 

Seskin. See Negenmenneke. 

Sestertius. A Roman silver coin of one 
fourth the weight and value of the De- 
narius. It bears on the obverse the head 
of Minerva and the figures ns, i.e., two 
and one half Asses ; the reverse was the 
same as on the Denarius. 

The Sestertius became the recognized 
money of account and is consequently fre- 
quently referred to as Nummus. Under the 
Empire it was struck in bronze. See 
Grand Bronze. 

Sesthalf. A Dutch silver coin of the 
value of five and one half Stuivers. It was 
abolished by an Act of September 28, 1816, 
and all outstanding pieces were redeemed 
at twenty-five Cents. 

Sestino. See Sesino. 

Sesto. The name given to the one sixth 
of the Apuliense (q.v.). 

Setale. See Sateleer. 

Setin. The one thirty-second part of the 
Mark (q.v.). 

Settimo. A silver coin uf the value of 
a Giulio and a half, struck by Pope Clement 
VII (1523-1534). 

Settle. See Jettal. 

Seufzer. The word means both a sigh 
and a groan, and the nickname was given 
to certain very debased silver pieces issued 
in 1701 and 1702 by the Elector Frederick 
August to defray the expenses of the wars. 
They were valued at six Pfennige, and a 
sigh accompanied their acquisition. They 
were withdrawn from circulation in 1703, 


having nearly brought financial ruin to the 
country. 

Seven Shilling Piece. See Guinea. 

Sewan. See Wampum. 

Sexagina. Du Cange cites this as a coin 
of sixty Soldi referred to in an ordinance 
of Casimir III, King of Poland, in 1335. 

Sexcunx. Another name for the Semis 
(q.v.). 

Sextans. The sixth part of the As. It 
hears on the obverse the head of Mercury 
and on the reverse the prow of a galley. 
On each side are two bosses indicative of 
its weight of two ounces. See Aes Grave. 

Shahi, or Shahy. A Persian silver coin 
of the Sufi or Safi dynasty. It was one 
quarter of the Abbasi and was equal to ten 
pieces of the copper money called Kasbegi 
or Kazbegi. 

The Shahi of the coinage of modern Per- 
sia is a copper coin of the value of two 
Puli or fifty Dinar, and its multiples con- 
sist of two Shahi equal to one Senar and 
four Shahi equal to one Abbasi. 

The Shahi was also a silver coin for- 
merly current in the Deccan and other 
parts of India. There are many varieties, 
some of them, e.g., the Pistan Shahi, deriv- 
ing their names from the individuals who 
introduced them. 

Shan Baw. The name given to certain 
silver ingots used in the Lao States. These 
are of a different form and more solid than 
the As’ek (q.v.). 

Sharp-Shin. A nickname given, on ac- 
count of its resemblance, to a coinage cur- 
rent in Virginia and other colonies prior 
to 1773. The coins were made by dividing 
the Bit (q.v.) into four or eight parts. 

Sheedy. The name given in several of 
the islands of the West Indies to the Span- 
ish Pistareen where it was extensively used 
at an enhanced value. See Chalmers (pp. 
76-77). 

Sheep Silver. Sir W. Jones, in his Re- 
ports, 1675 (280), states that this “is a ser- 
vice now turned into money, which is paid 
in respect that anciently the tenants used 
to wash their lord’s sheep.” 

Hibbert, in A Description of the Shet- 
land Islands, 1822 (p. 198), has the follow- 
ing: “The compliment of an ox and twelve 
sheep from every parish had . . . been 


[ 217 ] 


Shekel 


Short Cross Type 


granted to the Earl of Bothwell. It was 
. . . converted into a perpetual tribute, un- 
der the name of ox and sheep silver. ’ ’ 

Shekel, or Sekel. Originally a weight, 
this piece was incorporated into the mone- 
tary system of the Jews under Simon Mac- 
cabaeus (B.C. 143-135), who received the 
privilege of striking coins from Antiochus 
VII, King of Syria. Its value was fixed 
at four Drachmai, according to the stand- 
ard of Tyre, and Flavius Josephus states 
that it also was equal to four Denarii. See 
Siglos. 

The half Shekel was called Bekah ; the 
quarter was named Rebah ; and a further 
division of one twentieth, called Gerah was 
occasionally employed. 

Sheriff Geld. A rent formerly paid by 
a sheriff for the farm of his shire. The 
Rolls of Parliament for the year 1376 (ii. 
348) state that it was £13, 19 shillings, and 
one penny per annum. 

Sherify. A Persian gold coin. See Ash- 
rafi. 

Shiken, or Mihon Sen. The Japanese 
name for an experimental or trial coin 
either of governmental or private manufac- 
ture. A pattern coin. 

Shilling. This coin occurs as a money of 
account in the Anglo-Saxon laws, but it 
was first struck in 1504, as part of the third 
coinage of Henry VII. Its weight was 
twelve Pennies, or one hundred and forty- 
four grains. 

A variety with the legend henric’ 

SEPTIM’ Dl’ GRA . REX . ANGL’ Z . FRA ’, is 
commonly known as the Septim Shilling 
and is very rare. 

In the English Colonies the Shilling cir- 
culating in Cyprus was replaced in 1901 
by the piece of nine Piastres. See Schil- 
ling, Testoon. 

The coinage of Scotland contains a large 
number of the multiples of this coin, there 
being two, three, four, five, six, eight, ten, 
twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-two, thirty, 
forty, forty-four, forty-eight, and sixty 
Shilling pieces. 

Shima Sen. The Japanese name for a 
large class of poorly made Sen or coins of 
private manufacture or counterfeits. Mun- 
ro aptly describes these as the gypsies of 
the race of Sen. See Bita Sen. 

Shi Mon Sen. See Nami Sen. 


Shiner. A slang term for a gold or sil- 
ver coin in allusion to its lustre. In the 
plural it is used for money in general. 

Samuel Foote, in his play, The Minor, 
1760 (ii.),has: “To let a lord of lands want 
shiners ; ’tis a shame. ’ ’ 

Dickens, in Oliver Twist (xix.), says: 
“Is it worth fifty shiners extra, if it’s safe- 
ly done from the outside?’’ and Mayne 
Reid, in his novel, The Scalp Hunters (ix.), 
makes one of his characters say : “I will 
bring you a mule-load of Mexican shiners.” 
See Half Shiner. 

Shin Koban. See Koban. 

Shin Plaster. A popular name originally 
applied to the depreciated Continental 
Currency after the War of the Revolution. 
It was revived about 1837 to designate the 
small notes for the fractional part of a 
Dollar issued by private bankers during 
the financial stress of that period. Finally, 
the same name was given to the Fractional 
Currency which appeared in 1862 when 
specie payments were suspended. 

Ship Money was a former tax levied in 
time of war on the ports and maritime 
towns of England to provide ships for the 
royal service. It was revived by Charles 
I, but was finally abolished by statute in 
1640. 

In 1636 William Prynne issued a pamph- 
let entitled Remedy against Ship Money. 

Ship Nobles. See Noble. 

Ships, Colonies, and Commerce Tokens. 

The name given to a series of copper tokens 
issued in the early part of the nineteenth 
century for use in Canada. They are so 
called from the inscription on one side, the 
reverse bearing a ship or a bust. 

There are about forty minor varieties. 
See Breton (997-1002). 

Shoe. See Sycee Silver. 

Sho-Kang. A Tibetan coin of the value 
of four Annas. See Tang-Ka. 

Shon. See Yang. 

Short Bit. See Bit. 

Short Cross Type. The name used to 
describe a series of English silver Pennies 
issued from 1180 to 1247 inclusive, during 
the reigns of Henry II, Richard I, John, 
and Henry III. They have on the reverse 
a short double cross with a small cross in 
each angle. For a detailed classification 


[ 218 ] 


Shovel Board 


Siege Pieces 


see Numismatic Chronicle (Ser. iv. xvi. 
356). 

As all the short cross Pennies bear the 
name henricvs it is difficult to assign them 
accurately among the four different rulers 
who struck them. See Long.. Cross Type. 

Shovel Board. A nickname given to the 
broad Shilling of Edward VI, which was 
used as a counter in the game of shovel- 
board or sliuffle-board. See Shakespeare, 
Merry Wives of Windsor (i. 1). 

John Taylor, the Water Poet, in his 
Works, 1630 (i. 68), states that “Edward 
Shillings for the most part are used at 
shouue-boord. ’ ’ 

Showa Shoho. See Jiu Ni Zene. 

Shroffed Money is such as has been sub- 
mitted to experts, called ‘ ‘ shroffs, ” or “ sur- 
rafs, ” whose duty it was to detect the coun- 
terfeits or pieces of inferior weight. 

The custom was resorted to in the Far 
East as early as the beginning of the eigh- 
teenth century, and Beveridge, in his His- 
tory of India, 1862 (i. 592), states that 
Lord Clive represented that “the money 
could not be divided till it was shroffed.” 

T. Brooks, in Coins of the East Indies, 
1766 (49), cites an expense account: 

“Brokerage, one and one half per cent. 
Shroffage, one per thousand.” See Sool- 
akie. 

Shu. A rectangular silver coin of Japan. 
The Shu was the fourth part of the Bu 
(q.v.), and the sixteenth part of the Ryo 
( q.v .). The Ni Shu, meaning two Shu, 
exists both in gold and silver, the former 
being struck as early as 1697. Also see 
Chu. 

Shu. A denomination for the Lu Chu 
Islands, equal to the one sixteenth part of 
a Ryo, or sixty-two Mon. A half Shu in 
copper was struck in 1862 at Satsuma for 
these islands. Its value later declined one 
half. See Munro (pp. 164-165). 

Siahi. See Pice. 

Siani. A money of account formerly 
used at Aleppo. The Turkish Piastre is 
here subdivided into twenty-four Siani. 
See Noback (p. 6). 

Si Bat. The same as Tamlung (q.v.). 

Sicca, Siccapili, or Xiquipili. The native 
names for the so-called “Axe Money” of 
the Aztecs or native Indian tribes of Mex- 


ico from its fancied resemblance to an axe 
or chopper. 

Authorities differ as to whether these 
pieces were ever actually used as a cur- 
rency, or only for ceremonial purposes, al- 
though divisions did exist, to wit : 

20 Cacao Beans = 1 Olotl. 

20 Olotl = 1 Zontle. 

20 Zontle = 1 Siccapili. 

Bancroft, in Native Races of the Pacific 
States of North America, 1875 (ii. 381- 
382), states that Xiquipili is the Mexican 
equivalent for the number 8000, which in 
the preceding table is confirmed (i.e., 20 x 
20 x 20 = 8000). 

Conf. Biart, Les Azteques, 1885 (pp. 
199-200), and Joyce, Mexican Archaeology, 
1914 (p. 287). 

Sicca Rupee. A silver coin of Bengal, 
mention of which is made in the seven- 
teenth century. By the treaty of 1765, it 
was agreed that all of these Rupees, com- 
monly known as Siccas, be henceforth 
struck at Mursliidabad. 

The Siri Sicca was the coin of the Hindu 
rajahs previous to the Muhammadan con- 
quest. Of many other varieties, the Chan- 
dor, Belapuri, Chulnee, and Moonkhee Sic- 
cas obtained their names from the towns 
in which they were coined. 

The name is derived from the Arabic 
sikka, meaning a coining die. 

A type of the gold Mohur struck by the 
East India Company A.H. 1202, and later, 
is known as the Sicca Mohur. 

Side. A term used by French numis- 
matists to denote the Siglos (q.v.). 

Siddiki, or Sadiki. The name given to 
the half Mohur of Mysore by Tipu Sultan, 
when he adopted his new system of reckon- 
ing, in 1786, based on the Muludi, dating 
from the birth of the Prophet. The name 
is taken from Abu Bakr Siddik, the first 
Khalifa. 

Side-View. A nickname given to certain 
varieties of the Pennies and half Pennies, 
issued by the Bank of Montreal in the 
years 1838 and 1839, to distinguish them 
from the ordinary types which depict only 
a front view of the bank. All these varie- 
ties are very rare. See Breton (523-525). 

Siebzehner. The popular name for the 
silver coin of seventeen Kreuzer, issued in 
Austria in 1753 and later. 

Siege Pieces. See Obsidional Coins. 


[ 219 ] 


Sieges Thaler 


Simons’ Petition Crown 


Sieges Thaler. A name given to such 
German medallic Thaler as were struck 
subsequent to and commemorative of some 
national victory. Notable examples are the 
Fehrbelliner Sieges Thaler, issued after the 
victory of the Great Elector over the 
Swedes in 1675 at Fehrbellin, and the com- 
memorative piece struck after the Franco- 
German war in 1870. See Giustina. 

Sigillum. Stevenson states that this term 
was applied to a little image of something 
imprinted on a medal as a mark. 

Siglos. Another name for the early Per- 
sian Sekel or Shekel. It was the twentieth 
part of the gold Daric in value, and its 
weight was the one hundredth part of the 
Mina. 

Like the Daric, the Sigloi were also popu- 
larly known as Archers from the repre- 
sentation of a bowman on the obverse. 

The later Jewish Sekel or Shekel {q.v.) 
has only the name in common with this 
coin. 

Sihansah. A gold coin of Akbar, Em- 
peror of Hindustan A.H. 963-1014 (1556- 
1605). Thomas (pp. 418 et seq.) describes 
Akbar ’s coinage in detail, from which the 
following table is compiled : 

Gold. 

Sihansah = 100 L’al Jalfili Muhrs. 

Sihansah = 1000 Rupees. 

Sihansah = 40,000 Dams. 

Raha = one half of the Sihansah. 

Atmah = one fourth of the Sihansah. 

Binsat = one fifth of the Sihansah. 

Chahfir G6shah, i.e., “square” ;= 30 Rupees. 

Chugul = 27 Rupees. . 

llahi = 12 Rupees. 

Aftiibi = 10 Rupees. 

L’al Jalfili = 10 Rupees. 

The Aftiibi, is lighter in weight, but of purer gold. 

Adi Gutkah = 9 Rupees. This coin is also called 
Mihrfibi and Muini, and represents the ordinary round 
Muhr of 360 Dfims. 

Silver. 

Rupee (round). 

Jalfilah (square). 

Darb = one half of the Rupee. 

Cham = one fourth of the Rupee. 

Pandu = one fifth of the Rupee. 

Asht := one eighth of the Rupee. 

Dasa = one tenth of the Rupee. 

Kalfi = one sixteenth of the Rupee. 

Sfiki = one twentieth of the Rupee. 

CoprER. 

Dfim = 1 Tolah, 8 Mfishas and 7 Ratis or about 
32.3% grains of copper. 

Adhfilah = one half of the Dam. 

Piiulah = one fourth of the Dfim. 

Damri = one eighth of the Dfim. 

Sik. One of the names for the Siamese 
one sixteenth Tical piece, known also as the 
Song Phai or Song Pai. 


Siki. See Suka. 

Sikka, See Sicca. 

Silbergroschen. A coin of Prussia, first 
issued in 1821, and the thirtieth part of 
a Thaler ; it was subdivided into twelve 
Pfennige. 

This division of the Thaler was copied 
in Saxony and Hanover, the coins in these 
states receiving the name of Neugroschen, 
but they were valued at ten Pfennige. 

Silfvergyllen. See Gyllen. 

Siliqua. A Roman silver coin first issued 
by Constantine the Great, and in use until 
the middle of the seventh century. It was 
equal to one twenty-fourth of the Solidus. 
From the time of Heraclius (610-641) the 
half Miliarensis was called Siliqua. 

There is a half Siliqua of similar type, 
introduced by Honorius, and called the 
Decargyrus. The half Siliquae are fre- 
quently referred to as Minutuli, on account 
of their diminutive size. Their weight is 
frequently under two grammes, and their 
coinage appears to have been confined to 
the mints of Rome, Trier, and later to 
Ravenna and Milan. 

Silly Head. The popular name for one 
of the varieties of the Cents of the United 
States issued in 1839. It has an idiotic 
looking head of Liberty on the obverse. 

Silver. The metal which has played the 
greatest part in the world’s monetary sys- 
tems. In ancient times it was used in a 
form much purer than that found in mod- 
ern coins. It is generally supposed that it 
was first employed for coins in Aegina, 
about the seventh century B.C. From 
about the period of Alfred the Great to 
the middle of the fourteenth century it was 
the only metal used in England for coining- 
purposes. 

Silverling. This denomination referred 
to in Isaiah (vii. 23) is assumed to be an- 
other name for the Shekel. 

Simoleon. A slang term used in the 
United States for a Dollar. 

Simon. An English slang term for a 
Sixpence. The origin of the word is ob- 
scure but it may be a fanciful use of the 
personal name. The term is found in Eng- 
lish slang dictionaries as early as 1700. 

Simons’ Petition Crown. See Petition 
Crown. 


[ 220 ] 


Singula 


Skins of Animals 


Singula. Another name for the Sembella 
( q-v .). 

Sirena. The popular name for the 
double Ducato d’Oro coined by Ferdinand 
I of Naples in 1488, from designs by Li- 
parolo. It bears the motto serenitati : 

AC PACI PER. 

Sisad-Dinar. A silver coin of Persia, in- 
troduced by the Shah Nadir in 1738. Its 
value was six Shahis or three hundred 
Dinars. 

Sisel. See Sizel. 

Siseni. The Italian equivalent of Six- 
aines (q.v.). The term is specially applied 
to coins of the value of six Denari issued 
by Umberto II, Baron of Faucigni in Savoy 
(1333-1349). 

Sison. A copper coin of Valencia, equal 
to six Dineros. It was abolished by an 
ordinance of Charles III dated October 27, 
1772. See Noback (p. 1307). 

Sisto. The popular name for a silver 
Grosso of Sixtus V (1585-1590) struck at 
Bologna. Its value was forty-four Quat- 
trini. 

Sitarion (stiaptov). The name for the 
fourth of the Siliqua which was struck at 
intervals from the reign of Honorius. 

Sixain. A French billon coin which, as 
its name indicates, is the sixth part of the 
silver Franc or Ecu. 

It appears to have been originally struck 
by Louis XII (1498-1515) of the type of 
the Douzain (q.v.), and under Francis I 
(1515-1547) there was issued a Sixain a 
la Salamandre, having this animal on the 
obvei’se, with a crown above. 

Mailliet (xlii. 9, xi. 14, and Suppl.) 
cites an obsidional Sixain struck during 
the French occupation of Barcelona, 1640- 
1652, and another for the similar occupa- 
tion of Gerona, in 1648. All of these 
pieces are of copper. 

Sixpence. An English silver coin of the 
value of one half of a Shilling; it was first 
struck in 1551 in the reign of Edward VI. 

Henry VIII issued Sixpence for Ireland 
with the inscription civitas dvblinie ; these 
coins, however, were struck in London. 

In Cyprus, the Sixpence was replaced in 
1901 by the piece of four and one half 
Piastres. 


Sizel. Also written Scissel and Sisel. 
The waste remains of a metal sheet or plate, 
after it has had blanks or planchets cut or 
stamped from it. Conf. Fr. cisaille, from 
ciseler, to cut. 

In a report of the mintmasters under 
Elizabeth, temp. 1572, mention is made of 
“syssel” in the making of Sixpences. See 
Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv. vol. 16, p. 
75). _ 

Sizinia, also called Nizim. Schlumberger 
(182) cites this as the name of a base sil- 
ver coin issued by Janus, King of Cyprus 
(1398-1432). Its value was six Carci. 

Sjen, more properly spelled Hsien (q.v.). 
The Chinese name for the copper one Cent 
piece introduced at Hong Kong when under 
British rule. 

Sju. See Shu. 

Skeat. See Sceat. 

Skef, or Skefpennig. The popular name 
for the half of the Norwegian Pennig. See 
Blanchet (ii. 322). 

Skerrick. Skiddick. See Scriddick. 

Skilling. T he Scandinavian equivalent 
of the Schilling. It occurs in Denmark un- 
der Christopher III (1440-1448) and was 
continued to comparatively modern times. 
Its value fluctuated but usually it was com- 
puted at ninety-six to the Rigsdaler. In 
Sweden the Riksdaler was equal to forty- 
eight Skilling, and in Norway the Species- 
daler equalled one hundred and twenty 
Skilling. 

All of these countries also struck the 
Skilling in copper, which greatly varied in 
size and value. 

Skilling Banco. See Banco. 

Skins of Animals were used as money 
in the primitive stage of man’s existence. 
The passage in Job ii. 4 has been construed 
by some writers to indicate that skins were 
regarded as representatives of value. There 
was at one time a connection between skins 
and money, for in the language of the 
Esthonians the word for money is raha,, 
and in the kindred language of the Lap- 
landers the same word means fur or a skin. 

Pelts were used in Scandinavia and when 
tied in packages of forty constituted a 
money of account called Zimmer. In west- 
ern Russia the fur and skin of the black 
marmot was used as late as the end of the 


[ 221 ] 


Skoter 


Snaphaan 


fourteenth century. This was called Kuna, 
from the name of the animal. Blanchet (ii. 
191) states that the heads of squirrels, Ca- 
put aspergellis, were employed in Russia in 
the eleventh century as a medium of ex- 
change, and were later adopted in Poland. 

The Hudson’s Bay Company made fur 
skins the common medium of exchange and 
measure of value in its dealings with the 
Indians. Conf. also Breton (Nos. 926- 
929) ; Noback (p. 895), and Leather Money 
(supra). 

Skoter, or Schoter. Originally a silver 
weight and the one twenty-fourth of the 
Mark. It was never used as a coin though 
llalbskoter were struck by the Grand Mas- 
ters of the Teutonic Orders as early as the 
fourteenth century, with the inscription 
MONETA DOMINORVM prvssie. The half of 
this coin was known as the Vierchen. 

Skrufthaler. A term used by Scandi- 
navian numismatic writers to indicate the 
Schraubthaler ( q.v .). 

Skutala (axuxaXa, ax-uiaXtSsi;) . The name 
for ingots of metal, cast in bar form, often 
circulating as actual money in ancient 
times. 

Slant. The Swedish equivalent for cop- 
per coins of small value ; similarly Slantar 
means loose cash. 

Slantar. A general term in Swedish for 
coins; it is, however, usually applied to the 
issues of copper which are known as Kop- 
par Slantar. 

Sleeping. A base silver coin in circula- 
tion in England during the thirteenth cen- 
tury. See Brabant. 

Slegelpenninge. An expression which 
occurs in the mediaeval records of Munster, 
and which is used to indicate the amount 
of coins to be retained by the mint offi- 
cials as payment for striking. The modern 
form would be Schlagelpfennige, from 
schlagen, to strike. See Brassage. 

Sleng. A copper coin, plated with sil- 
ver, issued for the province of Battambang 
in Cambodia. 

Slip. An obsolete word used to indicate 
counterfeit money. 

Grosart, in his edition of the works of 
Robert Greene (x. 260), under the year 
1592, quotes: “He went and got him a 
certaine slips, which are counterfeyt peeces 


of mony being brasse, and couered oner 
with siluer, which the common people call 
slips.” 

Slip Weight Money. See Kia Tseh Ma. 

Slug. The common name for the gold 
coin of fifty Dollars issued by various pri- 
vate concerns in California from 1851 to 
1855. Both round and octagonal specimens 
exist. 

Smasher. A vulgar term for a counter- 
feit coin, and now rare. Mayhew, London 
Labour and London Poor, 1851 (ii. 488), 
has: “Every bit of it, every coin, . . . was 
bad, — all smashers.” 

Smelt. A nickname for a half Guinea. 
See Megg and Decus. 

Smoke Farthings were offerings made in 
England at Whitsuntide by the household- 
ers of a diocese to the cathedral church, 
and also a hearth-tax based on the number 
of chimneys in the district. Murray, in 
the Oxford English Dictionary, cites its 
use in this sense by quotations of 1524 and 
later. 

Smoke silver were the silver coins used 
in payment of the tax. 

It was the common name for Fumage, 
Fuage, or Foliage, i.e., a tax paid to the 
sovereign for every house that had a chim- 
ney. 

Smulkyn. A Farthing introduced in 
Ireland during the reigns of Henry VIII 
and Edward VI. Moryson, in his Itiner- 
ary, 1617 (i. 284), in speaking of the Irish 
people, states that “they had also brasse 
farthings, called Smulkins, whereof foure 
made a penny.” 

In the Numismatic Chronicle (4th series, 
xv. 192-229) Mr. Henry Symonds cites 
some contemporary manuscripts, and points 
out that three Smulkyns were current as a 
“red harpe,” and four Smulkyns were 
equal to a “white groat.” See Harp. 

Snaphaan, also called Escalin au Cava- 
lier. A silver coin, a variety of the Schel- 
ling (q.v.), issued in 1582 in the Provinces 
of Gueldres, Utrecht, and Friesland, and 
copied by Deventer and Zeeland. Its value 
appears to have varied from six to eight 
Stuivers. 

The obverse bears the figure of a gal- 
loping horseman and usually the date ; on 
the reverse is the armorial shield of the 
province for which it is issued. 


[ 222 ] 


Soberano 


Soldo 


Soberano. The Portuguese equivalent 
of the Sovereign. It is - a gold coin of 
forty-five hundred Reis. 

Soekoe. A Javanese money of account 
of the value of one quarter of a Real. See 
Pitje. 

Soesling, or Sosling. A corruption of 
Sechsling (q.v.), and applied to the coins 
struck by Christian IV of Denmark for 
Liibeck, at the beginning of the seventeenth 
century. The inscription, soesling lubs, 
means six Pfennige based on the standard 
of Liibeck. 

Sol, or Sou. The word is derived from 
Solidus and was later corrupted into Sou. 
It did not long retain its original name of 
Sol d ’Argent, as it was struck in copper 
during the sixteenth century, and during 
the first French Revolution pieces of one 
and two Sols appeared in bronze, a metal 
obtained from melted bells. 

Of other multiples there are pieces of 
one, six, and twelve Sols in copper for 
Geneva, struck in 1590, for the pay of sol- 
diers ; billon three and six Sols were issued 
in Luxemburg in 1790; one, two, and five 
Sols were used during the siege of Mainz 
in 1793 ; there are also issues for the 
French colonies. The Sol was part of the 
following system : 

During the first Revolution the Sol was 
divided into five Centimes, and the two Sou 
piece was called a Decime. The name Sou 
is still used in France for the five Centime 
piece. 

Sol. A silver coin of Peru of the value 
of ten Dineros or one hundred Centavos. 
It was adopted in 1855. There are multi- 
ples of five, ten, and twenty Soles in gold. 

Sola Coinage. A name given to the 
first coinage of Mary of England, issued in 
1553, the year before her marriage to 
Philip of Spain. The Groats and half 
Groats of this series bear the motto veritas 
temporis filia, i.e., “Truth is the Daughter 
of Time.” This motto was suggested by 
the Romish priesthood, in allusion to her 
efforts to bring the country under Roman 
dominion, after this faith had been sup- 
pressed by her predecessors. 

4 Liards = 1 Denier. 

12 Deniers = 1 Sol, or Sou. 

20 Sous = 1 Livre. 


Solarus. The name given to a silver 
coin of Mantua issued in 1624 to commem- 
orate the beatification of Luigi Gonzaga. It 
was also used as the designation of a silver 
Scudo of Ferdinand Gonzaga which bore 
the figure of a radiate sun, and the motto 

NON MUTUATA LUCE. 

Sol aux Balances. An imitation of the 
French Sol, issued in 1793 for Santo Do- 
mingo. It obtains its name from the pair 
of scales on the reverse. See Zay (p. 232). 

Sol Coronal. A silver coin introduced 
by the Kings of Spain for Naples and 
Sicily in the thirteenth century, and later 
copied by Charles V of France (1364- 
1380) for Dauphiny. It receives its name 
from the large crown on the obverse. See 
Heiss (PI. 116, 2; 145, 12), etc. 

Soldatino. Papadopoli (i. 160) states 
that this term occurs in an ordinance of 
1339 and is used for Soldino. 

Soldino. The diminutive of Soldo (q.v.). 
A small Venetian base silver coin of the 
fourteenth century, which type was later 
copied in other parts of Italy. The Soldino 
Vessillifero receives its name from the 
standard held by the lion on the reverse 
of the coin. It was introduced about the 
time of Doge Giovanni Gradenigo (1355- 
1356) and continued in use for nearly a 
century. 

Soldo. Probably derived from Solidus 
(q.v.). The name of a silver coin which 
circulated extensively during the thirteenth 
century and later in upper and middle 
Italy, especially in Venice, Milan, Parma, 
and Lucca. Its value varied, five to eight 
Soldi being the equivalent of a Grosso 
(q.v.), and its fineness gi*adually declined 
and later the name was given to issues in 
copper. 

On the establishment of the French mon- 
etary system in Italy under Bonaparte, the 
value of the copper Soldo was established 
at one twentieth of a Lira or five Centesi- 
mi, and at this value it was current in 
Austrian-Lombardy, Lucca, etc. The Ital- 
ian five Centesimi piece of today still re- 
tains the name of Soldo. 

There are multiples of from two to one 
hundred and sixty Soldi in silver and gold 
for Venice, Mantua, and Modena, an odd 
value of one hundred and three Soldi being 
peculiar to the latter province. The Soldo 


[ 223 ] 


Soldo Cenoglego 


Soolakie 


of Ragusa was a copper coin introduced in 
1680, with a value of five Follari, or in 
the Venetian system of five Bagattini. It 
was abolished in 1797. See Caixa. 

Soldo Cenoglego. See Cenoglego. 

Soldo Mancuso. See Mancoso. 

Soldone. A Venetian coin of base silver 
of the value of twelve Soldi. The same 
name is given to a copper coin of Mantua ; 
there are specimens of the latter issued by 
Charles VI, Emperor of Germany, reading 
soldone . di . m antova . 1732. Its value 
was two Soldi. 

Sol d’Or. See Sou d’Or. 

Solidus. A gold coin introduced by 
Constantine the Great. Its weight was 
fixed at seventy-two to the pound and the 
value is indicated by lxxii or ob. The 
Greek name for the same coin was Nomis- 
ma. This piece remained in circulation as 
long as the Empire existed, maintaining its 
full weight. 

The divisions of the Solidus were the 
half, called Semis or Semissis, and the 
third, called Triens or Tremissis. Medal- 
lions were often issued from the time of 
Constantine on, which in weight equalled 
one and a half, two, three, four, eight, etc., 
Solidi. 

The Solidus was also current at a later 
period in Western Europe and received the 
name of Bezant or Byzant, on account of 
having been previously used in the Eastern 
Empire. 

Solidus. This name is invariably trans- 
lated Schilling or Shilling in mediasval 
records and archives. It was retained to 
some extent on silver coins of the Teutonic 
Order, Poland, and various Baltic Prov- 
inces as late as the sixteenth century. The 
same name is also given to a copper coin 
current in Livonia, Danzig, etc., from circa 
1550 to 1750. 

Solot, or Lott. The one sixty-fourth of 
the Siamese Tical, and which is equal to the 
half Att. 

Sol-sanar. A coin of Perpignan struck 
in 1528, pursuant to an ordinance of 
Charles V. It bore a figure of St. John 
the Baptist. See Blanchet (333). 

Solthani. See Altun. 


Solz. This name was given to a variety 
of Fiorino copied from the Brabantine type 
and issued by Alexander Pico of Mirandola 
(1602-1637). 

Sommer Islands Money. See Hog 

Money. 

Song. A Siamese word meaning two or 
double. There is consequently in the coin- 
age a Song Bat, Song Pai, and Song Sa- 
lung. See Tical. 

Sonnenkrone. The German equivalent 
of the Ecu au Soleil. 

Sonnette, i.e., a bell, is a French slang 
expression for money that jingles in one’s 
pocket. 

Sookoo. A silver coin of the value of 
half a Rupee. A piece of two Sookoos was 
struck at Fort Marlborough, Sumatra, in 
1783 and 1784, with Malay and English in- 
scriptions. See Suku. 

Soolakie. The term Soolakie or Soo- 
lackie as applied to coins is explained by a 
letter to the Chief Secretary to the East 
Indian Government at Fort St. George, 
dated January 18th, 1813, wherein it is 
stated that “there are two modes of ren- 
dering coins Soolakie. . . . The one is 
adopted for the most part by the petty vil- 
lage surrafs in those territories (the Ni- 
zam’s) who, being in general very inexpert 
in ascertaining the fineness of the metal, in- 
variably punch a hole in the rupee to con- 
vince themselves that it is good silver; but 
as this expedient is not sufficient to guard 
against the frauds of coiners, who frequent- 
ly counterfeit rupees of copper covered 
with a coat of silver, with one or two such 
holes in them, it is usual for the surrafs, 
when they have the slightest suspicion that 
the metal is base, to punch a fresh hole in 
it. In consequence, it is by no means un- 
common to see Rupees with eight or ten 
such marks indented upon them. The other 
kind of Soolakie coins are made so by the 
surrafs of large towns who undertake to 
shroff the money belonging to individuals 
for a certain percentage under an agree- 
ment to make good any coins that may 
afterwards turn out to be counterfeit. In 
order that the coins that have undergone 
such examination may be recognized, each 
principal surraf has a private stamp or 
mark of his own, which he affixes to the 
edge or some other part of the coin. The 


[ 224 ] 


Sophiendukat 


Sovereign 


existence of one or more such marks 
gives a sort of sanction to the currency, as 
the credit of those who have put their 
stamp to it is a pledge for its goodness. 
Hence many rupees have forty or fifty 
such impressions, and at last become com- 
pletely defaced. Neither of these modes of 
making the Rupee Soolakie diminishes at 
all the weight of it, but, according to long- 
custom, its value in exchange becomes 
greatly reduced when it is imported into 
the Company’s territories.” See Shroffed 
Money. 

Sophiendukat. A gold coin struck in 
1616 by the Electress Sophia of Saxony to 
commemorate the birth of her son Johann 
George. It has on the obverse the letters 
i . h . s . with an eye above and a dove below. 

Sortengulden. A silver coin issued by 
Ludwig VI of Hessen-Darmstadt in 1674 
and copied by the archbishops of Mainz 
until 1695. 

Sosling. See Soesling. 

Sou. French numismatic writers fre- 
quently employ this word to indicate the 
Stuiver. See Sol. 

Sou au Faisceau. See Bezemstuiver. 

Soudi Budschu. See Budschu. 

Sou d’Or. The Solidus ; but the name 
is more generally applied to the gold issues 
of Western Europe, e.g., the Carlovingian 
Kings, to distinguish them from the Byzan- 
tine types, which were contemporary. 

Sou Mark, or more properly Sou 
Marque. A name given to the billon 
Marque after its introduction in the British 
West Indies. See Marque. 

Sous. The erroneous inscription un sous 
occurs on two varieties of tokens issued by 
the Bank of Montreal from 1835 to 1838. 
The dies for these were engraved at Birm- 
ingham, England. See Breton (713-714). 

Sou Tokens. The name given to a series 
of copper tokens issued by the Bank of 
Montreal to overcome the want of change 
caused by the demonetizing of the private 
coppers and brass pieces current in Canada. 
See Breton (Nos. 670-716). 

From the design of a bunch of flowers 
on the obverse of these coins, they are fre- 
quently known as the Bouquet Series. 


Souveranitatsthaler. The name given to 
a silver Thaler struck in 1657 by the Elec- 
tor Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg, 
after the sovereignty of Prussia was as- 
sured him by the treaty of Wehlau. 

Souverain. A gold coin of Brabant and 
the Low Countries, issued early in the 
seventeenth century, and copied from the 
English types of Mary and Elizabeth. It 
was struck at Antwerp, Campen, etc., and 
was larger than the Clinkaert ( q.v .). 

When the national Belgian coinage went 
into effect in 1832, the Souverain d’Or was 
discontinued. 

Sovereign. A large gold coin of the 
value of twenty Shillings, first issued by 
Henry VII of England in 1489. Being 
twice the weight and value of the Rose 
Noble it was frequently called the Double 
Ryal. This beautiful coin contained only 
one half grain of alloy, and weighed two 
hundred and forty grains. On the ob- 
verse was a representation of the King on 
a throne and on the reverse a rose charged 
with the English shield. 

In 1526 Henry VIII advanced the value 
to twenty- two Shillings, but in 1543 the 
old value was restored, and the fineness 
debased to twenty-three carats. In 1545 
the metal was still further debased to 20 
carats, the lowest state of degradation 
which it has ever reached in England. 

The fourth coinage of the reign of Ed- 
ward VI issued by virtue of an indenture 
of the year 1552, presents a new type with 
a half length figure of the King crowned 
and in armor, holding a sword and orb. 

Mary raised the value of this coin to 
thirty Shillings and the Sovereign of 1553 
is the first English coin bearing a date. 
In 1561 the value was again reduced to 
twenty Shillings and the fineness made 
twenty-two carats, and finally, in the first 
coinage of James I, there is a Pound Sover- 
eign, valued at thirty Shillings; with the 
second coinage the Sovereign ceases and 
the Unite {q.v.) takes its place. 

Sovereign. A modern English gold coin 
of the value of twenty Shillings or one 
Pound sterling, first struck in 1817, and 
which displays on the reverse the well- 
known design of St. George slaying the 
dragon. It bears the initials of the artist, 
Bernard Pistrucci. 


[ 225 ] 


Sovrano 


Spesmilo 


The first half Sovereign is of the same 
date, but the reverse bears a plain shield 
of the Royal Arms, surmounted by the 
crown. 

The double Sovereign was issued from 
1823 to 1826, inclusive, and revived under 
Victoria, and the five Sovereign or five- 
Pound piece appeared originally in 1887. 

The Sovereign, the standard gold coin of 
India since 1899, is equal to fifteen Rupees, 
of sixteen Annas, each of four Pice, each 
of three Pies. 

Sovrano. A gold coin of the value of 
forty Lira struck by Francis I of Austria 
for the Dukedom of Milan and Lombardy- 
Venice, pursuant to a regulation of Novem- 
ber 1, 1823. 

Spadaccino. The popular name for the 
Giulio struck in Massa Lombarda, and men- 
tioned in an ordinance if 1560. It bears 
the figure of St. Paul armed with a sword. 

Spade Guinea. The name given to a 
variety of the Guinea issued in the reign 
of George III from 1787 to 1799, inclusive, 
on account of the shovel-shaped shield on 
the reverse, which bears a resemblance to 
an old-fashioned spade, or to the spades in 
a pack of playing cards. The half spade 
Guineas are of similar design. 

Spade Money. The name given to cer- 
tain of the primitive and ancient coins of 
China, resembling spades or pitchforks, 
and which were probably derived from 
actual implements following the barter 
stage of that people. The Chinese name for 
this kind of coin is Ch’an Pi, Pi Ch’an, or 
Ch’an Pu. These pieces are sometimes 
called Pu coins {q.v.), but this name 
should be more correctly given to the 
smaller coins derived from the spades. 
The earliest were uninscribed and for the 
most part have hollow square handles filled 
with terra-cotta. Some later forms have a 
plain flat handle. They Avere made from 
prehistoric times to about B.C. 225. Closely 
related to these are the above-mentioned 
Pus and the Weight Money {q.v.). 

Spadin. A variety of Denier issued by 
Ferri IV, Duke of Lorraine (1312-1328). 
It has on the obverse the figure of a long 
SAvord between two birds. 

The type was copied by Jean d’Arzi- 
lieres, Bishop of Toni (1309-1320), and by 
Renan d de Bar, Bishop of Metz (1302- 


1319), who attempted to harmonize his 
coins with those of his brother, the Count 
of Bar: 

Spadino. Another name for the silver 
Scudo of Charles Emanuel I of Savoy is- 
sued in 1630. It bears on the reverse an 
arm holding a long sword. 

Spagurli. A base silver coin of the can- 
ton of Luzerne. It appears to be a nick- 
name for a half Kreuzer. 

Spanish Sixpence. A common designa- 
tion in Jamaica and other West India Is- 
lands during the eighteenth century for the 
Real of Spain, on account of its size and 
general appearance. See Chalmers (pp. 
6 , 8 ). 

Spanker. An obsolete slang term for a 
gold coin, and frequently used in the plural 
for money. 

Abraham Cowley, in his play, The Cutter 
of Coleman Street 1663 (ii. 5), says: “I’ll 
go and provide the Spankers;” and Mot- 
teux, in his translation of Rabelais’ Pan- 
tagruel (vi.), mentions “Old Gold, such as 
your Double Ducats, Rose-Nobles, Angels, 
Spankers, Spur-Royals. ’ ’ 

Speciesdaler. See Rigsdaler. 

Speciesthaler. A name given to a Thaler 
of a fixed standard value proclaimed by 
an ordinance of 1566. In the monetary 
conference between Austria and Bavaria in 
1753, their value was specified at ten to 
the fine Mark of silver. See Thaler. 

Spesmilo. An Esperanto term for an 
international money unit proposed as a 
theoretical “money of exchange,” by M. 
Rene de Saussure, a well-known Swiss sci- 
entist. As the name indicates, the Spesmilo 
(abbreviated Sm.) consists of one thousand 
Speso (1 Speso equals about $.0005). The 
Spesmilo is subdivided into the Spescento 
(100 Speso) and the Spesdeko (10 Speso). 
Although proposed merely as a fictitious 
money of exchange, coins of the value of 
one Spesmilo and tAvo Spesmilo have been 
struck. 

Theoretically, the Spesmilo represents 
the value of eight grammes of gold eleven 
twelfths pure. For practical purposes it 
is considered, approximately, to be the 
value of fifty Cents (U. S.), two and one 
half Francs, two Shillings, two Marks, one 
Rouble, one Mexican Peso, one Yen, one 


Sol, ten Piastres, etc. 
[ 226 ] 


Stagnate 


Sphragis 

In 1907, at its thirty-sixth session, the 
‘ ‘ Association Frangaise pour 1 ’Avancement 
des Sciences” adopted the Speso as the 
basis for an international “fictitious” 
money. About that time the “Schweizer- 
ische Bankverein” introduced experiment- 
ally international Spesmilo checks, the val- 
ues being indicated exclusively in the Spes- 
milo system and the text being printed in 
the international language, Esperanto. 

Sphragis (acppa y'.g). See Type. 

Spie. A slang term for the current cop- 
per one Cent piece of the Netherlands. 

Spielmarken, or Spielpfennige. See 
Rechenpfennige. 

Spintriae. A name given to certain 
tokens which occur in the Roman series, 
on which there are obscene representations. 
For a detailed account of their history and 
probable uses see Nadrowski, in the Ber- 
liner Miinzblatter (No. 52), and Steven- 
son ( s.v .). 

Spitzgroschen. The name given to a 
series of silver coins struck by the Elector 
Ernst of Saxony, conjointly with his broth- 
ers, the Dukes Wilhelm and Albrecht, and 
to some extent with his mother, Margaret. 
The issue began about 1475 and continued 
to the beginning of the sixteenth century, 
and the type was copied by Gebhard VII 
for Mansfeld about 1547. 

The word Spitze or Spitz means a point, 
or pointed, and the coins receive their 
name from the decorations of the armorial 
design on the reverse. 

Spondulix. A slang name for money 
formerly very common in the United 
States. The origin of the term is unknown. 

Sportula. A word used by Martial (Lib. 
x. Epig. 75) to indicate a purse or sum of 
money presented at banquets by rich per- 
sons to their friends and clients. 

Spottmunzen, or Spottmedaillen. A 
term used by German numismatists to in- 
dicate pieces of a satirical character. 

Spousage Tokens. See Arrlies. 

Sprat. An English slang term for a Six- 
pence. The word occurs in The Slang Dic- 
tionary, 1839 (p. 34). 

Sprenger. A silver coin of Liege, 
Hornes, etc., issued during the sixteenth 
century and of the value of one fourth of 
the Ecu or Thaler. 


Sprinkle Dollar. A silver coin bearing 
this name is said to have been manufac- 
tured by an individual named Josiah 
Sprinkle, who lived in Lewis County, Ken- 
tucky. The pieces were claimed to have 
been coined circa 1830-1835, and their 
weight was heavier than the standard 
Dollars of the United States. Rudely out- 
lined on one side was an owl, and the re- 
verse bore a six-pointed star. We are in- 
clined to regard the entire story as a fabri- 
cation, biit details can be found in the 
American Journal of Numismatics (xxx. 
84). 

Spruchthaler, and Spruchgroschen. The 

general name for coins bearing a quota- 
tion from Scripture. They are found in 
the series of Brunswick, Sachsen- Weimar, 
Mansfeld, etc. 

Spurred Groat. A name given to the 
Scottish Groat, introduced by David II 
(1329-1371). 

Snelling, View of the Silver Coinage of 
Scotland, 1773, states that the expression 
arose from the mullet or spur in the quar- 
ters of the cross on the reverse of these 
coins. 

Spur Ryal. A term generally applied 
to the half of the Ryal which was first is- 
sued in the reign of Edward IV, but more 
particularly to the gold fifteen Shilling 
piece of the fifth coinage of James I 
(1619), the rays of the sun on this coin 
resembling the rowels of a spur. 

Squiddish. An English dialect term for 
a very insignificant sum of money. In 
Northumberland it denotes the twentieth 
part of a Farthing. 

Ssojuznyia. The name given to early 
Russian convention money bearing the 
titles of two princes. See Blanch et (ii. 
193). 

Stabler. A nickname given to small sil- 
ver coins struck in Southern Germany 
during the fourteenth century from the 
bishop ’s staff held in the hand of the figure 
on the obverse, which is a prominent fea- 
ture on many of these pieces. 

Stag. An English slang term for a Shil- 
ling. The word occurs in The Slang Dic- 
tionary, 1857 (p. 20). 

Stagnate. An Italian expression, usually 
applied to such of the Roman bronze coins 


[ 227 ] 


Stambul 


Sterbe Denkmiinzen 


of the later Empire as were coated with 
tin to give them the appearance of silver. 

Stambul. See Zer-mahbub. 

Stamma. See Aboudjidid. 

Stampee. A name given to the Cayenne 
Sous when punched or stamped by the 
Island governments or merchants of the 
British West Indies. Their value varied 
according to the locality, but on the island 
of Trinidad an English half Penny is 
known counterstamped 1 stampee. See 
Tampe. 

Star Pagoda. A name given to a variety 
of the Madras Pagoda, which bears on the 
obverse a large five-pointed star on a gran- 
ulated convex surface, and on the reverse 
a figure of Vishnu. See Pagoda. 

Statendaalder. A silver crown issued 
by Philip II in 1578 for general circula- 
tion in Gueldres, Utrecht, and Overys- 
el. The obverse bears a half-length por- 
trait of the king holding an uplifted 
sceptre. There are corresponding halves 
and quarters, as well as Statenschellinge 
( q-v .). 

Statenschelling, also called Klopschel- 
ling and Placaatschelling. A variety of 
the Schelling of the Low Countries intro- 
duced in 1672 in the Province of Gronin- 
gen, and copied in 1675 at Utrecht. It 
was hammered or stamped (Kloppen, to 
beat, to hammer), and the obverse bore a 
figure of an armed rider, while on the re- 
verse was the shield of arms dividing the 
value, six Stuivers. See Zesthalven. 

Stater. The unit of the gold coinage of 
ancient Greece. Its usual division was the 
sixth, or Hecte ( q.v .), but there are also 
halves, thirds, and even smaller parts ; for 
Ionia there exists a one ninety -sixth Stater 
struck in electrum. Multiples of the Stater 
are unusual, but they are found occasion- 
ally. Thus Alexander the Great issued 
double Staters, and Eucratides, King of 
Bactria (B.C. 190-160) struck a twenty 
Stater piece, the largest gold coin of an- 
tiquity. 

The silver Stater varied in weight, ac- 
cording to locality. In general the term 
Stater was given to the principal silver 
coin of each city. Thus the Corinthian 
Tridrachm, equal in weight to two Attic 
Drachms, was known by the name Stater, 


while at Athens the Tetradrachm, being the 
principal coin issued, was there called a 
Stater. 

Steckenreiter. See Hobby Horse. 

Steenie, sometimes also written Steinie. 
An obsolete Scotch and English dialect 
name for a gold coin or Guinea. Skinner, 
Poems, 1809 (71), has the line: 

A bag full of poor yellow steinies. 

Steinbock Pfennige. The name given to 
certain varieties of Deniers struck in Aus- 
tria at the beginning of the fifteenth cen- 
tury pursuant to an ordinance of Duke 
Albrecht IV. They have the head of the 
capricornus or ibex on the obverse. 

Steinie. See Steenie. 

Stella. A experimental coin of the 
United States, the value of which, four 
Dollars, is based on the metric system, 
being intended to serve as an international 
coin. These coins were made on the re- 
quest of the United States Minister to Aus- 
tria, their exact value, three Dollars and 
eighty-eight Cents, being that of the for- 
mer Austrian eight Florin piece. The 
name is derived from the large five-pointed 
star on the reverse and they are the work 
of W. W. Hubbell, the patentee of the 
goloid metal. They were issued at the 
Philadelphia mint in 1879 and 1880, and 
were composed of six grammes of pure 
gold, three of silver, and one of copper. 

Stellino. A silver coin of Florence 
struck by Cosmo di Medici (1536-1574) 
and continued by his successor, Francesco 
(1574-1587). The obverse has a bust of 
the Duke and on the reverse is a seated 
figure of St. John the Baptist. The name 
of the coin is derived from the star used 
as a mint-mark, and the issue of these 
pieces it is claimed was made to repay a 
loan from the Genoese. 

Stephanensis. See Estevenante. 

Stephanusdaalder. A silver coin of 
Nimegue issued pursuant to an ordinance 
of October 23, 1523. It bears a figure of 
St. Stephen on the obverse. There is a 
gold Florin, called Stephanusgulden, of 
similar type. 

Stephening. See Salding. 

Sterbe Denkmiinzen. See Mortuary 
Pieces. 


[ 228 ] 


Sterling 


Stone Money 


Sterling. This word, as applied to coins, 
appears to be derived from Esterlings, i.e., 
people from the east of Europe, some of 
whom were employed in the thirteenth 
century in regulating the coinage of Eng- 
land. The coins made by tfiem were vari- 
ously called Esterlins, or Easterlings, a 
term later abbreviated into Sterlings. 

On August 16, 1257, a writ dated at 
Chester was issued, commanding the Mayor 
of London to proclaim in that city that 
‘ ‘ the gold money which the King had 
caused to be made should be immediately 
current there and elsewhere within the 
realm of England, in all transactions of 
buying and selling, at the rate of twenty 
pennies of sterlings for every gold penny.” 
This refers to silver Pennies. 

In many transactions these coins were 
weighed, and the term Pound Sterling sur- 
vives to this date as a standard. See Es- 
terlin. 

Sterling. A name frequently given to 
the silver Penny of Scotland. This type 
was introduced by David I (1124-1153), 
and was similar in many respects to the 
contemporary English Penny of Stephen. 
The term was in use until the middle of 
the thirteenth century ; in the reign of 
Alexander III (1249-1292) the silver 
coins are usually referred to as Pennies, a 
designation subsequently adhered to. 

Stem Groschen. A peculiar type of 
Groschen common in the coinages of 
Cleve, Juliers, etc., during the fifteenth 
century and later. The reverse has four 
large stars, one in each angle of the cross. 

Stichtsche Stuiver. The name given to 
a variety of Stuiver issued by the towns 
of Campen, Deventer, and Zwolle, in 1488, 
pursuant to an ordinance of the same year. 
See Frey (No. 308). The word means 
coins that will stand the test. 

Stickamstam. A Scottish and English 
dialect term for a coin of very small value. 
It is now obsolete but at one time was ap- 
plied to the Scottish half-penny. 

Stips, whence the English word stipend. 
According to Livy, this name was applied 
to the Aes Grave when stored in quantity 
in chests or warehouses on account of its 
bulky nature. See Stevenson (p. 135). 


Stiver. The same as Stuiver (q.v.) . The 
word in this form is used on the English 
issues for Ceylon, struck in copper and sil- 
ver from 1801 to 1815, and on tokens for 
Essequibo and Demerara from 1813 to 
1838. 

Stockfischthaler. The name given to a 
silver coin struck by Duke Henry Julius 
of Brunswick-Liineberg in 1612. The re- 
verse has the figure of a codfish lying on 
a block, which is being beaten by two hands 
holding hammers. There is also a satirical 
inscription implying that some persons, 
like the codfish, must be beaten to over- 
come their indolence. 

The type was copied in Hamburg in 
1620. 

Stone Money. Edmond Planchut, in a 
reference to the Caroline Islands, contrib- 
uted to the Scientific Review (Sept., 1885), 
states that “in that mysterious archipelago 
. . . the money consists of cimilar stones, 
which have a hole in the centre, and vary 
in diameter from twenty centimetres to 
one metre. With this stone currency, the 
material of which is very hard, and which 
comes from the neighboring islands of 
Palaos, where it is also used for the same 
purpose, the natives pay their tribute to 
the chiefs of their villages.” The native 
name for this money is Fei. 

Mr. Howland Wood in The Numismatist 
(1906) described the curious stone money 
of Yap, one of the Caroline Islands. In 
the same periodical (1911) he adds that 
stone used as currency is not confined, 
however, to this group of islands, as fipon 
the testimony of the missionary Spiess, it 
was used formerly also on the Gold Coast 
and in the vicinity of Togoland on the west 
coast of Africa. On his return to Europe 
Spiess brought with him four specimens 
of these stones, of which three were of 
crystalline quartz and the fourth of a 
softer component material. The quartz 
specimens were polished, of a diameter of 
forty to fifty millimetres, and of a thick- 
ness of fifteen to twenty millimetres. The 
holes in the centre of the stones were fun- 
nel shaped from both sides, evidently indi- 
cating that the coins were intended for 
suspension. “This stone money,” says 
Spiess, “is obtainable in only one district 
of the Gold Coast and is now no longer in 
use. ’ ’ 


[ 229 ] 


Stooter 

Some years ago some laborers on the 
road between Lome and Palime in Togo- 
land discovered a quantity of these stones, 
and they were sent to Europe by one of 
the officials. The specimens confirm the 
earlier observations of Spiess. They are 
of a white and yellowish crystalline quartz, 
and appear to have received a polish from 
the action of water. Their diameter varies 
from thirty-two to sixty millimetres, and 
their thickness from fifteen to twenty milli- 
metres. With this lot was found a single 
stone, cylindrical in shape and of a mate- 
rial resembling jasper; the height of the 
same was eighteen millimetres, and the 
diameter twenty-six millimetres. 

It is supposed that this specimen repre- 
sents some higher unit of value than the 
remainder. 

Stooter, or Stoter. A base silver coin 
of Gueldres, Overysel, Campen, Zeeland, 
etc., struck in the latter part of the six- 
teenth century. It bore the head of the 
Earl of Leicester and was valued at the 
twentieth part of the silver Daalder. 

The name is still retained in Holland to 
designate the current copper coin of two 
and one half Cents. 

Stoter. See Stooter. 

Stotinka. A copper coin of Bulgaria, 
adopted in 1867 when this country based 
its monetary system on that of the Latin 
Union. One hundred Stotinki are equal to 
one Lev. It is also referred to as the Kan- 
tem or Canteim, i.e., Centime. Bronze 
pattern pieces of ten Kantems were struck 
in 1880 and 1887. 

Straw Money. See Lebongo. 

Streitpfennige. The popular name for 
a copper coinage of Erfurt, the principal 
city of Thuringia. The name means dis- 
sention or quarrel. 

At the beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
tury the local mintmaster did not always 
comply with the ordinances governing the 
weight and purity of the coinage, which 
led to frequent complaints from neighbor- 
ing principalities where these pieces were 
circulated. 

Strohthaler. A nickname given to the 
Silesian twenty-four Kreuzer pieces, which 
were very common at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century. They were of very 
base composition, poor fabric, and the 


Styca 

Thaler at that period was divided into 
twenty-four parts, i.e., Groschen. 

Stiiber. A German billon and copper 
coin corresponding to the Dutch Stuiver 
(q.v.). It is of frequent occurrence in 
Juliers and Berg, East Friesland, and Ol- 
denburg, and appears to have been intro- 
duced in the latter part of the fifteenth 
century, continuing in use until the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth. 

Stuiver, also variously written Stuyver, 
Stiver, and Stiiber, was originally a bil- 
lon, and later a copper coin of the Low 
Countries and various German States, 
dating from the middle of the sixteenth 
century. The Munten Ordonnantie of 1576 
gives forty Stuivers as the equivalent of 
the silver Rijder of Friesland and Guel- 
dres. A later Ordonnantie of 1652 men- 
tions thirty Stuivers as being equal to one 
Ducatone, fifteen Stuivers as equal to a 
quarter Crown of Burgundy, one quarter 
Stuiver as equal to one silver Oord, and 
five Stuivers as equal to a Spanish Real. 

There is an extensive series of Stuivers 
issued by the Dutch for their possessions 
in the East, struck in copper, lead and 
silver. For details conf. the works of 
Moquette and Millies (passim). See also 
Stiver. 

The word is still retained in Holland to 
designate the current copper coin of five 
cents. 

Stuk van Achten. The Dutch equiva- 
lent for “Piece of Eight.” It is applied 
to such coins as were struck for Java, etc., 
and which corresponded to the Piastre or 
eight Reaals. Conf. Netscher and v.d. 
Chijs (i. 1), Verkade (199, 1), and see 
Peso. 

Stuyver. A more archaic form of 
writing Stuiver (q.v.). 

Styca. This coin occurs only in the is- 
sues for Northumberland, and it appears 
to begin with the reign of Ecgfrith (670- 
685), and concludes with the year 875, 
when the Danish King Halfden conquered 
•the territory. 

The name is supposed to be derived from 
the Saxon word sticce, a minute part, two 
Stycas being equal to one Farthing. The 
composition of the coins was of a mixed 
metal ; in one hundred parts there were 
sixty to seventy of copper, twenty to twen- 


[ 230 ] 


Styfer 


Sun Dollar 


ty-five of zinc, six to eleven of silver, and 
traces of gold, lead, and tin. 

The Stycas usually have crosses with 
pellets in the angles on both obverse and 
reverse ; the name of the ruler and mon- 
eyer is generally added. 

Styfer. Pronounced as if written Sty- 
ver, is applied to both small copper and 
small base silver coins of Sweden. It is 
the Scandinavian equivalent for Stuiver. 

Stykke. A small silver coin of Denmark, 
equal to one fifth of the Species Daler, or 
one fourth of the Rigsdaler Courant. 

Subaerati. See Plated Coins. 

Suckauhock. See Wampum. 

Sucre. A silver coin of Ecuador of the 
value of one hundred Centavos. It re- 
ceives its name from Antonio Jose de 
Sucre, a South American patriot who 
fought under Simon Bolivar. He was born 
at Cumana in 1793, and in 1819 had so 
distinguished himself that he was made a 
brigadier general of the insurgent forces. 
In 1822 he defeated the Spaniards at Chi- 
chincha, and, having become commander- 
in-chief when Bolivar was made dictator, 
he routed the troops of the viceroy in the 
battle of Ayacliuco, Peru, December 9, 
1824, which established the independence 
of the country. For this signal victory 
Bolivar made him grand marshal, and in 
1825 he was elected President of Bolivia. 
He was assassinated soon after his election 
to the Constituent Congress in 1830, due, 
it was said, to the jealousy or instigation 
of Gen. Ovando. His portrait appears on 
most of the coins of the Republic. 

Sueldo. A silver coin of the Republic 
of Bolivia, of the same value as the Real, 
i.e., one eighth of the Peso. See Fonrobert 
(9475, 9481, 9524, etc.). 

At Perpignan, in the Pyrenees, a billon 
Sueldo was issued during the French occu- 
pation from 1642 to 1655. 

The Sueldo of Ferdinand VII (1808- 
1833) was the Spanish equivalent of the 
Soldo, and was equal to six Doblers. It 
was a copper coin and appears to have been 
issued chiefly for Majorca. 

Suitenmedaillen. A term used by Ger- 
man numismatists to indicate medals that 
have a regular sequence on account of a 
series of portraits, recording successive 
events, etc. 


Suit Silver. According to Wharton, 
Law Lexicon, 1864, this was “a small rent 
or sum of money paid in some manors to 
excuse the freeholders’ appearance at the 
courts of their lord.” 

Suka, Suki, or Siki. The basis of the 
silver monetary system of Nepal intro- 
duced by the Gorkhas, who used two varie- 
ties of currency as under : 

Pacis Ganda System 

1 Mohur = 2 Suka. 

1 Suka = 2 Do-ani or 25 Dhebuas of copper. 
Fonrobert (2325 et seq.) states that the Suka is equal 
to the quarter Mohur, and the Adha (2324) is the 
half. 

1 Do-ani r= 6 Pyaks, or double Pice. 

1 Dyak = 2 Dhebuas, or 2 Paisa. 

1 Dhebua = 4 Dams (copper). 

1 Dam = 2 Phoka Dams, or Chun Dams. 

Sohra Ganda System. 

1 Mohur = 2 Suka. 

1 Suka = 2 Do-ani. 

1 Do-ani = 2 Ek-ani = ( % Mohur). 

1 Ek-ani = 2 Adha-ani. 

1 Adha-ani = 4 silver Pice, or Paisa Mohur. 

1 Paisa Mohur, i.e., 1 / 32 Mohur = 2 Do-Dam, also 
called Adha-paisa. 

The Suka is based on the weight of the 
Tola ( q.v .), and the Nepalese gold coins 
follow the same standard, i.e. — 

Duitole Asarfi = 4 Mohurs = 2 Tolas = 360 
troy grains. 

Bakla Asarfi = 2 Mohurs = 1 Tola = 180 troy 
grains. 

Patla or Majhawala = 1 Mohur = % Tola = 
90 troy grains. 

Suka Asarfi = q> Mohur = % Tola = 45 troy 
grains. 

Suki = y 8 Mohur = Vie Tola = 22.5 troy grains. 

Ani = Vie Mohur =; V 32 Tola = 11.75 troy grains. 

Adha-ani = 1 / 3S Mohur = Vei Tola = 5.87 troy 
grains. 

Pai = Via Mohur = Vise Tola = 2.93 troy grains. 

Dam = y 250 Mohur = V 01! Tola = 0.71 troy 
grains. 

Suki. A silver coin of India, and equal 
to the twentieth part of a Rupee. See 
Sihansah. 

Suku. The Dutch equivalent of the 
Suka {q.v.). The Dutch counterstamped 
these pieces in 1787 with the v.o.c. mark 
for their possessions in Ceylon. 

In the Malay Peninsula the Suku is one 
fourth of the Real or Spanish Dollar. The 
word means a quarter. See Sookoo and 
Pitje. 

Sultanine. Tavernier calls this the same 
as the Sequin {q.v. supra). 

Sultany Altun. See Altun. 

Sun Dollar. A name given to the Peso 
of Costa Rica on account of the design 
which represents the sun rising behind 
mountains. 


[ 231 ] 


Suskin 


Symbol 


Suskin. The English diminutive of the 
French Sou. This debased coin was cur- 
rent in England for a long period. The 
parliament in 1424 decreed that it should 
no longer be used, but this ordinance was 
but little regarded, as it was found neces- 
sary to put a stop to the entire circulation 
of these pieces in 1519. 

Sutlers’ Checks. The tokens issued by 
the sutlers, i.e., the military victualers 
corresponding to the canteen-keepers of 
the present time, attached to the various 
regiments and posts of the Northern Army 
during the Civil War in the United States. 
At first, for a short time, these checks 
were of cardboard or paper, but these soon 
disintegrated through wear and were re- 
placed by metallic issues. This currency 
had free circulation in the regiment or 
brigade for which it was issued, and formed 
the greater part of the small change. The 
denominations ranged from five to one hun- 
dred Cents. The issue is without artistic 
merit, being of interest from the historic 
point of view only. See Wood in Am. 
Journal of Numismatics (xxxvii. 23, and 
xlvii. 163). 

Suvarna. An early Indian gold coin, 
of the value of twenty-five Karshapanas, 
and weighing one hundred and forty to 
one hundred and forty-four grains. Cun- 
ningham (pp. 7, 22) states that it “also 
was a simple bag of gold dust, such as is 
still current in Kumaon, of the value of 
eight Rupees. Each of these gold dust 
bags is now called Phetang. ” See Pana. 

The name Suvarna means “beautiful 
color.’’ 

Svanzica. The Italian name for the 
Austrian Zwanziger (q.v.) introduced by 
Francis I (1815-1835) into the currency 
of Milan. It is also known as the Lira 
Austriaca. 

Swami Pagoda. A name given to one 
of the Madras Pagodas, which has a male 
and two female figures on the obverse. 
One of the titles of Krishna was Chenna 
Keswam Swami, and from this the name 
is probably derived, the females being 
Lakslnni and Rukmini. The weight of 
this Pagoda is somewhat more than two 
pennyweights. The reverse has a granu- 
lated surface. See Pagoda. 


Swarf Money, or Warth Money. Ac- 
cording to Wharton, Law Lexicon, 1864, 
this was a sum of money “paid in lieu of 
the service of castle-ward.” 

Swarte Penninge, i.e., Black Pennies. 
See Korten, Black Money, and Zwarte. 

Swine Pennies. A local English term for 
money rooted up by swine. Defoe, in his 
Tour through Great Britain (iii. 9), states 
that in Littleborough, Lancashire, “great 
numbers of coins have been taken up in 
ploughing and digging, which they call 
Swine-penies, because those creatures some- 
times rout them up.” 

Sword and Sceptre Piece. A name 
given to a Scottish gold coin of James VI, 
issued in 1601 and later. It was of the 
value of six Pounds and derives its name 
from the sword and sceptre in saltire on 
the obverse. There is a half of the same 
type of the value of three Pounds. 

Sword Dollar. A silver coin issued by 
James VI of Scotland, of the value of 
thirty Shillings, which receives its name 
from the upright sword on the reverse. 

It is also known as the Ryal (q.v.), and 
except for differences in the figures of 
value the one third Ryal and the two 
thirds are of the same type. 

Sword Money. See Knife Money. 

Sycee Silver. The name Sycee, from 
the Cantonese Hsi Ssu, means “fine floss 
silk,” and it is given to these ingots in 
allusion to the purity of the metal, which 
is apparently a native silver. It is run 
into circular or shoe-shaped ingots, called, 
in the Dutch East Indies, Schuyt or 
‘ ‘ boats, ’ ’ and bears an inscription or stamp 
on its upper surface. The standard ingot 
weighs about fifty Taels, though smaller 
ones are made. All ingots or shoes, how- 
ever, are not of such pure silver or 
“touch.” See Ting and Yuan Pao for 
the various Chinese names for these silver 
ingots. 

These “shoes,” as they are sometimes 
called, are used for the purpose of paying 
customs duties, salt duties, and land taxes. 
See Prinsep (p. 33). 

Symbol. A device found on coins and 
medals which bears no relation to the in- 
scriptions. Thus the owl is a symbol of 
wisdom, the anchor of hope, the lamb of 
purity, etc. 


[ 232 ] 


Synage 

Synage. See Senage. 

Syssel. See Sizel. 

Szelag. The Polish equivalent for the 
Schilling or Shilling. The word is pro- 
nounced “Schellong. ” 

Szelong. The Polish equivalent of the 
Solidus, first issued in silver under Sigis- 


Szostak 

mund I (1506-1548), but later in copper. 
Its original value was twelve Denarii, or 
one Gros, and the multiples were : 

Dvoiak = 24 Denarii. 

Troiak = 36 Denarii. 

Czvorak = 48 Denarii. 

Szostak = 72 Denarii. 

Szostak. See Szelong. 


[ 233 ] 


Tabo 


Talari 


T 

Tabo. An African money of account. 
See Boss. 

Tacolin. An Armenian coin, of which 
no specimen is known, but which is re- 
ferred to in a grant made in 1333 by Leon 
V to the Venetians. Langlois (p. 15) 
quotes a passage showing that one hundred 
Tacolini were equal to seventy-seven Dir- 
hems. it may have been a money of ac- 
count. 

Tael. The Chinese Liang or ounce, and 
equal to about one and one third ounces 
avoirdupois. The word is derived from 
the Hindu Tola through the Mayalan word 
Tahil. It is the nominal unit of China; 
its value, however, is fluctuating and it is 
subdivided into ten Mace (Chien or 
Tsien), one hundred Candareens (Fun), 
and one thousand Cash (Li). The Tael is 
a weight and there are varieties for each 
province. The Hai-Kwan, or customs 
Tael, has the highest valuation. It is 
equal to five hundred and ninety and thir- 
ty-five one hundredths grains of pure sil- 
ver. See Liang. 

The actual trade unit is the Dollar or 
Yuan {q.v.), and to harmonize this with 
the weight, the value of the Dollar is seven 
Mace and two Candareens, i.e., a trifle 
less than three fourths of the Tael weight. 
Certain provincial coins have been struck, 
however, bearing the value of one Tael, 
one half Tael, etc. See Ch’ien. 

In China silver is frequently cast in a 
mold in the form of a truncated cone or 
bowl, and counterstamped with Chinese 
characters, indicating the weight in taels. 
See Sycee Silver. 

Tahegan. The name given to both a 
gold and a silver coin of Armenia. The 
former appears to have been of lesser value 
than the Tenar (q.v.), the two coins prob- 
ably having the same ratio as the Solidus 
and the later gold Florin. Its value 
varied; Langlois (pp. 10-11) cites several 
authorities to show that it was the equiva- 
lent of thirty Drachmas of silver, or forty 
Poghs of copper. See Drakani. 

The silver Tahegan was introduced in 
the reign of Leon II (1185-1218), with a 
corresponding half, called a Tram. 


Tahil. See Tail. 

Tail, also written Tahil and Tayell. A 

former money of account at Atjeh. See 
Mas. 

Fonrobert (No. 838) describes a piece of 
copper ring money, current at Korindschi, 
of which fifteen thousand three hundred 
and sixty were equal to the gold Tail. 

Taka. The Paisa or piece of ten Dinar 
in the Afghan coinage. See Sanar. 

Takka. Another name for the double 
Mohur struck by Prithvi Vira Vikrama, 
King of Nepal, after 1881. Specimens 
were issued about 1911 in both gold and 
silver. 

Takoe. An English colonial silver coin 
issued by the African Company on the 
Gold Coast in 1796. This piece has on 
the obverse g. r. in script, crowned, and 
on the reverse the armorial shield of the 
company, with the crest of an elephant 
above. Its value was one eighth of the 
Ackey (q.v.). 

Talar. The Thaler of Frederick August, 
King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw, 
from 1807 to 1815, is so inscribed. 

Talari. The monetary silver unit of 
Abyssinia. It is of Dollar or Crown size, 
contains three hundred sixty and sev- 
enty-six one hundredths grains of pure 
silver, and is divided into halves, quarters, 
tenths, and twentieths. The latter, the 
smallest silver coin of this country, is 
known as the Guerche, Gersh, or Piastre. 

The Talari issued under King Menelik 
was sometimes referred to as a Menelik, 
and, by an arbitrary decree, he attempted 
to introduce divisions of quarters, eighths, 
and sixteenths, instead of the prevailing 
decimal system. 

The half Talari of Menelik ’s series is 
called the Agod, the one quarter the Yaber 
Rub, and the one eighth received the name 
of Tenan. The Talari obtains its name 
from the Thaler of Maria Theresa, and 
in the Amharie language it is known as 
Ber (q.v.). It is also referred to as the 
Argenteus. 


[ 234 ] 


Talbot 


Tampang 


Talbot. A gold coin of the Anglo-Gal- 
lic series, of the value of twenty-one Sols 
and eight Deniers. An ordinance of Sep- 
tember 10, 1453, provided for this coin 
which was to be struck at Bordeaux in 
the name of Henry VI, and also in Eng- 
land “by command of the Captain Talbot 
[afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury], then 
Lieutenant-General of Henry in Guienne. ” 

Talent, from the Greek xaXavxov, a pair 
of scales, was later applied to a definite 
weight and belongs to the subject of met- 
rology rather than numismatics. 

In Greece there were several standards, 
but the one most common made the Talent 
equal to sixty Minae ; the Mina equal to 
one hundred Drachmai ; and the Drachma 
equal to six Oboli ; so that a Talent con- 
tained six thousand Drachmai, and when 
a Talent of gold is mentioned, the term 
refers to the weight and not the value. 

In the Babylonian system the Talent 
was also equal to sixty Minae or Manas, 
and the latter was again equal to sixty 
Shekels. The Semetic name was Kikkar. 

The Roman Talent was a money of ac- 
count and corresponded to one hundred 
Libral Asses. It was generally called Cen- 
tupondium. 

For a full account of these early stand- 
ards conf. Hill (pp. 28-32), and Cunning- 
ham (pp. 26-31). 

Tali. A Javanese money of account, of 
the value of one eighth of a Real. See 
Pitje and Tra. 

Talisman Thaler. The name given to a 
variety of Thaler struck by David, Count 
of Mansfeld, in 1610. It has a figure of 
St. George on horseback, and the motto 
bei got ist rath vnd that. See Madai 
(No. 1797). 

Tallard. A name given to the silver 
Ecu issued by Charles III, Duke of Lor- 
raine and Bar, in 1557. 

Tallero. The Italian equivalent of the 
Thaler (q.v.). The name is, however, gen- 
erally applied to coins of the eighteenth 
century and later, to distinguish them 
from the Scudo. Exceptions to this rule 
are the Talleri of Francesco Ferrero of 
Messerano (1588-1624), and those of Man- 
tua, Florence, etc., as well as the Tallero 
of the Italian colony of Eritrea. 

[ 2 : 


The Doges of Venice, from the middle 
of the eighteenth century to the end of 
the Republic, issued a series of Talleri for 
the Levant. 

Tallero del Levante. See Levant Dol- 
lar. 

Tallero di Convenzione. See Conven- 
tion Money. 

Tallero di San Biagio. See Vislino. 

Tallero Rettoralo. See Vislino. 

Tallies. See Wooden Money. 

Tamano. A term used by Spanish nu- 
mismatists, meaning a small portion, and 
corresponding to the Bit (q.v.). The Suel- 
dos, Reales, etc., were formerly frequently 
cut into eighths or segments, and the name 
Tamano was applied to these pieces. 

Tambac-tron. A base silver coin of 
Annam, having on one side inscriptions 
surrounding a sun, and on the reverse the 
figure of a dragon. It was introduced 
during the reign of the Emperor Minh 
Mang (1820-1842), and was current for a 
Piastre, or double the value of the Quail 
(q.v.). See Fonrobert (2109-11, 2115-17). 
There are both dated and undated varie- 
ties. The word Tambac-tron means 
“round silver.” 

Tambio, or Trambiyo. A copper coin 
of Cutch and Kathiawar, and equal to the 
one forty-eighth of the Kori (q.v.). 

The name is derived from the Sanscrit 
Tamrika, though its root meaning is “of 
copper.” Codrington states that “in prac- 
tice it used to mean a half-piee; originally, 
I believe, it meant a pice.” 

Ta-mig-ma, meaning a “horse’s hoof,” 
is the name given to one variety of the 
Chinese silver ingots used as currency in 
Tibet. Its value varies from sixty to 
seventy Rupees, according to its weight. 

Tamlung, or Si Bat. A Siamese gold 
or silver coin, of the value of four Ticals 
and equivalent to the Tael (q.v.). There 
is a half, known as a Kroung Tamlung. 

The name is also given to a crude lump 
of silver which is used as money in the 
Lao States in the northern part of Siam. 
These coins weigh from sixty to sixty-two 
grammes. 

Tampang, or Dampang. A tin coin 
struck for Pahang in the Malay Peninsula 
from about A.H. 1261-1295. There are 
corresponding halves and quarters. From 
35] 


Tampe 


Tanka h 


its shape, resembling a truncated obelisk, 
it is commonly known as “hat money.” 

Tampe, also called Etampe. A billon 
coin issued by France for colonial use 
from about 1750 to 1828, in which year 
they were demonetized. The usual type 
presents the original obverse effaced and 
counterstamped C. Their value varied, 
being three Sous and nine Deniers in the 
Antilles; two Sous in Cayenne, etc. See 
Marque and Sol, and conf. Zay (pp. 65- 
70), and Wood, American Journal of Nu- 
mismatics (xlviii. 129-136). 

Tamunah. See Arruzeh. 

Tane. The Japanese name for the coin 
or pattern supplied to the mint workmen 
to impress in the sand or clay moulds in 
making the regular coins for circulation. 
These Tanes or “Seed” Sen are carefully 
made of superior metal and are much 
sought after by Japanese collectors, and 
correspond in a way to a proof coin. See 
Yeda, Haha Sen, and Yang Ch‘ien, the 
Chinese equivalent. 

Tang, A rectangular copper bar coin 
in the style of the Bonk (q.v.), issued by 
the Dutch East India Company for Cey- 
lon. There appear to be two varieties of 
four and three quarters, and six Stuivers, 
respectively. 

Tang. An Armenian copper coin. Lang- 
lois (p. 14) states that it corresponds to 
the Denga. 

Tanga. Originally a silver coin of Por- 
tuguese India, struck principally at Goa, 
with a value of sixty Reis, and in some 
localities of fifteen Bazaruccos. 

It appears to have been issued early in 
the seventeenth century, and specimens 
occur dated as early as 1642 and counter- 
stamped v.o.c. by the Dutch, for use in 
Ceylon. The Tanga Cruzada has the value 
on one side, and a cross with the four fig- 
ures of the date in the angles on the re- 
verse. 

In 1787 the Tanga was made a copper 
coin. The original divisions were halves 
and quarters, and to these were added 
later pieces of one sixth, one eighth, one 
twelfth, one eighteenth, and one twentieth. 

The name is probably derived from Tan- 
kah, a coinage introduced by the Patan 
Sultans of Dehli during the fourteenth 
century. See Thomas (pp. 116-117), and 
the Indian Antiquary (xxvi. 235-245). 


Tang-au-chon. See Chon. 

Tang-bak-chon. See Chon. 

Tang-Ka, or Padika. A silver coin of 
ancient India, the one fourth of the Kar- 
sha. See Pana. 

Tang-Ka. The basis of the coinage of 
Tibet. It is a silver piece containing a 
considerable amount of alloy, the value of 
which is nominally six Annas, though, as 
a rule, three of them are exchanged for 
an Indian Rupee, i.e., sixteen Annas. 

The subdivisions of the Tang-Ka are 
made by cutting up the coin itself. These 
divisions are : 


Sho-Kang, 

Vs 

of a Taug-Ka equal to 4 Annas. 

Chhi-Ke, 

y 2 

“ “ “ 3 

Kar-ma-nga, 

% 

“ “ “ 2 

Kha-Kang, 

V 6 

“ 1 Anna. 

Khap-chhe, 

Vis 

y 2 “ 


The principal varieties of the Tang-Ka 
are the following : 

Ga-den Pho-dang Tang-Ka, which was 
struck at the Ga-den palace at Lhasa, 
about 1750. 

Kong-par Tang-Ka, minted at Giamda 
on the borders of the Province of Kong- 
bo, and dated in Tibetan figures. 

Pa-nying Tang-Ka, meaning “old Ne- 
palese” coinage, commonly called Ang-tuk 
(q-v.), and termed Mohar by the people 
of Nepal. 

Nag-tang, or black Tang-Ka, a name 
given to the Nepalese coinage of Ranjit 
Malla Deva, bearing the Newar date 842, 
or 1722. 

Cho-tang, or “cutting Tang-Ka.” A 
Nepalese coin since the Gorkha conquest, 
not struck for currency in Tibet, but gen- 
erally current. Conf. Walsh, Coinage of 
Tibet, in Memoirs Asiatic Society of Ben- 
gal, 1907 (ii.), and Wood, in American 
Journal of Numismatics, 1912. For ex- 
tensive historical references concerning the 
name, see R. C. Temple in The Indian 
Antiquary (xxvi. 235-244). 

Tankah. A standard in both gold and 
silver, of about one hundred and seventy- 
four grains in each metal, introduced by 
the kings of Dehli. The Tankah was di- 
vided into sixty-four parts, each called a 
Kani, and equal to four Falus. 

On the copper coins of Jahangir, the 
son of Akbar, are to be found the words 
rawani and raij, both meaning “current 
coin,” and corresponding in weight with 
the Tankah. Valentine (p. 162) de- 


[ 236 ] 


Tanner 


Temple Money 


scribes a piece of four Tankahs struck by 
Akbar for Kabul A.H. 996. The piece of 
fifty Kani (Fonrobert, No. 2917) was 
known as Adli. 

Tanner. A slang name for an English 
Sixpence. The word may be a corruption 
of Danaro, or from the Gypsy tano, mean- 
ing little, the coin being a small one when 
compared with the Shilling. Dickens uses 
the term in Martin Chuzzlewit (xxxvii.). 

Tanuma Go Momme Gin. A Japan- 
ese silver coin, valued at five Momme, is- 
sued in 1765, of rectangular shape. It is 
said that the metal used was from con- 
fiscated silver ornaments of the Japanese 
ladies. 

Tao, Tao Ch’ien, Tao Pi. See Knife 
Money. 

Tare. A small silver coin of northern 
Malabar, and probably struck at Calicut. 
It was equal to half of the Paisa. See 
Elliot (pp. 57-58). 

In some districts it is known as the Vis 
or Viz, and, while the value varied slight- 
ly, it was computed at one sixteenth of 
the Fanam, wherever the latter coin was 
current. 

Tarelares. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1442 in which this denomination occurs 
as a money of Brabant. 

Targa. An early billon or base silver 
coin of the Duchy of Bretagne, of the 
value of two Deniers. It is mentioned in 
an ordinance of 1459, issued by Count 
Francis II. 

Tarin, or Taro (plural Tari). In Malta 
this appears as a silver coin early in the 
sixteenth century, with the value of a 
fifth of a Ducato (q.v.). A copper issue 
occurs under Giovanni de la Vallette 
(1557-1568). Both series had various mul- 
tiples, some of them as high as thirty. 

In Naples and Sicily the same values 
were retained up to 1818, when the Sici- 
lian Taro was equivalent to half of the 
Neapolitan one. 

Tarja. An early Castilian copper coin, 
of about the value of one fourth of a Real. 
The name means a variety of shield, and 
this figure occurs on the coins. 

Tartaron, from the Greek vs -capvqpov 
(q.v.), is a term applied in late Roman 
times to a bronze piece. See Du Cange, 
Dissert, de infer, aevi numism. 


Tartemorion, or Tetartemorion. The 

one fourth of the Obol and the one twenty- 
fourth of the Drachm. Aristotle mentions 
this as the smallest silver coin. It is 
known to have been struck at Athens, Colo- 
phon, Aegina, Elis, Tegea, Argos, and 
Sicyon. 

Tasdan. See Teastun. 

Tassuj. A Khwarizm coin, the one 
quarter of a Danik, and one twenty-fourth 
of a Dinar, or of a Dirhem. It was equal 
to two Habbehs in relation to the Dirhem ; 
or three Habbehs in relation to the Dinar. 
It varies with the Danik. See Danik. 

Tauf Thaler. An expression frequently 
found in German catalogues, and applied 
to coins having a representation of the 
baptism in the river Jordan, as referred 
to in St. Matthew (iii.), St. Mark (i.), etc. 

Tawil. See Toweelah. 

Tayell. A former money of account at 
Atjeh. See Mas. 

Tchen. See Chien. 

Tchu. See Chu. 

Tea as currency. See Brick Tea. 

Teastun. Dinneen, Irish-English Dic- 
tionary, 1904, has: “Teastun, Teastuin. A 
fourpenny piece, fourpence. Ital. Tes- 
tone. English, Tester. Scotch Gaelic, Tas- 
dan, a Shilling.” 

Teding Penny, or Tething Penny. An 

obsolete form of Tithing Penny (q.v.). 

Temin Budschu. See Budschu. 

Temmin. See Timmin. 

Temple Coins. The Drachms or Hemi- 
Drachms issued from the temple at Didy- 
ma are so called. They were of the same 
types as those of the coins of Miletus, and 
appear to be a special Milesian issue meant 
for religious purposes. See Hill (pp. 80- 
81). 

Temple Money. A name given to a 
series of Chinese medals, dating from the 
time of the Sung dynasty (A.D. 960- 
1127), and specially of the period of Tsing- 
Kang, A.D. 1126. 

These medals were employed at cere- 
monies in honor of the god Kuei-Sing, 
who forms a part of the constellation of 
Ursus Major. Conf. Kainz, Die sogenann- 
ten Chinesischen Tempelmiinzen, 1895, and 
see also Kangtang. 


[ 237 ] 


Tempo 


Testone 


Tempo. An oblong bronze coin of 
Japan, first made in 1835, and of the value 
of one hundred Mon or Sen. Its price at 
first was thirty to a Ryo of former coin, 
this probably representing one thousand 
Mon, so that its actual value on this com- 
putation would be one to thirty-three and 
one third. From 1854 to 1859 this coin 
depreciated to sixty to the Ryo, and in 
the year 1860 to a hundred. It has now 
fallen to one hundred and twenty-five to 
the Yen, which is one to eight Mon. See 
Munro (pp. 148-151). 

Many Japanese coins and fanciful pieces 
of oval form are known as Tempo shaped. 

Tempo Koban. See Koban. 

Tenan, Temun, or Toumon. The name 
given to the one eighth Talari piece of 
Abyssinia. See Ber. 

Tenar. A gold coin of Armenia, corre- 
sponding to the Dinar (q.v.). The name 
appears to be applied to such pieces as 
have native inscriptions, the coins struck 
by the Georgians, Arabs, etc., receiving the 
name of Solidus or Byzant. See Lang- 
lois ( passim ) . 

Tenga. The name of certain silver coins 
of the various Muhammadan States of Cen- 
tral Asia. The Tenga of Bokhara is worth 
about ten cents. See Denga. 

Tenner. A popular name for the ten 
Pound note of the Bank of England. 
Thomas Hughes, in Tom Brown at Oxford, 
1861 (xix.), says, “No money?” “Not 
much ; perhaps a tenner. ’ ’ 

Tercia Apuliensis. The one third of 
the Apuliense (q.v.). It, is also called the 
Tercia Ducalis, its value being one third 
of the Ducato d’Argento. 

Terlina. A billon coin struck by Louis 
XII of France for Asti, between 1498 and 
1513. See Hoffmann (64-75). 

Tern. A gold coin struck by the Counts 
of Barcelona during the eleventh century, 
and valued at one third of the Mancuso 
d'Oro, or one twelfth of the Quaterne 
(q.v.). The name is probably a corrup- 
tion of Dinar, which appears to be con- 
firmed by the fact that these coins have 
both Arabic and Latin inscriptions. 

Temar, or Temarius. The name usual- 
ly applied in the coinage of Poland to a 
piece representing a triple Denarius, or 
Pfennig. It was introduced by Sigismund 

[ 238 ] 


III in the latter part of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, and copied for Posen, Lobsenz, Dan- 
zig, etc. 

Temariae formae, or triple Aurei. A 

gold coin, said by Lampridius, Sev. Alex. 
(39), to have been issued by Elagabalus. 

Terniones. The name for the triple Au- 
rei. Specimens are known of Commodus 
and Gallienus. 

Territorial Gold. The name given to 
certain gold coins issued by the Oregon 
Exchange Company in 1849 ; the Mormon 
coinage in Utah struck from 1849 to 1860 ; 
and the gold coins issued by three private 
firms in Colorado during the years 1860 
and 1861. See Private Gold Coins. 

Teruncia. A small Roman copper coin, 
or perhaps a money of account. See Li- 
bella. The same name is also given to the 
Quadrans (q.v.). 

Terzarola. A gold coin of Genoa, is- 
sued tinder the first Doge, Simon Boccane- 
gra (1339-1344). It was equal to one 
third of the Genovino. 

The same name is given to a billon coin 
of Milan, introduced by the Visconti, in 
the fourteenth century, and equal to one 
third of the Danaro. 

Tesserae. A name given to certain 
pieces in the Roman series, the use of 
which has not been satisfactorily deter- 
mined. They exist in both bronze and 
lead, and usually have a figure or portrait 
on one side and a numeral of value on 
the reverse. It is generally supposed that 
they were employed as temporary substi- 
tutes for money, such as for admission to 
the ancient games, theatres, etc. 

Tester. See Testoon. 

Teston. From the Italian testa, a head, 
and therefore, strictly speaking, any coin 
with a head upon it; the name seems to 
have been first applied to certain silver 
pieces of Louis XI I of France, because 
they bore the head of that ruler, and thus 
identified the coinage as a national one. 

Its value in France was later made at 
one quarter of the Ecu. See Tostao. 

Testone. The Italian form of the Tes- 
ton. There are remarkably fine specimens 
struck for Milan during the Sforza dyn- 
asty (1450-1500). The Emperor, Charles 
V, issued it for Naples and Sicily as equal 
to two Carlini ; and at Ferrara, under Al- 


Testoon 


Thaler 


fonso II (1559-1597), it had a value of 
eighteen Paoli. It occurs for Mirandola, 
Savoy, Mantua, in the Papal series, and 
numerous other Italian states. 

Testoon, or Tester. The English equiv- 
alent of the Teston. It was introduced in 
1504, in the third coinage of Henry VII, 
and was valued at twelve Pence. The coin 
is noted as being the first English coin 
which has an actual portrait of the reign- 
ing sovereign. 

In 1543, under Henry VIII, Testoons 
were ordered to be struck, the silver in 
them being of a lower grade of fineness 
than had been previously employed. In 
1548 they were called in by proclamation, 
all persons being forbidden to utter or re- 
ceive them in payment, but the holders of 
any such coins could take them to the 
mints and receive other current coins in 
exchange, at the rate of twelve Pence for 
every piece. The term Shilling soon sup- 
planted the expression Testoon ; Shakes- 
peare uses Tester in The Merry Wives of 
Windsor. 

The Testoon first appeared in the Scot- 
tish coinage in 1553, but these pieces were 
struck in France by the mill and screw 
process. Their value was five Shillings. 

Testudo. The name given to such coins 
of Aegina as bear the figure of a tortoise. 

Tetarte, xexapx rj. The one fourth of the 
gold Stater, a denomination which was 
seldom coined. 

Tetartemorion. A Greek silver coin of 
the value of one fourth of the Obol (q.v.). 
See Tartemorion. 

Tetarteron, xsxapx^pov. The one fourth 
of the Solidus, first coined by Nicephorus 
I, Emperor of the East. 

Tetrachalk, xsxpa^akxov. The quad- 
ruple Chalcus (q.v.). Specimens^ struck at 
Chios and by several of the Syrian kings 
are known. 

Tetradrachm, or Tetradrachmon, repre- 
sented the multiple of four Drachms 
(q.v.), and became the most widely circu- 
lated coin of the Greeks. 

Tetranommos, or piece of four Nommoi, 
is mentioned in a Delian inscription. 

Tetras, xexpaq. The Triens of the Ro- 
mans, equal to one third of the Litra, and 
composed of four ounces, or Unciae. 
Bronze specimens of this denomination are 

[ 2 ; 


known to have been struck at Agrigentum, 
Menaenum, Segesta, Syracuse, and Rhe- 
gium. 

Tetrassarion, xsxpaauaptov. A piece of 
four Asses (in other words, the Sester- 
tius), by Greek writers often called Nomos. 
It was coined extensively under the Roman 
Empire in the Greek cities until the reign 
of Claudius. 

Tetrastater, or quadruple Stater. When 
this is coined in gold, it is called the Octo- 
drachm and the Mnaieion (q.v.). 

Tetrobolon. A piece of four Oboli, 
coined at Athens and a few other cities. 
See Obol. 

Tettigia. The xexxrjda xxoXep.aixa ypuaa 
of the Delphic inscriptions are erroneously 
supposed to designate certain gold coins, 
but in all probability they refer to some 
kind of gold ornament. See Babelon, 
Traite (i. 519-521). 

Thaler. The best known of all the coins 
of the European continent, and one which 
enjoyed an uninterrupted popularity for 
four centuries. The demand for a large 
silver coin was manifested in the latter 
part of the fifteenth century for trade and 
commercial purposes, due to the great 
quantity of silver which was being used in 
Europe. 

By an edict dated June 4, 1474, Duke 
Galeazzo Maria of Milan ordered the strik- 
ing of a silver coin of the value of one 
fourth of the Ducat. In 1477 Archduke 
Sigismund of Tyrol founded a mint at 
Hall (in the vicinity of the rich silver 
mines at Schwaz), from which mint were 
issued in 1484 the so-called Gulden- 
groschen (q.v.) of the value of one Gulden, 
and approximately of the size of the Tha- 
ler. These new, large, silver coins were 
rapidly copied, and a demand was created 
by the development of the silver mines in 
Tyrol and Bohemia. At the beginning of 
the sixteenth century the Emperor Maxi- 
milian issued Guldengroschen with a bust 
portrait and five armorial shields on the 
reverse, which were copied after the me- 
dallic Thaler of 1479, struck to commem- 
orate his marriage with Maria of Bur- 
gundy. Brandenburg copied the Thaler 
in 1521, and in 1525 appeared those of 
Count Stephan von Schlick in Joachims- 
thal in Bohemia, called Joachimsthaler, or 
Schlickthaler. As this term was no doubt 

n 


Thaler 


Thirteen-pence-half-penny 


found too lengthy, it was abbreviated into 
Thaler, a designation thereafter generally 
adopted. These were approximately of the 
size of the Guldengroschen, but of some- 
what inferior fineness, thus yielding a 
larger percentage of profit to those issuing 
them. This fact led to their adoption 
sooner or later by almost every country 
in Europe, with variations of the name, 
e.g., Daler, Tallero, etc. 

By an ordinance of 1551 the value of 
the Thaler was made equal to seventy-two 
Kreuzer, and that of the Guldenthaler, a 
smaller coin, sixty Kreuzer. In 1566 the 
Thaler was made the legal imperial silver 
coin and reduced to a value of sixty-six 
Kreuzer in Austria and southern Germany, 
but in north Germany it was divided into 
Groschen. The latter varied according to 
the weight and fineness of the Thaler, and 
consequently there exist Thaler of twenty, 
twenty-one, twenty-four, twenty-five, thir- 
ty, thirty-two, thirty-six, and even forty- 
eight Groschen. This led to the general 
practice of applying a certain number of 
Groschen to make up the equivalent of a 
Thaler, called a Zahlthaler, and this coin 
suffered in proportion to the fineness or 
debasement of its component parts. 

Those Thaler, however, which adhered 
to the legal standard were distinguished 
from the Zahlthaler by the name of Spe- 
ciesthaler (q.v.). These were accepted 
throughout Germany on a regular fixed 
basis, and in consequence they were valued 
at anywhere from two to ten times of the 
Zahlthaler. The Speciesthaler, by an or- 
dinance of 1623, received the name of 
Reichsthaler and was made equal to ninety 
Kreuzer, or one and one half Gulden in 
southern Germany, and twenty-four Gros- 
chen in the northern portions. The Vienna 
Monetary Conference of 1857 designated 
the Thaler to be equal to one and one half 
Austrian Gulden, or one and three quarter 
Gulden of the South German States. Af- 
ter the unification of the German States 
into an empire a gold standard was 
adopted in 1873 and the Thaler was given 
a legal tender vahie of three Marks. In 
1907 the Thaler was made subsidiary. 

There are large coins issued as multi- 
ples of the Thaler as high as sixteen Spe- 
ciesthaler ( see Loserthaler), and divisions 
of two thirds, one third, one half, one 
sixth, one twelfth, one twenty-fourth, one 

[ 


eighty-fourth, the latter for the See of 
Wurzburg, and one one hundred and 
ninety-second issued for Liibeck in 1706. 

Theler. See Judenpfennige. 

Thetri. In the Georgian coinage this 
word is the equivalent of Albus, or Weiss- 
pfennig. Two hundred Thetri were equal 
to ten Kopecks, or one Abaze. 

Thibronian Money, Otpptovsiov vofjuqjia. 
Its mention by Photius has caused con- 
siderable discussion among the learned. 
Babelon, Traite (i. 474-478) gives a resume 
of the controversy, and finally designates 
certain Ephesian gold coins as probably 
representing this famous coinage, said to 
have been struck by the Spartan general 
Thibron. 

Thick ’un, and Thin ’un, are slang 
English terms used respectively for the 
Sovereign and Crown and the correspond- 
ing halves. 

Percy Clarke, in his work The New Chum 
in Australia (p. 143), has the following: 
“If he feel that it were better for him to 
quaff the flowing bowl, and he has a 
drought within him, and a friend or a 
thick ’un to stand by him, he is a . . . 
fool to refuse.” 

Thien. The Annamese word for Ch’ien 
(q.v.). 

Thin ’un. See Thick ’un. 

Third Guinea. An English gold coin 
issued from 1797 to 1813 inclusive. See 
Guinea. 

Thirteener. A name formerly current 
in Ireland for the English silver Shilling, 
the same being worth thirteen Pence of the 
Irish copper currency. 

Lover, Handy Andy (xiv.) says: “With 
a bold thirteen in the treasury;” and 
Thomas Crofton Croker, in his Legends of 
the Lakes (308), speaks of “golden guineas 
and lily-white thirteens. ” 

Captain Marryat, in his novel, The King’s 
Own (xxi.), has the following: “He says 
that it’s two thirteens that must be paid 
for it. . . . Have you two shillings 1 ’ ’ 

Thirteen-pence-half-penny. This sum 
was formerly known as “the hangman’s 
wages,” it being the fee given to the exe- 
cutioner at Tyburn. The name was given 
to the Scotch Merk, which after the union 
of England and Scotland was decreed to be 
current at 13% pence. 

240 ] 


Thistle Crown 


Tical 


It is referred to by Defoe, in his novel, 
Colonel Jack, 1722, who mentions “A pa- 
per of old thirteen-pence-half-penny pieces, 
half and quarter pieces, with ninepences, 
and four-pence-halfpennies, all crooked 
money, Scotch and Irish coin.” 

Thistle Crown. An English gold coin 
struck only in the reign of James I pur- 
suant to a proclamation of October 20, 
1604. Its original value was four Shil- 
lings, which was raised one tenth, or to 
four Shillings and four and three quarter 
Pence, in 1611. The union of the king- 
doms is referred to in the legend Tucatur 
unita Deus, i.e., “May God protect the 
united (Kingdoms).” This coin was dis- 
continued in 1612, the addition to its value 
making it extremely inconvenient for 
reckoning. It receives its name from the 
crowned thistle on one side. 

Thistle Dollar, also known as the 
Double-Merk, is a Scottish silver coin 
which appears only in the third coinage of 
James VI, i.e., from 1578 to 1580, in- 
clusive. It bears a thistle with large 
leaves between the letters i.r. Its weight 
is three hundred and forty-three and one 
half grains, and it contains eleven parts 
of fine silver to one part of alloy. 

Thistle Merk. A silver coin of Scot- 
land, issued in the eighth coinage of James 
VI, and bearing the dates 1601 to 1604, in- 
clusive. The obverse has a thistle crowned, 
and its weight is one hundred and five 
grains. The half, quarter, and one eighth 
Merk were struck during the same period. 

Thistle Noble. A gold coin of Scotland, 
of the weight of one hundred and eighteen 
grains, and of a value of £7 6s. 8 d., which 
obtains its name from the thistle on the 
side of the ship. The obverse has the 
following inscription : iacobvs . 6 . dei . 
gratia . rex . scotorum . and a ship with 
flags bearing respectively 1 and 6 at the 
bow and stern, with a Scottish shield 
crowned over the side, and a thistle-head in 
the waves. 

This piece occurs only in the fourth 
coinage of James VI, i.e., in 1588, and the 
dies were engraved by Thomas Foulis. 

Thousander. See Miliarensis. 

Three Crowns Money. A name given 
to a variety of the Groats, half Groats, 
Pennies, half Pence, and Farthings, issued 


by Edward IV for Ireland, on account of 
the peculiar reverse, which bears three 
crowns, one above the other, with the in- 
scription DOMINVS HIBERNIE. 

Three Farthings. These silver coins 
were first struck by Henry VIII for Ire- 
land, but in the English series they were 
not issued until 1561 and discontinued 
in 1582. They have never since been 
coined. 

Three Halfpence. These were issued 
simultaneously with the preceding, and 
also abandoned in 1582. They were re- 
vived under William IV for circulation in 
the West Indies and Ceylon, but discon- 
tinued in the last-named island in 1870, 
when an issue of Cents was adopted. See 
Quattie. 

Threepence. This English silver coin 
first appeared in 1552 in the reign of Ed- 
ward VI and was discontinued in 1684. 
They were authorized for general cur- 
rency in 1845, and also formed part of the 
Maundy Money. From 1834 they were 
struck for various colonies, especially Mal- 
ta, Mauritius, Ceylon, Sierra Leone, and 
the West Indies. 

Henry Will issued a Threepence for 
Ireland with the inscription civitas dvb- 
binie ; this coin was, however, struck in 
London. 

Thrymsa. An Anglo-Saxon money of 
account and assumed to correspond to the 
Tremissis. In Mercia the Thrymsa Avas 
equal to three Pence, and the Continental 
Saxons had one Shilling of two Thrymsas 
and another variety of three. The name 
is probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon 
word dri, i.e., three. See Ruding (i. 114). 

Thiiringer Groschen. The name given 
to a series of silver coins issued by the 
Margraves Balthasar and Frederick of 
Meissen early in the fifteenth century. In- 
stead of the design with the lion, as on 
the Fiirstengroschen (q.v.), they bear the 
Thuringian helmet. 

Tiao. A string of Chinese Cash, con- 
sisting in the various provinces from one 
hundred to one thousand of the coins, and 
supposed to be the equivalent of the Tael. 
See Kuan, and Ch’uan. 

Tical, or Bat. The unit of the silver 
coinage of Siam. It was originally in a 
spherical form, commonly known as Bullet 


[ 241 ] 


Tien 


Tin 


Money, and based on weight, but this type 
was superseded in 1861 by ordinary coins 
made at Birmingham in England. 

The Siamese series ranges as follows : 

2 Lott or Salots := 1 Att, equivalent to one- 
sixty-fourth Tical. 

2 Atts = 1 Pai or Phai, equivalent to one-thirty- 
second Tical. 

2 Pais = 1 Song Pai or Sik, equivalent to one six- 
teenth Tical. 

2 Song Pais = 1 Fuang, equivalent to one eighth 
Tical. 

2 Fuangs = 1 Salting or Mayon, equivalent to 
one quarter Tical. 

2 Saltings = 1 Song Salung, equivalent to one half 
Tical. 

2 Song Saltings =; 1 Tical or Mat. 

2 Ticals = 1 Song Bat or Krottng Tamlung, equiv- 
alent to 2 Ticals. 

2 Song Bats = 1 Tamlung or Si Bat (Tael) , equiv- 
alent to 4 Ticals. 

20 Tamlungs = 1 Catty or Chang, equivalent to 
80 Ticals. 

In 1868 a mint was established at Bang- 
kok, and multiples of the Tical in gold 
were introduced. 

The silver Tical weighs fifteen and thir- 
ty-sixth one hundredths grammes, or two 
hundred and thirty-seven grains troy. 

The Tical is also counterstamped in vari- 
ous ways for use in Burma. Hunter, in 
his Account of Pegu, says: “The principal 
money of this country is silver, which is 
not coined, but paid by weight. The 
smallest denomination is the tycal ; one 
hundred tycals make one viss ; and these 
are used in weighing goods as well as 
money. ’ ’ 

Conf. also, for an entensive account of 
the Tical, both as a weight and as a coin, 

K. C. Temple in the Indian Antiquary 
(xxvi. pp. 245, 253-256), and Schroeder (p. 
587). 

Tien. The Annamese name for a string 
of sixty Cash. In 1878 the Tien was re- 
duced to fifty. A string of six hundred 
Cash is called a Quail Tien. 

Tientje. A name given to the gold ten 
Gulden piece of the Netherlands. 

Tiercelin, or Tiercele. A coin of Hai- 
naut, of the value of five Deniers, and the 
third of the Plaisant ( q.v .). See also 

Bugne. 

Tiers. A word used in numismatics to 
indicate the third part of any denomina- 
tion. There is consequently a Tiers d’Es- 
calin, Tiers de Lion d’Or, Tiers de Plaque, 
etc. 

Tiers de Sou d’Or, or Tiers de Sol. 

The name given to the gold Triens when 

[ 242 ] 


adopted by the nations of Western Europe. 
It is found in the Merovingian coinage, 
struck at Paris, Marseilles, Duurstede, 
Lyons, Viviers, etc., and of somewhat 
larger size, among the Visigoths of Spain 
from the sixth to the eighth century, with 
the mint marks of Cordova, Merida, Coim- 
bra, Tarragona, Seville, Toledo, etc. 

Tiffins. A nickname given to a series of 
tokens which, for a time, were very popu- 
lar in Canada as substitutes for the inade- 
quate legal copper currency. They derived 
their name from Joseph Tiffin, a Montreal 
merchant, who imported them in large 
quantities from Birmingham, England, 
about 1825. There are several minor vari- 
eties and numerous imitations. 

Tilla. A gold coin of Kashgar in 
Turkestan, of Khwarizm, and of Afghanis- 
tan. 

Timbre de Valencia, or Casquete. The 

name given to a gold coin of twenty- 
four grammes, introduced by Alfonso V, 
King of Aragon (1416-1458), for Valencia. 
It varied from previous issues in having 
the bust of the king substituted for the 
helmeted shield (Scudo casque). There is 
a corresponding half known as medio 
Timbre de Valencia, or medio Casquete. 
See Engel and Serrure (iii. 1346). 

Timma. A pewter coin of Keda, Malay 
Peninsular, in the form of a cock on two 
or more rings. See Fonrobert (2255). 

Timmin, or Temmin. The name given 
in Turkey to the piece of five Sols or half 
Ecu, struck at Trevoux, Dombes, in Bur- 
gundy, in 1650. It bears the youthful 
portrait of Mile. Anna Maria Louisa d ’Or- 
leans, and was used as a jewel or decora- 
tion. 

The type was also extensively imitated 
in Italy under the name of the Luigino 
(q.v.). Conf. also Blanchet (i. 374). 

Timpf. See Tympf. 

Tin, it is stated, was used for coining 
purposes by Dionysius of Syracuse, but 
if the tradition is correct, all of these 
pieces have disappeared. Lenormant (i. 
213) mentions a large hoard of tin Denarii 
of the time of Septimius Severus, found 
at Lyons, which appear to have been in- 
tended by the government for circulation 
in Gaul. 


Tin 


Tjugomarker 


Th is metal is also employed for obsidi. 
onal issues, and Mailliet (i. 1-3) cites coins 
struck for Alkmar when that city was be- 
sieged by the Spaniards in 1573. 

Traders’ tokens in England were occa- 
sionally made of tin, and a tin or pewter 
Farthing was struck in 1684, with the in- 
scription nvmmorvm famvlvs, i.e., “the 
servant of the coinage,” signifying that 
it is a substitute for the regular issues. 
These pieces have a small copper stud 
driven through the centre to render their 
imitation difficult. See Farthing. 

In France essays of twenty, ten, and five 
Francs in this metal were issued during 
the second republic of 1848 to 1850. 

Tin was also extensively used in the 
coinage of Java and Sumatra. See Pitje, 
and Chalmers (p. 381). 

Tin. A depreciating synonym for sil- 
ver, especially silver money, and which oc- 
curs in phrases such as “he has the tin,” 
“pay the tin,” etc. 

The name is said to have been first ap- 
plied to the small English silver coins of 
the eighteenth century which before their 
recall in 1817 were often worn entirely 
smooth and without traces of any inscrip- 
tions, etc., so as to resemble pieces of tin. 

Mrs. Gore, in Sketches of English 
Character, 1846 (6), says: “Many persons 
. . . remember the villanous old coinage of 
George III, the tin-like sixpences, which 
added a word to the slang dictionary.” 

Ting. The former name for the silver 
ingots or shoes of China. The more mod- 
ern word is Pao ( q.v .). The word Ting 
generally refers to the ingot weighing fifty 
Taels. Another name is Yin Ting. See 
Sycee. 

Tingle Dangle Money. See Bridge 
Money. 

Tinker. A Scotch and Irish dialect term 
for counterfeit bronze or copper coin. 

In Cruck-a-Leaghan, and Slieve Gallion, 
Lays and Legends of the North of Ireland, 
1884 (p. 21), occur the following lines: 

“Sarehin’ for goold — it was shurely a mock 
To find only ashes inside av the pot. 

And divil a tinker among the whole lot.” 

See Kaird Turner (supra). 

Tinney. See Bazarucco. 

Tippelgroschen. A nickname given to 
a base silver coin struck by the Teutonic 
Order in Prussia during the war with 


Poland in 1520. It has two very distinct 
points or dots ( Tiipfel ) above the armorial 
shield. 

Tir Federal. An inscription which ap- 
pears on Swiss shooting pieces of five 
Francs, issued for the cantons of Freiburg, 
Lausanne, etc. It corresponds to Schiitzen- 
thaler (q.v.). The Italian form, Tiro Fed- 
erale, occurs on the issues for Lugano. 

Tirolino. A silver coin of Bellinzona, 
issued early in the fifteenth century for 
the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unter- 
walden. The obverse has an eagle over a 
serpent, with the inscription -|- moneta — 
bellizona. On the reverse is an eight- 
armed cross, four arms of which divide the 
inscription vri — svit — vnde — rval. 
This coin is frequently termed the Grosso 
Tirolino, but the expression Tirolino is 
used by some authorities to indicate a 
mezzo Grosso. 

The type was copied by the Fieschi 
family for Crevacuore during the sixteenth 
century. 

Tithing Penny. This is not an actual 
coin but the name given to a small duty 
formerly paid by manorial tenants to the 
lord, and also a payment made by lords of 
manors at the hundred court. 

Edward Phillips, in A Neiv World of 
Words, or General Dictionary, 1706, has: 
“Teding-, Tething-, or Tithing-Penny, a 
Tax or Allowance formerly paid to the 
Sheriff from every Tithing, towards the 
Charge of Keeping Courts.” 

Titolo. An Italian word used to ex- 
press the purity of the metal employed 
for coinage. See Forte. 

Tizzy, also written Tizzey, and Tissey. 
An English slang term for a Sixpence. 
The origin of the word is obscure, but it 
may be a corruption of Testoon (q.v.). 
The designation is found early in the nine- 
teenth century, and Bulwer employs it in 
The Caxtons (v. 1). 

Tjaturvingatimanam. See Krishnala. 

Tjentai. The name given to the gold 
coin of four Rupees, struck for Burma 
in 1866, i.e., with the date 1228. See Fon- 
robert, (No. 2306). 

Tjugomarker. The Swedish equivalent 
for triple Thaler. It is usually applied to 
the large crown of Charles IX, struck in 
1608 with the inscription iehovah * sola- 

TIVM * MEVM *. 


[ 243 ] 


Tobacco 


Toman 


Tobacco was used in many of the Brit- 
ish Colonies as a medium of exchange for 
currency. Oldmixon, in his British Em- 
pire in America, 1708, writing of Mary- 
land, says: “The Lord Proprietary had a 
Mint here, to coin Money, but it was never 
made much use of. . . . Tobacco is their 
Meat, Drink, Cloathing, and Money.’’ 

Under the Antigua Act of November 20, 
1644, “one thousand pound of good Mar- 
chantable tobacco in Role’’ was one of the 
fines. In the Bermudas the “Martial Offi- 
cers at the Toune,” i.e., at St. George, 
were paid in tobacco in 1620, and later. 
See Chalmers (passim). 

Tobacco Note. See Inspection Note. 

Toghrali. Marsden states (i. 372) that 
this term “does not belong to a particular 
denomination, being applied to such pieces, 
whether of gold or silver, as are distin- 
guished by the toghra or royal cipher, and 
that of zingirli (from zingir, a chain) 
seems to lie given only to those coins which 
have been pierced with a hole for the pur- 
pose of hanging them on a chain about 
the neck.” 

Toghralu-Funduk. See Funduk. 

Toison. See Vlies. 

Tokens, or Pledges of Value, as they 
were sometimes called, appeared early in 
the fifteenth century, and Queen Elizabeth 
permitted municipal tokens to be struck 
by the cities of Bristol, Oxford, and Wor- 
cester. Erasmus mentions the plumbei 
Angliae, evidently referring to the leaden 
tokens issued in the time of Henry VII. 

There were three periods in English his- 
tory when a large number of tokens were 
put into circulation, owing to the inade- 
quacy of the regal coinage. The first of 
these was from about 1601 until prohibited 
by a royal proclamation dated August 16, 
1672, when a regal issue of copper half 
Pennies and Farthings was made. From 
1787 to 1802 the copper coinage was again 
insufficient and a large quantity of tokens 
appeared. This series were originally de- 
scribed and numbered by the Rev. James 
Conder, and collectors consequently refer 
to them as the Conder Tokens. In 1811 a 
third and last series of English tokens ap- 
peared, and these continued until 1817 
when an Act was passed which prohibited 
their manufacture and use, and persons 


who had issued any were obliged to redeem 
them by the end of the year. 

Among the earliest tokens issued in the 
United States are those struck in 1789 by 
Mott, an importer and dealer in silver- 
ware in New York City, and the ones dated 
1794, of the firm of Talbot, Allum & Lee 
of the same place. The latter are some- 
times muled with English half Penny 
tokens of the same period. 

See also Copperheads, Hard Times To- 
kens, and Communion Tokens. 

Tola. An Indian weight, chiefly of gold 
or silver. The derivation is probably from 
the Sanscrit tut a, a balance, or tul, to 
weigh, to lift up. 

In 1833 a regulation was passed for al- 
tering the weight of the new Farru- 
khabad Rupee, and for assimilating it to 
the legal currency of the Madras and Bom- 
bay Presidencies, also for adjusting the 
weight of the Calcutta Sicca Rupee. 

The weight of the Farrukhabad Rupee 
was introduced as the unit of a general 
system of weights for government transac- 
tions throughout India under the native 
denomination of the Tola. 

The following scale was adopted : 

8 Rattis = 1 Masha = 15 troy grains. 

12 Mashas = 1 Tola = 180 troy grains. 

80 Tolas (sicca weight) = 1 Seer or Sihr = 2% 
lbs. troy. 

40 Seers = 1 Mun, or Bazar Maund = 100 lbs. 
troy. 

Tollero, or Tollore. Another form of 
writing Tallero (q.v.), but specially ap- 
plied in Tuscany to designate the Scudo 
issued by Ferdinand I de Medici and his 
successors for trading with the Levant. 

Toman. A gold coin of Persia, prob- 
ably introduced in the reign of Shah Ab- 
bas I (A.H. 996-1038 = 1587-1629). Its 
original value was ten thousand Dinars, 
the money of account (which must not be 
confused with the Arabian Dinar), and it 
was equal to fifty Abbasis. 

Under Mehemed Shah (A.H. 1250-1264 
= 1834-1848), a new system of coinage 
was introduced, and the equivalents were 

1 Toman = 10 Kran. 

= 20 Penabad. 

200 Shahi. 

= 10000 Dinar. 

This remained in force until the year 1875, 
when, under the Shah Nasr ed-din, the 
French monetary system, with the Kran as 
a basis, was adopted. At present there are 


[ 244 1 


Tomin 


Tourelle 


multiples of two, five, and ten Tomans, and 
divisions of halves and quarters. 

Tomin. A word sometimes used for the 
Real in some of the South American coin- 
ages, but specifically applied to the one 
fifth Boliviano of Bolivia. See Fonrobert 
(9699). 

Tomino. Du Cange cites an ordinance 
of 1585 in which a coin of this name is 
mentioned as being current in the Spanish 
possessions. Francesco de Dino (cap. 
lvii.) states that it was a piece of twelve 
Deniers used in Seville, and that it was 
valued at one sixteenth of the Castellano. 

Tondino, sometimes called Tondello. 
An Italian term signifying the disc of 
metal which is prepared for striking a 
coin. See Planchet. 

Tooled. Having the device or lettering- 
on a coin or medal brought out in higher 
relief by means of a graver. 

Torellino. A variety of the Piccolo of 
Parma, issued under Republican rule 
(1260-1326), and copied by Guido of Cor- 
reggio (1341-1345). It received its name 
from the figure of a small ox on the coin, 
which design may have been adopted to 
commemorate the celebrated Torella da 
Strada, master of Parma circa 1220. 

Torentje. A silver coin of Louvain, of 
the value of half a Groot, struck by Wen- 
ceslaus and Johanna (1355-1405). 

A gold coin, known as the Gouden Tor- 
ens, was issued by Johanna pursuant to 
an ordinance of August 15, 1393. See v.d. 
Chijs (pp. 95, 107, 109, 111). 

The name of these coins appears to be 
derived from the doorways on the build- 
ing figured on the reverse. 

Tori Sumi Sen. See Bun Sen. 

Tomese (plural Tornesi). A base sil- 
ver and copper coin, common to many of 
the Italian states. It occurs in copper un- 
der Alfonso I of Aragon, King of the Two 
Sicilies (1442-1468). For Naples, many 
multiples exist, the largest being the ten 
Tornesi, issued from 1819 to about 1860. 
The name is a modification of the Gros 
Tournois or Turnosgroschen, though the 
style is entirely different. Its value was 
half of the Grano. See Ducato. 

Tomesello. A copper coin of Venice, 
which appears to have been introduced 
about the period of Marino Falier (1354- 


1355) and continued in use until the be- 
ginning of the sixteenth century. The 
type resembled that of the Soldino. 

Tornez. A Portuguese silver coin, 
which obtains its name from its resem- 
blance to the Gros Tournois. It appeal’s 
to have been originally issued in the reign 
of Denis (1279-1325), and discontinued in 
the time of Fernando I (1367-1383). The 
half or Meio Tornez, struck by the latter 
monarch, was of billon. 

Tortoises. A familiar name for the 
coins of Aegina, which bear the tortoise, 
the symbol of Aphrodite, the patron god- 
dess of Aegina. The Greek name was 
Chelonai, XeXwvac. See Pollux (ix. 74). 

Tostao. A silver coin of Portugal, 
which appeared during the reign of John 
II (1481-1495), and was struck extensively 
at Lisbon and Porto. It had a value of 
one hundred Reis, and multiples exist. 
Under John V (1706-1750) its nominal 
value was eighty Reis, but this appears 
to have been only temporary. This is the 
coin frequently referred to as the Teston. 

Toston. A silver coin of Colombia, Bo- 
livia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru, of the 
value of four Reales, or half a Peso. See 
Fonrobert (8218, 8259). 

Touch-piece. A gold coin, usually the 
Angel (q.v.), which was handed by a mon- 
arch to a patient suffering from the 
“king’s evil,” a form of scrofula. The 
coin was then hung around the neck of 
the afflicted person by a white ribbon. 

The practice probably had its origin in 
a belief in the power of kings to cure 
diseases, based on the miracle described in 
the gospel of St. Mark (i. 40-41). 

The Elder Pretender, Charles Edward 
Stuart, claimed the power of healing by 
touching, and so did his two sons, Charles 
and Henry, and some of all of these touch - 
pieces are still extant, those of the latter 
bearing the name of Henry IX. 

The practice of touching was repudiated 
by William III ; Queen Anne dispensed 
the royal gift at times, and George I aban- 
doned it. 

Toumon. See Tenan. 

Tourelle, meaning a small tower, is a 
name given to the half Gros of Johanna 
and Wenceslaus, struck for Louvain in 
Brabant, in the latter part of the four- 


[ 245 ] 


Tournay Groat 


Tresel 


teenth century. The coins have the figure 
of a tower upon them. 

Tournay Groat. See Gros Tournois. 

Tournois. A general name for any coin 
struck at Tours, but principally used in 
connection with the Gros Tournois (q.v.). 

Toweelah, or Tawil, meaning a “long 
bit,” is the name given to a variety of 
the Larin money, struck at Hasa, on the 
Arabian side of the Persian Gulf. See 
Allan, in Numismatic Chronicle (ser. iv. 
xii. 324). 

Town Pieces. The popular name for 
tokens issued by, or current in, a town, 
and which are not accepted in payment 
beyond the municipal limits. 

Toxotai, To^oxat. The Greek popular 
name for the Daric. See Archer. 

Tra, or Trah. A pewter or tin coin of 
Keda in the Malay Peninsula. The usual 
types have either Malay or Arabic inscrip- 
tions. Conf. Ponrobert (2251-2254), and 
Millies (pi. xxii.). 

Beaulieu, in his Relation de divers Voy- 
ages Curieux, etc., Paris, 1666 (ii. 83), 
states that (transl.) in writing of Keda, 
“they cast money somewhat of the mate- 
rial of French Sous, of a little better alloy, 
however, which they call Tras, thirty-two 
being worth a dollar.” 

J. R. Logan, in the Journal of the In- 
dian Archipelago, 1851 (p. 58), says that 
in 1850 “the native Indian coin is called 
the Tra, a small round piece of tin, with 
a hole in the centre, of which 160 make 
a Tali, and eight Tali are worth a dollar.” 

Trade Dollar. The name given to a sil- 
ver Dollar of four hundred and twenty 
grains, authorized by an Act of Congress, 
February 12, 1873, for the purpose of 
stimulating commerce with the Orient and 
to take the place of the Mexican silver 
Dollar. It was first struck in 1873 and 
discontinued in 1878, during which period 
approximately thirty-six million of these 
coins were issued. Proofs for collectors 
were issued by the mint as late as 1885 ; 
in the last named year only a few were 
struck. 

By an Act dated February 19, 1887, 
Congress provided that for six months 
thereafter all Trade Dollars presented to 
the Treasury should be exchanged for 


standard Dollars, and after that date they 
were worth only their metal value. 

The entire history of the Trade Dollar 
is treated in detail by Porter Garnett, in 
the American Economic Review (vii. 91). 

The Japanese also issued a Trade Dollar 
about the same time, known in Japanese 
as Boeki. See Munro (p. 213). 

Trah. See Tra. 

Traiaro, or Traiero. The Italian equiv- 
alent of the Dreier (q.v.). It is applied 
specially to coins of the value of three 
Carantani, but the mint of Mantua, in 
1732, struck a coin of approximately half 
a Lira which received the same name. 

Tram. A silver coin of Armenia, the 
half of the Tahegan, and corresponding to 
the Dirhem. See Langlois (passim). 

Trambiyo. See Tambio. 

Tranche Cordonnee. A term used by 
French numismatists to indicate that the 
edge of a coin has a corded appearance. 

Trapezeta. An obsolete Italian term 
signifying a moneyer or mintmaster. Du 
Cange cites records of the tenth century 
where the word is used. 

Traro. A billon coin of Venice, issued 
in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. It had a value of five Soldi, and 
appears to be a variety of the Lirazza in 
its debased form. 

Tredesino, or Tredicina. Another name 
for the half Lira of Bologna, issued by 
Ercole I in 1471 and later. It was usu- 
ally valued at three Bolognini. 

Tremissis. A gold coin of the Merovin- 
gians, dating back to the seventh century. 
It is practically of the same weight and 
value as the Byzantine Triens. It was 
copied at Beneventum, etc. In the Byzan- 
tine Empire it was only another name for 
the Triens or Trimisium (q.v.). 

Trentino. See Aquilino. 

Trepcilcher. A silver coin of one and 
one half Grosehen, struck in Sweden under 
Gustavus Adolphus and later for Riga, 
Elbing, etc. See Poltora. 

Tresel. A small silver coin of the value 
of three Deniers, current in the Swiss can- 
tons of Freiburg, Waadt, etc. In the last 
mentioned locality it appeared under Guil- 
laume de Challant, Bishop of Lausanne 
(1406-1431). 


[ 246 ] 


Treseta 

Treseta. A Spanish copper coin, issued 
in 1722 to 1724 for Majorca, with the value 
of three Doblers, i.e., six Dineros. The 
general type presents a bust portrait, with 
the value, 6, behind the head. 

Tresin. A billon coin, belonging to the 
Anglo-Gallic series and struck by Henry 
VI pursuant to an ordinance of June 4, 
1423. It was current for three Deniers 
Tournois. 

Tressis. See Tripondius. 

Trial Pieces. See Essays. 

Trias. The fourth part of the Lit.ra, 
corresponding to the Roman Quadrans. It 
was struck in silver at Syracuse, and in 
bronze at most of the Sicilian mints. 

Tribute Money, or the money of atone- 
ment referred to in Exodus (xxx. 13, and 
xxxviii. 26), was equal to half a Shekel. 
The Tribute Penny, mentioned in the gos- 
pel of St. Matthew (xxii. 19), was the Ro- 
man Denarius. 

Tricephalus. Another name for the Soli- 
dus of Heraclius, Emperor of the East 
(613-641), which has three heads upon it. 

Trichalk, or triple Chalk, xpr/aXy.ov. A 
coin known to have been struck in Chios 
and by some of the Seleucid kings of 
Syria. 

Tricollybos. See Trikollybon. 

Tridrachm, or Triple Drachm. The xp t- 

Spa^P-ov of Pollux was rarely struck. Spe- 
cimens, however, are known of Cyme, Ala- 
banda, and Ephesus. 

Tridrachms. See Quadrigati. 

Triens. The third of the As. It bears 
on the obverse the head of Minerva or 
Roma, and on the reverse the prow of a 
galley. Four bosses are on each side, in- 
dicative of its weight of four ounces. See 
Aes Grave. 

Triens. A gold coin in the Byzantine 
series, equal to one third of the Solidus. 
It was introduced in the reign of Valeri- 
anus (254-260). 

The Trientes were copied by the first 
Gothic Kings of Spain, and also by the 
Merovingians. See Tremissis. 

Trihemiobolion. A piece of one and 

one half Oboli. See Obol. Specimens are 
known of Athens, Corinth, Leucas, Tegea, 
and Cranium. 


Tripondius 

Trihemitartemorion. Another form of 
the Trihemitetartemorion. 

Trihemitetartemorion. A Greek silver 
coin of the value of three eighths of the 
Obol ( q.v .). Specimens of Athens only are 
known. 

Trikollybon. A Greek copper coin, of 
the value of three fourths of the Chalcus 
(q.v.). At Athens it was equal to three 
Lepta. See Collybos. 

Trillina. A billon coin of Milan, of the 
value of one third of the Testone. It was 
introduced in the reign of Giovanni Maria 
Visconti (1402-1412), and was in use until 
the middle of the seventeenth century. The 
design on this coin, in the reign of Lodo- 
vico Maria Sforza (1494-1500), was made 
by Leonardo da Vinci during his stay at 
Milan. 

Trimisium, xpip-cutov, also known as the 
Triens and the Tremissis, was the one third 
of the gold Solidus. It was very common 
under the later Roman and the first Byzan- 
tine Emperors. 

Trinacria. See Triquetra. 

Trino. A money of Perugia, issued in 
1467 and after, and of the value of three 
Denari. These coins have the letter P as 
a distinguishing characteristic. 

Triobol, xptcopoXov, or the Hemidrachm, 
that is, a piece of three Obols, or half a 
Drachm. In gold it was struck at Carthage 
and by the Ptolemies of Egypt. In silver 
it was a very common coin, and was to be 
found in nearly every Greek series. 

Trionfo. A gold coin of Sicily, struck 
in 1490, by order of Ferdinand of Aragon, 
and which succeeded the gold Reale. It 
was computed at fourteen Tari of silver, 
and corresponding doubles, halves, and 
quarters were also issued. 

Under Charles VI it was revived in 1723, 
and bore the inscription triumphat on the 
reverse. 

Tripenon. Another name for the silver 
coin of thirty Oboli, struck for the Ionian 
Islands under English rule. See Obolos. 

Tripondius. A multiple of the Roman 
As after the first reduction. It, bears on 
the obverse the head of Minerva or Roma, 
and on the reverse the prow of a galley and 
the sign in, i.e., three Asses. 

It is also known as Tressis. 


[ 247 ] 


Triquetra 


Tulabhara Kasu 


Triquetra. The name given to a type of 
coins on which there is a figure of three 
legs joined. The design originated in Sic- 
ily, was called by the Greeks Trinacria 
from its triangular shape, and was copied 
in the Isle of Man. The motto on the latter 
coins is quocunque jesceris stabit. 

The name Trinacria was a popular one 
for the gold coin of two Oncie, struck by 
Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1825). 
It has the above-named symbol on the re- 
verse. 

Trite. The name given to the one third 
electrum Stater, which was struck in con- 
siderable numbers at Cyzicus, Phocaea, and 
Mytilene. 

Tritemorion, Tritetartemorion, Tritete- 
tartemorion, meaning three Tartemorions 
( q.v .). A Greek silver coin, the three 
fourths of the Obol (q.v.). It was struck 
at Athens and many of the cities in the 
Peloponnesus. 

Tritetartemorion, xpuYiTap-urigopiov. An 
other form of Tritemorion (q.v.). 

Tritetetartemorion, -pi"Y]T£TapTYj[j.6pcov. 
The complete form of the term Tritemorion 
(q.v.). 

Triumph Thaler. See Schmalkaldischer 
Bundesthaler. 

Trochiskos, ipoyj.iv.oz. Another name for 
Charon’s Obol (q.v.). 

Trojack, or Troiack. A silver coin of 
Poland, of the value of three Grossi. It 
was struck under Sigismund III circa 
1592, and continued under Johann Casi- 
mir. There were special issues for Riga. 
See Szelong. 

Tronetto. A silver coin of the Trentino, 
originally of the value of twelve Carantani 
but altered in 1813 to fourteen and a half. 

Trophy Money. Wharton, Law Lexi- 
con, 1864, states that this is “money for- 
merly collected and raised in London and 
the several counties of England, towards 
providing harness, and maintenance for the 
militia, etc.” 

Troue (French). Pierced (q.v.). 

Trouvaille. An expression found in the 
works of French numismatists, and imply- 
ing a discovery, or “find” of coins. It 
corresponds to the German “Munzfund.” 

Trussell. See Pile. 


Tftith Dollar. See Wahrheitsthaler. 
Tschal. A very large copper coin, about 
fifty millimetres in diameter, issued for 
Kaffa by Shahin Girai of Krim (A.H. 
1191-1197) before the annexation of the 
Crimea to Russia. See Valentine (p. 98). 
Tschech. See Tympf. 

Tschetwertak. A silver coin of Russia, 
of the value of twenty-five Kopecks, or one 
quarter Ruble. It was introduced by Peter 
I at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, as part of his scheme for the reforma- 
tion of the coinage. 

In Poland it received the same value, 
and was struck in 1842 and later. 

Tscheu. See Chu. 

Tseh Ma. The Chinese name for Slip 
Weight Money. See Weight Money. 

Tsentez. The name given to a Turkish 
one twentieth Medjidie, or four Metalliks. 

Tsi. The name given to the pewter coins 
issued at Patha Loeng on the Malay Pen- 
insula. 

Tsien. See Ch’ien. 

Tsiuen. See Cli’uan. 

Tso. Sven Hedin, in his work Central 
Asia and Thibet, 1903 (ii. 433), states that 
the Tso is the current silver coin of Lhasa. 

Tso-tao. A variety of the Knife Money 
(q.v.) of the Emperor Wang Mang, and 
valued at five thousand Chien. 

Tsu Ho. The Japanese equivalent to the 
Chinese Tung Pao (q.v.). The circulating 
Sen is called the Tsuyo Sen in contradis- 
tinction to Shiken Sen, etc. (q.v.). 
Tughrali. See Toghrali. 

Tuin, or Tuyn. A silver double Groot, 
struck in Brabant at Maestricht in 1418- 
1419, and copied in Holland. The obverse 
shows a lion sejant enclosed in a hedge, 
and from this the coin obtains its name. 
See v.d. Chijs (pp. 132, 137, 138). It is 
also known as the Lion a la Haie. 

Tukkuh. A general name in some parts 
of Hindustan for a small copper coin. In 
the principality of the Deccan in former 
days, “the money revenue of the country 
was paid in Tukkuhs, with many shells 
and little gold.” 

Tulabhara Kasu, or Royal Weight To- 
ken. These coins are gold, of four sizes, 
made twice during the reign of each ruler 
of Travancore, when, according to ancient 
[ 248 ] 


Tumbling Tams 


Tysschen Thaler 


custom, the ruler presents his weight in 
gold to the Brahmans with elaborate cere- 
monies. Their metal value is worth from 
thirteen to two Shillings. 

Tumbling Tams. An English dialect 
term for the thick half Pennies of the 
reign of George III. 

John Galt, in The Last of the Lairds , 
1826 (iv. 1) has the following: “I gave him 
a whole penny, twa new bawbees, gude 
weight, for it was then the days o’ the 
tumbling Tams. ’ ’ 

Tung, or Tung Pao, meaning current or 
valuable coin. Tung Pao, Chung Pao, or 
Yuan Pao is found on nearly all Chinese 
coins. The Japanese equivalent is Tsu Ho. 
See Pao. 

Tung Pi. The Chinese words now com- 
monly used to designate copper money. 

Turchifarus. A former gold coin of the 
Eastern Empire. Du Cange cites a docu- 
ment of Michael Paleologus dated 1261, in 
which the term is used. 

Turner. A billon coin of Scotland, is- 
sued in 1614 after James VI had become 
King of England. It was of the value of 
two Pence. The word is a corruption of 
Tournois. 

The Turners of the third coinage of 
Charles I were so extensively counterfeited 
that a proclamation was issued by Charles 
II in 1661 against the forgeries. 

Turney. A variety of base silver, cur- 
rent in Ireland at the beginning of the 
fourteenth century. The name is derived 
from it being an imitation of the Gros 
Tournois. In 1339 a writ was issued 
against the “Black Money called Tur- 
neys, ’ ’ but allowing it to pass current until 
other money should be provided for Ire- 
land. See Buding (i. 212). 

Turnosgroschen. See Gros Tournois. 

Tutenag. An amalgam of copper, zinc, 
nickel, and iron, or of pewter and tin. It 
was extensively used in the early Indo- 
Portuguese coinage of Goa, etc. 

Tuttu. See Duddu. 

Tuyn. See Tuin. 


Tva. In Swedish an adjective, meaning- 
two, and found in conjunction with desig- 
nations, e.g., Tvamarker, i.e., two Marks. 

Tweeblankspenning. See Penning. 

Twelvepenny Plack. See Non Sunt. 

Twelve Pound Piece. See Pistole. 

Twenty Pound Piece. The largest of all 
the gold coins of Scotland, struck by James 
VI in 1576. 

The motto on the reverse, parcere . 
SVBIECTIS . & DEBELLARE . SVPERBOS, i.e., “ To 
spare the humbled, and to crush the inso- 
lent,” is taken from Virgil Aen. (vi. 853). 

Tycal. See Tical. 

Tympf, also called Timpf, from the 
name of the mintmaster, Andreas Tympf. 
A base silver Gulden of Poland, first issued 
in 1663. These coins were extensively 
struck under the Electors of Saxony as 
Kings of Poland, and also by the Electors 
of Brandenburg for Danzig, Konigsberg, 
and the Polish and Lithuanian provinces. 
They bear on one side a portrait of the 
ruler, and on the other the figure 18, i.e., 
eighteen Groschen. From this circum- 
stance they are sometimes referred to as 
Achtzehngroscher. 

In Russia, the same coin is also called 
Tschech, and here it was issued at the be- 
ginning of the eighteenth century, of the 
value of twelve Kopecks. There is a half 
Tympf of the same period. 

Type. In Greek: erzcov, xuxoq, ^apaxxfip, 
a-cppayt?, eiua"r)p.ov, xapaaY][xov, xop.[ra, itatjjia, 
arjp.a, a-rpeiov ; in Latin : typus, figura, 
forma, imago. The figure, object, inscrip- 
tion, or other feature on a coin or medal 
which characterizes the same. 

Tysschen Thaler. Danzig was the first 
of the Prussian cities to strike a Thaler. 
Of the originals, issued in 1567, but two 
specimens are known. One of these is in 
the Gymnasium at Danzig, and the other 
in the St. Petersburg collection. Abont 
1840 the consul Tys at Warsaw acquired 
the original die of the reverse, and it is 
said had sixteen copies with new obverses 
made, which are called Tysschen Thaler 
after him. 


[ 249 ] 


Ukkia 


Unite 


U 


Ukkia, or Okkia. A former silver coin 
of Morocco, the two twenty-sevenths part 
of the Rial in value. It was divided into 
four Blanquillos 

Umpyo. A silver coin of Korea, issued 
in the nineteenth year of the Emperor Tai, 
i.e., A.D. 1882. It was circular in form, 
without the central square hole, and of 
three different denominations. Its minting 
ceased in 1883. It was also called Daidong 
Chun. 

Un Byong. A word meaning “silver 
pot” in the Korean language, and given 
to a coin on account of the resemblance it 
bore to that article. This silver coin had 
a definite weight, and was introduced in 
the sixth year of King Shukchong, i.e., 
A.D. 1101.' 

Uncia. The twelfth part of the As. It 
bears on the obverse the head of Mars, and 
on the reverse the prow of a galley. On 
each side is one boss to indicate its weight 
of one ounce. 

A smaller coin, the Semi-Uncia, was of 
one half the weight and value. See Aes 
Grave. 

Unciales. See Guldengroschen. 

Uncirculated Coins are such as have 
been preserved, immediately after they 
were issued, and present a bright or per- 
fect appearance, without traces of any in- 
jury. 

Unecht means “not genuine,” and the 
term Unechte Miinzen is employed by Ger- 
man writers to indicate counterfeit coins. 

Unetos. The name given to a variety of 
Denari of Alfonso I, struck in Barcelona 
in 1180, which contained one twelfth of 
silver to the Mark. See Engel and Serrure 
(ii. 439). 

Ungaro. A gold coin, common to a num- 
ber of the Italian states, which obtains its 
name from the Hungarian type of Matthias 
Corvinus, with the Virgin and Child. 

At Parma it was issued by the Farnese 
family in the seventeenth century ; at Cor- 
reggio by Camillo of Austria (1597-1605) ; 


at Tassarolo by Agostino Spinola (1604- 
1616) and his successors; at Modena by 
Cesare d’Este (1597-1628) ; at Florence by 
Cosmo III (1670-1723), etc. The name of 
the coin is also written Ongaro. 

Ungersk Gyllen. See Gyllen. 

Unicom. A Scotch gold coin, struck by 
James III in his third coinage of 1486, and 
continued in the reigns of James IV and 
James V. Its weight was fifty-nine grains. 

The name is derived from the design of 
a unicorn, having a crown around its neck 
from which hang a ring and chain, and 
supporting a shield of arms. 

The legend on the reverse, exvrgat de 
et disipent inimici, was copied on the Sov- 
ereign of James I of England, issued in 
1603. See Alicorno. 

Unierijksdaalder. Another name for the 
Leijcesterdaalder ( q.v .). 

Uniface. A term used to describe a coin 
struck on one side only. 

Union Penny. The name given to a pat- 
tern Penny prepared in 1789 by Mossop, 
a jeweler and die-sinker, of Dublin. Only 
six specimens are said to have been struck, 
and two of them were presented to George 
III. Its rarity is due to the fact that the 
die for the reverse broke. 

The name is given to this pattern on 
account of the emblematical figures of Brit- 
annia and Hibernia on the reverse. The 
engraving is after a design by Sir Joshua 
Reynolds. 

Unite. An English gold coin, of the 
value of twenty Shillings, first issued in 
the reign of James I, pursuant to a pro- 
clamation of 1604. The union of England 
and Scotland is referred to both in the 
names and in the inscriptions on these 
coins. The Unite reads faciam eos in gen- 
tem tjnam, from Ezekiel (xxxvii. 22). 

The Unites of the fourth coinage of this 
monarch (1619) have the king’s head 
wreathed with laurel instead of being 
crowned, and consequently they are fre- 
quently known as Laurels, and also as 
Broad Pieces. See Oxford Unite. 


[ 250 ] 


Upstalsboom Thaler 


Utuzlik 


Upstalsboom Thaler. A silver coin 
struck by George V, King of Hanover, in 
1865 to commemorate the fiftieth anniver- 
sary of the union of Hanover and East 
Friesland. 

Uqijeh. A silver coin of Morocco, first 
issued under Mnhammad Abd-Allah ben 
Ismail (A.H. 1171-1205), and in use until 
the introduction of the present system. 
There is a half. 

Urchin. A coin of Brabant, referred to 
in the eighteenth century as being equal 
to one half of the Heller. See Poy. 

Urdee, or Urdih. A former money of 
account used at Bombay, etc., and com- 
puted at two Reis. See Mohur. 

Ursula Thaler. The name given to a 
silver Thaler struck at Cologne in 1516, 
which has on the obverse the figures of 
three Magi with their names, and on the 
reverse a vessel carrying St. Ursula and 
her companions on the river Rhine to 
Cologne, where she is supposed to have 
suffered martyrdom. There exist double 
and triple Thaler of the same type. See 
Madai (No. 2188). 

Usmani. A name given to the forty Cash 
piece of Mysore. See Asmani. 

Usualmark. During a great part of the 
Middle Ages, when payments were made 
in the Mark as a money of account, it be- 


came necessary to have a fixed standard, 
as the Pfennige and other small coins were 
not uniform in size and fineness. The 
coins were therefore melted and cast in a 
flat circular lump, on which incuse stamp- 
ings were affixed, indicating the weight and 
purity of the silver. These ingots are 
known in contemporary records as marcae 
argenti usualis signatae, and the common 
name for one of them was the Usualmark. 
By an agreement made in 1382, the cities 
of Goslar, Brunswick, Hildesheim, Eimbeck, 
Hanover, Wernigerode, and Osterode 
pledged themselves to keep all their Usual- 
marken at a uniform degree of fineness. 
They were stamped with the arms of the 
respective cities, and in addition with a 
crown, as an indication of the conventional 
agreement. 

Uta. See Bahar. 

Utuzlik, or Otuzlik. A silver coin of the 
Ottoman Empire, of the value of thirty 
Paras. The name is derived from the 
Turkish word utuz, i.e., thirty. The Sla- 
vonian equivalent is Zolota, or Zolotah, by 
which name it is also frequently known. 

Its weight varies from two hundred and 
thirteen to two hundred and thirty grains, 
and there is a double, called the Altmislilik. 

In the reign of Selim III (A.H. 1203- 
1222), when the weight of the coinage was 
reduced, the Utuzlik was not struck. 


[ 251 ] 


V 


Ventina 


V 


V. A nickname for the five Dollar bill 
of the United States, which bears this nu- 
meral on the front side. 

Vacquette, i.e., a little cow. A nickname 
given to a billon Liard, struck by the Vi- 
comtes de Bearn in the early part of the 
fifteenth century. The type was copied by 
Henri IV of France about 1608, on whose 
coins the field was quartered with two cows 
and two crowned letters Id. 

In the Inventory of the Chateau de Pan, 
1561-1562, “Cinq vacquettes d’or de 
Beard” (? Bearn) are mentioned; but 
these were probably essays or trial-pieces, 
as the Vacquette was always of billon or 
base silver. See Baquette. 

Vales. The name given to the card- 
board money issued by the Rebels in Mex- 
ico in 1914-i915. The words vale 5 centa- 
vos, vale 10 centavos, etc., printed promi- 
nently on the face of these tickets, prob- 
ably gave rise to the nickname. 

Valtan. The popular name for the De- 
nier Noir, struck by Guido IV of Venta- 
dour, the Bishop of Cambrai (1342-1347). 
See Blanchet (i. 462). 

Van. The Annamese for the Chinese 
Wen (q.v.). Pieces of the Emperor Tu 
Due (1847-1883) are found with the values 
sixty, fifty, forty, thirty, twenty, ten, and 
six Van. 

Varaha. The Tamil name for the Pa- 
goda (q.v.). Dr. Bidie, in the Journal of 
the Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1883 (p. 35), 
cites Sir Walter Elliot, that “the term 
varaha is never used in ancient Tamil rec- 
ords in connection with money, but the 
word yon, which Avas a piece equal to the 
modern half pagoda, the pagoda itself be- 
ing the double you, which ultimately be- 
came the varaha.” 

Varahan. The name of a gold coin of 
Travancore. Those issued by the Maharaja 
Rama Varma in 1877 had the following- 
values: the one Varahan equals seven and 
one half Rupees, or fifty-two and one half 


Panams; the one half Varahan equals three 
and three quarters Rupees. See Codring- 
ton (p. 123) and Pana. 

Vargas Dollar. The name given to a 
variety of the Mexican silver piece of eight 
Reales, coined at Sombrerete from 1810 to 
1812 by the Republican general Vargas. 
See Mailliet (xli. 1). 

Veal Money, or Veale Noble Money. 
Cowell , in The Interyreter, 1684, states 
that “The Tenants of one of the Tythings 
within the Mannor of Bradford, in Wilt- 
shire, pay a yearly Rent by this name, in 
lieu of veale paid formerly in kind.” 

Veertienstuiver. See Guilder. 

Velddaalder. A term used by Dutch 
numismatists to indicate a coin struck dur- 
ing the course of a campaign and corre- 
sponding to the German “ Feldthaler. ” It 
is also used to describe obsidional issues, 
e.g., the Klippe of forty Sols of Breda, 
1577, etc. 

Vellon. A term used in connection with 
the Spanish coinage to indicate inferior 
silver, as distinguishable from the plata, 
or sterling silver. In the reign of Joseph 
Napoleon as King of Spain (1808-1814), 
the Duro of twenty Reales is known as the 
Duro de Vellon, and the Duro of eight 
Reales as the Duro de Plata. 

Venetian. The popular, though not the 
authorized, name for the Zecchino, which 
was struck at Venice. See Gubber. 

Venetians are referred to in the mone- 
tary ordinances of the island of St. Helena 
for the years 1750, 1819, 1823, 1830, and 
1836, as varying in value, and ranging from 
nine Shillings to nine Shillings and four 
Pence. 

Venezolano. See Bolivar. 

Ventein. The Annuaire du Bureau des 
Longitudes states that this name is some- 
times applied to the gold quarter Pistole 
of Charles III of Spain, dated 1786, etc. 
It is probably a corruption of Vintem. 

Ventina. See Vintina. 


[ 302 ] 


Venusthaler 


Vigintenario 


Venusthaler. The name given to a sil- 
ver medallic Thaler, issued in the city of 
Magdeburg in 1622. It has on the reverse 
a representation of Venus and the three 
Graces. See Madai (5028). 

Vereinsmiinzen. See Convention Money. 

Verfassungsthaler. A name sometimes 
given to the Convention Thaler, issued by 
Maximilian Joseph, after he became King 
of Bavaria in 1806. It was struck in 1818 
and has on the reverse a tablet commem- 
orative of the adopted constitution. 

Verga. A term used by Italian numis- 
matists to indicate an ingot or stamped bar. 

Vermahlungsthaler. A Thaler struck to 
commemorate a marriage. 

Vermont Cents. A copper issue from 
1785 to 1788, inclusive, struck before Ver- 
mont actually became one of the United 
States. There are a number of varieties, 
for details concerning which see Crosby. 

Vertugadin. A nickname given to the 
silver Ecu of five Livres, issued by Louis 
XV of France in 1715 and later. It bears 
the figure of the young draped head. 

Vessillifero. See Soldino. 

Vexator Canadinsis. The name given to 
several varieties of satirical tokens relating 
to the administration of Sir James Craig 
as Governor of Canada from 1807 to 1811. 
See Breton (pp. 60-62). 

Viannare, or Viannense. A small coin 
of the value of three Deniers, current in 
Austria, and also in Italy, during the four- 
teenth century, which was principally 
struck at Vienna. 

Vicessis. A multiple of twenty Asses 
after the first reduction. It is doubtful, 
however, whether such a coin was actually 
struck, or whether it was only a money of 
account. 

Victoriatus. A Roman silver coin, orig- 
inally issued about B.C. 228, and intended 
principally for foreign commerce. The 
Victoriati bore on the obverse a head of 
Jupiter, and on the reverse a figure of Vic- 
tory crowning a trophy, from which the 
name is derived. Its weight and value was 
three fourths of the Denarius, and equal 
to the Drachm of Illyricum. 


thus took the place of the obsolete Quin- 
arius. It therefore bore, as the mark of 
value, the letter Q from this time on. 

Victory Thaler. See Siegesthaler. 

Viente. The popular name for the Cu- 
ban silver piece of twenty Centavos, intro- 
duced in 1915. 

Vierchen. This word is used in a gen- 
eral sense for any small coin that repre- 
sents the fourth part of some standard. 
It is applied to the fractions of the Bran- 
denburg Groschen struck under Frederick 
II (1440-1470) at Prenzlau, and to the 
divisions of the Halbskoter. See Skoter. 

Vier Duitstuk. The popular name for 
the current copper coin of two and one 
half cents of the Netherlands. 

Vierdung. The one fourth of the Mark 
( q-v .). 

Vierer, or Fierer, also called Quadrans 
and Etschvierer, was a silver coin current 
in the Holy Roman Empire, Tyrol, and 
Southern Germany from the thirteenth to 
the sixteenth century. 

It had a value of four Berner ( q.v .), 
lienee its name, and was equal to one fifth 
of a Kreuzer. There is one of Graz, dated 
as early as 1445. See Frey (No. 72). 

Viererplatten. The nickname given to 
the Austro-Hungarian copper coin of four 
Kreuzer, which was abolished about 1890. 

( Vierlander. A name given to the double 
Gros, when the same type was adopted by 
four districts or principalities. 

Thus Philippe le Bon of Burgundy, and 
his successor, Charles le Temeraire, struck 
a Vierlander, current in Brabant, Flanders, 
Holland, and Hennegau. 

Vierling. The popular name for a coin 
of the value of four Groschen. The term 
was applied in Westphalia as early as the 
fifteenth century, and occurs for the issues 
of Stralsund in 1611, etc. 

Vierschildheller. The name given to 
small coins issued by the Electors of the 
Rhine provinces during the fifteenth and 
sixteenth centuries; they have four shields 
on the obverse. 

Vigintenario. The Italian equivalent of 
Zwanziger {q.v.), and specially applied to 
a coin of twenty Piccoli issued at Merano. 
See Rivista Italiana Numismatica (xx. 


In B.C. 104 the Victoriatus was coined 
of half the weight of the Denarius and 

[ 253 ] 


Vigo Coinage 


Vlieguyt 


Vigo Coinage. The word Vigo occurs 
under the bust on certain coins of Queen 
Anne. It is placed there to commemo- 
rate the capture, in October, 1702, by 
Sir George Rooke, of the Spanish galleons 
at Vigo, from which the bullion was taken, 
and from which the coins were struck. It 
occurs with the date 1702 on Shillings only, 
but with 1703 on Crowns, half Crowns, 
Shillings, and Sixpences. 

In the gold series there are five Guinea 
pieces, Guineas, and half Guineas with 
this inscription, dated 1703, 1705, and 1706. 

Vikariats Thaler. A type of Thaler, 
like the Sede Vacante coins, struck during 
an interregnum. They occur among the 
Electors of Saxony and those of the Pala- 
tinate from 1612 to 1741, and usually have 
the title vicarivs as part of the inscription. 

Vinkenauge, also called Finkenauge. 

The name given to a small silver coin 
which was current in Brandenburg, Meck- 
lenburg, Pommerania, etc., from the thir- 
teenth to the sixteenth century. In Pom- 
meranian archives they are mentioned as 
early as 1279 as marca denariorum slavi- 
calium, and they appear to have been last 
struck in Berlin in 1562. They are also 
referred to as Wendische Pfennige, parvi 
denarii slavicales, or vincones. 

Their value varied, but in all cases it 
seems to have gradually declined from the 
original standard. Thus in Pommerania it 
ranged from eighteen to thirty-four to the 
Bohemian Groschen ; in Mecklenburg from 
eighteen to twenty-four to the Schilling ; 
and in Brandenburg from sixteen to forty 
to the Groschen. 

The etymology of the name is not clear. 
Some authorities assert that the griffin on 
the issues of Mecklenburg was taken for 
a finch, and Dr. F. Friedensburg, in the 
Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde, 1913 (5183), 
cites German proverbs showing that a 
finch, a small bird, is frequently employed 
to indicate comparisons between small and 
large objects. Another plausible deriva- 
tion is based on the belief that the Mecklen- 
burg coins were nicknamed Ogen, from the 
large eyes in the head of the ox; this, 
combined with the superior quality of the 
silver, of which they consist, created the 
word vienke (feine) ogen. 


Vintem. The name given originally to 
a silver coin of Portugal, which was issued 
in the reign of Manuel (1495-1521), and 
corresponded to the Real. 

In the eighteenth century the Vintem 
was struck in copper, of a value of twenty 
Reis, for the Portuguese colonies. Of this 
type there are multiples to twelve Vintems. 
See Xeraphin. 

Vintina. A silver coin of the value of 
twenty Soldi, issued in Corsica during the 
Republican rule under General Pasquale 
Paoli (1762-1768). It is sometimes re- 
ferred to as the Ventina. 

Vis. See Tare. 

Vis-a-Vis Type. An expression used by 
numismatic writers to indicate that the 
figures or heads on a coin or medal face 
each other. 

Vischepennig. See Pfennig. 

Vislino. A silver coin of Ragusa of the 
value of sixty Grossetti. They were first 
issued in 1725 with the inscription dvcat 
et sem. reip.rhac., i.e., ducatus et semis, 
meaning one and one half of the silver 
Ducato. The original type had on the ob- 
verse the bust of St. Blasius, the patron 
saint; this was followed in 1743 by the 
bust of the rector, i.e., the head of the Re- 
public. This design was retained until 
1779 with slight variations. 

The first type was known as the St. Bla- 
sins Thaler, the Tallero di San Biagio, and 
the Vislino, the latter being the name of 
the saint in Servian. The second variety 
was called the Ragusino and the Rektors- 
thaler, or Tallero Rettoralo. For a de- 
tailed account of all these varieties see 
Resetar, in the Monatsblatt, der Num. Ge- 
sell. in Wien (viii. pp. 203-205). 

Viss. A Burmese money of account. See 
Tical. 

Vitalino. A billon coin of Parma, stPuck 
by Odoardo Farnese (1622-1646), which re- 
ceives its name from the figure of St. Vita- 
lis, the patron of the city, on the reverse. 

Viz. See Tare. 

Vlieger. See Krabbelaar. 

Vlieguyt. An early silver coin of Bra- 
bant, issued by Wenceslaus and Johanna 
(1355-1405). It appears to have been a 
variety of the Groot, See Heylen, Ant- 
ivoord op het Vraeg-Stuk, etc. 1787 (p 
26). 


[ 254 ] 


Vlies 


. Vlies. In 1429 Duke Philip of Bur- 
gundy instituted the Order of the Golden 
Fleece (Ordre de la Toison d’Or), and the 
chain of this order is figured on both gold 
and silver coins which receive their names 
from it. 

The Gouden Vlies or Toison d’Or was 
struck in Brabant in 1499, and the Zil- 
veren Vlies, or Toison d ’Argent, appeared 
in Holland in 1496, and was copied in 
Brabant. Philip the Good reached his 
majority in the latter year, and the event 
was celebrated by the striking of this coin. 
It was a double Briquet, of the value of 
three Stuyvers. See Frey (Nos. 443, 445, 
494). 

Voce Populi Coinage. A variety of 
copper half Pence and Farthings, issued 
for Ireland. Pinkerton, in his Essay on 
Medals, states that “in 1760 there was a 
great scarcity of copper coin in Ireland, 
upon which a society of Irish gentlemen 
applied for leave, upon proper conditions, 
to coin half-pence ; which being granted, 
those appeared with a very bad portrait of 
George II., and ‘Voce Populi’ around it. 
The bust bears a much greater resemblance 
to the Pretender ; but whether this was a 
piece of waggery in the engraver, or only 


Vuurijzer 

arose from his ignorance in drawing, must 
be left to doubt.” 

In Lindsay’s Coinage of Ireland, 1839, 
a variety of the coin is depicted with the 
letter P before the face, thus seemingly 
confirming Pinkerton’s conjecture. 

See a detailed account of this coinage 
contributed by Philip Nelson to the British 
Numismatic Journal (i. 213). 

Vodri. An early Indian copper coin, 
the sixth part of the Dramma ( q.v .), or 
one fourth of the Pana (q.v.)- It is also 
known as the Kakini. See Cunningham 
(p. 46). 

Volpetta. See Armellino. 

Vends Gulden. A former Hungarian 
money of account, principally used in the 
cattle trade, and computed at fifty-one 
Kreuzer, or seventeen Marjase. 

Votive Coins. A name given to such 
Roman coins as record the public prayers 
or vows for a ruler! They began with 
the reign of Augustus, and usually have 
the inscriptions vota pvblica, vota svs- 

CEPTA DECENNALIA, etc. 

Vureysen. See Fewreysen. 

Vuurijzer. See Briquet. 


[ 255 ] 


Waal 


Warn 


W 


Waal. A money of account at Surat. 
See Raal Lakria. 

Wado Kaiho. See Jin Ni Zene. 

Wahrheitsthaler. The name given to a 
Thaler struck by Henry Julius of Bruns- 
wick-Liineburg in 1597 and 1598. It has 
on the reverse a nude allegorical figure 
representing Truth, and at her feet are 
two monsters labelled calvmnia and men- 
dacivm. See Lugenthaler, and Madai (No. 
1112 ). 

Wakea, or Wakih. A former Abyssin- 
ian money of account, based on the weight 
of an ounce of gold, four hundred English 
Troy grains, and twenty-one and three 
quarters carats fine. The relationship to 
actual coins and the subdivisions are as 
follows : 

Wakea = 5 2 /e Zecchini or Ducats. 

= 11% Patacas or Species Thaler. 

= 80 Arnolds or cakes of salt. 

= 270% Kharfs, Harfs, or Dahabs. 

— 1,081 Divini or Paras. 

= 10,810 Kibear. or KebAr. 

= 32,430 Borjookes or glass beads. 

Wampum. A bead made from the clam, 
conch, and similar shells, and used in for- 
mer times by the North American Indians 
as money. The aborigines called it Sewa'n, 
which name was copied by the Dutch colon- 
ists, and written Seawant and Zewant. 
The French settlers named it Porcelaine, 
and the English traders usually referred 
to it by the name of Wampum. 

In 1627 Isaac de Rasieres sailed from 
New Amsterdam on a trading expedition 
to the British colony at New Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, and among other merchan- 
dise he had fifty pounds of Wampum, 
which was accepted with great reluctance 
by the New Englanders; nevertheless it 
soon must have become a standard circu- 
lating medium of exchange, as in 1637 it 
was ordered that throughout New England 
Wampum should pass at “six a-penny" 
for any sum less than twelve Pence. Three 
years later, on October 7, 1640, a proclama- 
tion was issued that white Wampum should 
pass at “four a-penny” and blue at “two 
a-penny,” also that not more than twelve 
Pence in value should be tendered at one 
time, unless the receiver desired more. 


In the following year the Council of 
New Amsterdam promulgated an ordi- 
nance to the effect that all coarse Wam- 
pnm should pass at six for a Stuiver, and 
well polished beads should be valued at 
four for a Stuiver. 

Wampum is referred to in Roger Wil- 
liams’ treatise entitled A Key into the 
Language of America, published in Lon- 
don in 1643, as follows (cap. xxvi.) : 

“Their white (money | they call Wom- 
pam, which signifies white; their blacke 
Suckauhock, Sucki signifying blacke. Both 
amongst themselves, as also the English 
and Dutch, the blacke peny is two pence 
white. ’ ’ 

On May 22, 1661, the law authorizing 
the use of Wampum as legal tender in 
New England was repealed, and gradually 
the coinage of silver drove it out of circu- 
lation. See Roanoake. 

Wand. The name given in Abyssinia 
to the Thaler of Joseph II. The word 
means “male,” in contradistinction to 
Enest ( q.v .), i.e., “female,” by which the 
Thaler of Maria Theresa is known. 

Wang. A word of Malay origin, and 
implying small change. The Wang Ba- 
haru is a copper coin, the same as the 
Dubbeltje. See Pitje. 

Wan-yin. One of the Chinese names 
for Sycee Silver (q.v.). 

Wappentumose. A modified form of 
the Gros Tournois (q.v.), on which a shield 
of arms was substituted for the original 
chapel or city gate. It is common to the 
issues of the Counts of Berg during the 
fourteenth century and later, and was 
copied by Hermann IV of Hessen, who 
was Archbishop of Cologne from 1480 to 
1508. See Frey (No. 237). 

Ward Penny, or Wardage Money. This 
term occurs in the Domesday Book and is 
not a coin but a sum of money paid or con- 
tributed for watching and warding. 

Warn, or Wham. The basis of the 
gold system of Korea and corresponding 
to the Yen of Japan, and the Yuan of 
China. The divisions are 

1 Warn equal to 10 Niang or Yang. 

1 Niang equal to 100 Mun. 


C 256 ] 


Warth Money 


W ewelinghof er 


Gold twenty, ten, and five Warns, and 
silver Warns and half Warns were issued 
shortly before the Japanese annexation of 
the country. See Won. 

Warth Money. See Swarf Money. 

Waser Thaler. See Hochmuths Thaler. 

Washington Cent. See Cent. 

Weckenpfennige. The name given to 
small uniface coins of Bavaria, the Pala- 
tinate, etc., struck early in the fifteenth 
century. The word “Wecken” corre- 
sponds to our heraldic term paly-bendy, 
and these coins are easily distinguished by 
a shield, the field of which is divided by 
lines drawn in the directions of the pale 
and bend. 

Weidenbaum Thaler. The name given 
to a series of silver coins issued by Wil- 
liam V of Hessen-Cassel from 1627 to 1637, 
all of which have on the reverse the figure 
of a willow tree, standing upright though 
subjected to a storm of rain, wind, and 
lightning. 

Weight Money. The name given to cer- 
tain ancient Chinese coins bearing a weight 
value and the name of the place of issue, 
from the seventh to the fourth centuries 
B.C. The Chinese call the coins Kia tseh 
ma, Kiu ma, Pi tch’eng ma, and Tseh ma 
( q-v .). 

Weihemiinzen, also called Betpfennige, 

are not coins but medals or tokens, issued 
to commemorate the ordination of an 
ecclesiastic. They usually bear the figure 
of the Savior and a cross, and were struck 
in Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and other parts 
of southern Germany and Austria. 

Weihnachts Thaler, also called Christ- 
fest Thaler. This name is applied in gen- 
eral to silver medals of Thaler size, which 
bear representations of the Nativity. 

There are, however, silver coins struck 
by Johann Georg I of Saxony in 1617 that 
bear the same name. They were issued in 
honor of his mother, and were intended as 
Christmas gifts. 

Weissgroschen. See Albus. 

Weisskupfer. See Billon. 

Weisspfennig. See Albus. 

Wellington Tokens. The name given to 
a series of tokens bearing the bust of Wel- 
lington, which were in circulation in lower 


Canada in vast quantities from 1813 to 
1816. They are described in detail by Dr. 
E. G. Courteau in the American Journal 
of Numismatics, 1915 (xlviii. 137). 

Wen. The modern Chinese word for 
“Cash” ( q.v .). This word is found on 
many of the modern struck copper coins. 
It, however, has been used as a value on 
paper money since the ninth century, and 
some of the coins of Hsien Feng (1850- 
1862) have the word Wen on them. The 
Cantonese pronunciation is Mun, as is also 
the Korean. The Annamese word is Van. 
See Ch’ien. 

Wendenpfennige. The name given to a 
class of silver coins, dating from the tenth 
and eleventh centuries, which resemble the 
Bracteates of that period but have peculiar 
raised edges on both sides. They usually 
bear on the obverse the representation of 
a church, and on the reverse a rude cross ; 
in some instances ill-formed inscriptions 
are also visible. 

The Wends were one of the Lusatian 
branch of the Slavic race and settled in 
Silesia, Saxony, Brandenburg, etc. The 
collegiate church or chapter of Giebichen- 
stein, near Halle, received the privilege of 
striking coins A.D. 987. As it was situ- 
ated on the main road from Halle and 
Lausitz (Lusatia) to Poland, it is assumed 
that many of the Wendenpfennige were 
issued here. 

Wendsiche Pfennige. See Vinkenange. 

Weng. A Scotch slang term for a Pen- 
ny. It is in use at Dundee, etc., at the 
present day. 

Wespenthaler, also called Miickentha- 
ler. A silver coin struck in 1599 by Duke 
Henry Julius of Brunswiek-Luneburg. It 
lias on the obverse a lion with twelve 
wasps flying around its head and body. 
The coin is a satirical one, and the insects 
are supposed to represent certain rebel- 
lious subjects of the Duke. 

Wewelinghofer. A nickname given to 
small thick silver coins, issued in West- 
phalia and vicinity during the thirteenth 
and fourteenth centuries. They are of 
about fifteen millimetres in diameter, 
whereas the dies impressed on them are 
of twenty- two millimetres, and in conse- 
quence only fragmentary portions of the 
inscriptions are visible. 


[ 257 ] 


Wharn 


William 


The name is obtained from Florenz von 
Wewelinghofen, Bishop of Mnnster (1364- 
1379), who resorted to this practice. 

Wharn. See Warn. 

Whistler. Evidently at one time a slang 
designation for a counterfeit Farthing. 
Vaux, in his Flash Dictionary, 1812, says: 
“Browns and whistlers, bad half-pence and 
farthings. ’ ’ 

White Geordie. A colloquial Scotch 
term for a Shilling and very common in 
Ayrshire. See Yellow Geordie. 

Whitehart Silver. Camden, in Remaines 
Concerning Britain, 1605 (p. 150), states 
that this “was a mulct on certain lands in 
or near to the forest of Whitehart, paid 
into the Exchequer, imposed by Henry III 
upon Thomas de la Linda, for killing a 
beautiful white hart which that king be- 
fore had spared in hunting.” 

White Money is standard silver coin, as 
distinguished from Black Money (q.v.). 
The term is used early in the sixteenth 
century, and in a tract by Thomas Har- 
man, entitled A Caveat or Warening for 
Vagahones, 1567 (42), occurs the passage: 
“He plucked oute viii. shyllinges in whyte 
money. ’ ’ 

Beaumont and Fletcher, in their play, 
Wit at Several Weapons, 1647 (ii. 1), have 
the lines : 

“Here’s a seal’d bag of a hundred ; which indeed. 

Are counters all, only some sixteen groats 

Of white money.” 

The name was also common to Scotland, 
and in Blackwood’s Magazine, 1820 (p. 
158), there is a sentence: “My hand has 
nae been crossed with white money but 
ance these seven blessed days. ’ ’ 

White ShiHing. A popular name for the 
Shilling in both Scotland and Ireland, the 
allusion being to its white shiny appear- 
ance. 

Thomas Donaldson, in his Poems, Chiefly 
in the Scottish Dialect, 1809 (p. 99), has 
the line : 

“I will give a white shilling, I swear,” 

and Seumas MacManus, in The Bend of 
the Road, 1898 (201), says: “He hadn’t a 
white shillin’ in his company.” 

Whitsun Farthings. See Pentecostals. 

Whitton. An obsolete form of Witte or 
Witten. See Rundstiick. 

Widow’s Mite. See Lepton. 


Wiedertaiifer Thaler. A silver coin is- 
sued at Munster in 1534 by the Anabap- 
tists, under John of Leyden. It is ques- 
tionable whether they were ever accepted 
as current coins. See Mailliet (Suppl. 59, 
60). 

Wiener Pfennige. A general name for 
the Deniers and Pfennige of Austrian 
origin, which constituted the great circu- 
lating medium of Southeastern Europe 
from the twelfth to the middle of the 
fifteenth century. They are largely ham- 
mered coins, of crude workmanship, and 
of inferior purity. The Kreuzer of Tyrol 
with its division of four Pfennige, eventu- 
ally succeeded these pieces and became the 
unit of exchange. 

Wig. A Scotch slang term for a Penny 
and common to Ayrshire. 

Wild Cat Money. A popular name for 
the issues of certain banks in the western 
part of the United States which were or- 
ganized under loose state banking laws 
prior to the Civil War. The original use 
of the word in this sense is said to have 
been derived from a bank of this character 
whose notes bore a figure of a wild cat. 

Wildemannsthaler. A silver coin of 
Brunswick-Liineburg, the ordinary type 
bearing on the obverse a wild man holding 
a tree, but the name is also given to the 
Loserthaler (q.v.), on which two wild men 
are supporting the armorial shield. Simi- 
lar designs are found on the Gulden and 
Pfennige. 

The armorial shield of the House of 
Schwarzburg is supported by a wild man 
and a wild woman, to be found on the 
coins of Gunther XL (1537-1552), dated 
1543, etc. 

Wilhelm d’Or. A gold coin of Hessen- 
Cassel, of the value of five Thaler. It 
receives its name from the Elector Wil- 
helm II, and was first struck in 1840. 

Willem. Another name for the gold 
coin of ten Gulden, struck by Willem I, 
King of the Netherlands, pursuant to the 
ordinance of September 28, 1816. Conf. 
also Guillemin. 

William. A nickname used in some 
parts of the United States for any denomi- 
nation of paper money. It is a play upon 
the words bill and Bill. See Blue Wil- 
liam. 


[ 258 ] 


Willow Tree Coins 


Wood’s Coinage 


Willow Tree Coins. An early silver 
issue for the Colony of Massachusetts. 
The series consists of a Sixpence and 
Twelvepence, dated 1652. See Crosby. 

Wire Money. A name given to the 
Maundy money of 1792, engraved by Lewis 
Pingo, on account of the numerals of value 
being very thin, like strips of wire . 

Wire Money. See Larin. 

Witje. A slang term for the current 
silver ten Cent piece of the Netherlands. 
It is probably from wit, i.e., white. See 
Witten. 

Witten. The name given to base silver 
coins, which originally were issued at Lii- 
beck about 1380, and were copied in Ham- 
burg, Schleswig Holstein, Hanover, Meck- 
lenburg, Pommerania, East Friesland, and 
other north German provinces. They rap- 
idly became the current money, and were 
of the value of half a Schilling. There 
are divisions of half and quarter Witten. 

The name is a corruption of weiss, given 
to the coins on account of their white, 
shiny appearance, and corresponding to 
the Albus. 

In the Low Countries a Witten Pennine 
of Brabant was issued about 1506, of the 
value of half a Grote. Under Christina 
of Sweden and her successors, the Witten 
was struck for Stettin, Stralsund, and 
Wismar; it was equal to the one one hun- 
dred and ninety-second of the Riksdaler. 

Wokye. See Kesme. 

Wolsey’s Groat. A name given to the 
Groat struck by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 
at York, when Archbishop of that diocese. 
On this coin he placed the Cardinal’s hat 
under the shield, and the letters T and W 
on the sides of same. 

This act was accounted illegal and treas- 
onous, and one of the articles included in 
the bill of impeachment against Wolsey in 
1530 was on account “of his pompous and 
presumptuous mind he hath enterprised to 
join and imprint the Cardinal’s Hat un- 
der your arms in your coin of groats made 
at your city of York, which like deed hath 
not yet been seen to have been done by 
any subject within your realm before this 
time. ” 

Shakespeare alludes to this in his play 
of King Henry the Eighth (iii. 2). 


Wompam. See Wampum. 

Won. The spelling of Warn (q.v.) on 
certain Korean coins issued during the Rus- 
sian influence over the country. 

Wooden Money, in the form of Ex- 
chequer tallies, was current in England 
prior to the establishment of the Bank of 
England in 1694. Tallies was the name 
given to the notched sticks formerly in use 
for keeping the accounts in the Exchequer 
They were square rods of hazel or wil- 
low, inscribed on one side with notches, 
indicating the sum for which the tally was 
an acknowledgment, and on the other two 
sides with the same sum in Roman char- 
acters. See Bamboo Money. 

Wood Geld. This is a term used in old 
English law and it represented the money 
paid for the privilege of cutting wood 
within the forest. 

Wood’s Coinage. The name given to a 
copper coinage introduced into Ireland in 
1722, which caused great dissatisfaction, 
although the coins were of superior work- 
manship to the English coins of the same 
reign. As the want of copper coin had 
long been felt in that country, the 
Duchess of Kendall obtained from Sunder- 
land a patent for coining half Pence and 
Farthings to the value of £108,000. This 
patent was subsequently sold to William 
Wood, an iron-master and mine proprie- 
tor, who, under the vice-royalty of the 
Duke of Grafton, proceeded to strike the 
coins and introduced them into the coun- 
try. 

Sir Isaac Newton was at that time the 
master of the mint, and, according to his 
statement, Wood appears to have carried 
out his contract faithfully, but the Irish 
people raised a clamor against the new 
coinage, and Dean Swift, in the D rapier s’ 
Letters, poured forth his sarcasm concern- 
ing them. Cartaret, then Lord Lieutenant, 
offered a reward of £300 for the discovery 
of the author of these invectives, but with- 
out success. Harding, the printer of the 
Drapiers’ Letters, was apprehended, but 
the grand jury threw out the bill, and 
themselves lodged a protest against the 
coins, which protest was drawn up by Dean 
Swift himself. 

It was now seen that the only way to 
put down the dissatisfaction was to cancel 


[ 259 ] 


Wreath Cent 


Wyn 


the patent; this was accordingly done, and 
to compensate Wood, a pension of £3000 
was granted to him in 1725. For an ex- 
tended account of these coins see a paper 
contributed by Philip Nelson to the British 
Numismatic Journal (i. 201-211). 

Wreath Cent. The popular name for the 
second type of copper Cents issued by the 
Government of the United States in 1793. 
It was the successor of the Chain Cent 
(q.v.). 


Wu Fen Chien. See Yu Chia Ch'ien. 

Wu Tchu, or Wu Shu. A round Chi- 
nese copper coin, bearing the inscription 
in two characters, 5 tchus, on either side 
of the central hole. This coin was the 
standard of the Han dynasty, and sup- 
planted the Pan Liang (q.v.) in B.C. 118, 
and remained in circulation until A.D. 618. 

Wyn. An obsolete English slang term 
for a Penny. See Flag. 


[ 260 ) 


Xeraphin 


Xunistron 


» 


X 


Xeraphin. A Portuguese silver coin, 
struck for the possessions in India, at 
Diu, Ceilao, and Bassein, but principally 
at Goa. 

The name is variously written Xeraphin, 
Xerafine, Xerafin, Xarife, Xarafin, Sera- 
phin, Zeraphin, and Cherafin, and is prob- 
ably derived from the Arabic Ashrafi 
( q-v .). 

The coin is mentioned by Yasco da 
Gama as early as 1498, and a century later 
is referred to as. being equal to three hun- 
dred Portuguese Beis. The value in the 
seventeenth century appears to be: 


Santo Thome = 12 Xeraphins. 

Seraphin = 5 Tangas. 

Tanga = 5 Vintems. 

Vintem = 15 Bazaruccos. 

The value, however, fluctuated greatly, 
and the type also varied. The armorial 
shield of Portugal is on one side and the 
effigy of St. John or St. Sebastian on the 
reverse. The Xeraphin Cruzado presents 
a large cross, with the four figures of the 
date in the angles. 

Xiquipili. See Sicca. 

Xunistron, ^uvtaxpov vopuajia. According 
to Hesychius, this was another name for 
Charon’s Obol ( q.v .). 


t 261 ] 


Yaber 


Yh 


Yaber. The possessive of Ber (q.v.). 

Yak-mig-ma, meaning a “Yak’s hoof,” 
is the name given to one variety of the 
Chinese silver ingots, used as currency in 
Tibet. Its value varies from twelve to 
fourteen Rupees, according to its weight. 

Yamba. The largest of the coins of 
Turkestan. Sven Hedin, in his work Cen- 
tral Asia and Thibet, 1903 (i. 40), enumer- 
ates as follows : 

1 Yamba equals 50 Siir. 

1 Stir equals 16 Tengeh or 10 Miscal. 

1 Tengeh equals 50 Pul. 

1 Miscal equals 10 Pung. 

1 Pung equals 10 Li, 

and he adds: “The Yamba seldom weighs 
exactly fifty Sar, but varies as a rule be- 
tween 49 and 51, and as the monetary 
standard of Central Asia is the Chinese 
coinage, it is always necessary to have a 
Chinese balance at hand when exchanging 
money in any quantity. New silver coins, 
not exceeding a maximum value of eight 
Tengeh, have recently been introduced into 
East Turkestan. These are current along 
with the usual Chinese silver ‘shoes,’ an 
exceedingly inconvenient form of coined 
money. ’ ’ 

The Tengeh is probably another form of 
the Tang-Ka (q.v.) or Denga. 

Yang. The former silver unit of Korea, 
rated at the fifth of the Mexican Peso. 

In 1893 a new series was introduced, 
consisting of the five and one Yang in sil- 
ver, equal to one hundred Mon (q.v.) ; and 
a half and quarter Yang in nickel. The 
name of the Yang was formerly Niang. 

Yang Ch'ien. The Chinese name for 
the pattern coins used in making the regu- 
lar cast coins. See Mu Ch'ien, and its 
Japanese equivalent, Tane Sen. 

Yarimlik. See Yigirmlik. 

Yeda, or Yeda Sen. The Japanese 
name for the group of coins in the form 
they are cast, and before they are broken 
apart. These coins are cast in long double 


rows, divided by a central channel in which 
the metal runs. The name Yeda means 
tree, from the fancied resemblance to this 
object. See Tane. 

Yellow Boy. An English slang term 
for a Guinea or Sovereign, the reference 
being, of course, to its color. 

Arbuthnot, in The History of John Bull, 
1713, uses the expression “there wanted 
not yellow-boys to fee counsel.” 

That the name at a later period was also 
common in Scotland and Ireland, the fol- 
lowing quotations indicate : 

Alexander Boswell, in his Poetical 
Works, edition 1871 (p. 205), has the lines: 

“Though up in life, I’ll get a wife, 

I’ve yellow boys in plenty.” 

and T. C. Croker, in Fairy Legends and 
Traditions of South Ireland, 1862 (p. 308), 
says : ‘ ‘ Fill your pockets with these yellow 
boys. ’ ’ 

Yellow Geordie. A colloquial name in 
Scotland for a Guinea. See White Geor- 
die. 

Robert Burns, in his poem The Twa Dogs 
(lines 55-58), says: 

“He ca’s his coach ; he ca's his horse ; 

He draws a bonnie silken purse. 

As lang’s my tail, whare, thro’ the steeks, 

The yellow letter’d Geordie keeks.” 

Yellow George. A nickname for a 
Guinea. See George. 

Yen. The unit of the gold standard of 
Japan, which succeeded the silver stand- 
ard in 1897. There are multiples in gold 
as high as forty Yen, and the divisions 
are : 

1 Yen equal to 100 Sen. 

1 Sen equal to 10 Rin. 

The former silver standard is demone- 
tized, the silver Yen of the previous issue 
being cut to half its former value. 

Yen Huan Ch’ien. See E Yen Ch’ien. 

Yh. The unit for gold in China during 
the Ts’in dynasty, about the second cen- 
tury before the Christian era. It was 
equal to twenty Liang (ounces) in weight. 


[ 262 ] 


Yigirmlik 


Y uzlik 


Yigirmlik, also called Yarimlik and Yig- 
irmishlik, is a silver coin of the Ottoman 
Empire, of the value of twenty Paras, or 
one half of the Piastre. Its weight varies 
from one hundred and forty to one hun- 
dred and sixty-five grains. 

The name is derived from the Turkish 
word yigirmi, i.e., twenty, and the term 
Yarimlik conies from yarim, meaning one 
half. 

Ying Ting. One of the names for the 
Chinese silver ingots. See Ting. 

Yin-kwan. A name given to certain 
paper money in China during the Southern 
Sung dynasty in the thirteenth century. 

Yopchon. See Chon. 

Yslik. See Pound Turkish. 

Yuan. The Chinese name for a round 
coin. See Yuan Fa. 

In the early Chinese coinage the word 
Yuan meant a round coin with the central 
hole double the width of the field. See 
Huan and Pi. 

The name is now given to the silver Dol- 
lar. This word, used as such, appeared 
first on the British Hong Kong Dollar of 
1864. The present issue of Chinese Dol- 
lars introduced in 1914 are specifically 
known as Yuans, or Yuan Dollars. There 
are subdivisions of halves, fifths, and 
tenths. The Japanese for Yuan is Yen. 

The same sound, yuan, but written with 


another character, is used on some of the 
modern copper and silver coins to desig- 
nate the cash. 

See Tael, Liang, Candareen, Mace, 
Ch‘ ien, and Fen. 

Yuan Dollar. See Yuan. 

Yuan Fa. The Chinese name for the 
round coins of ancient China, in contra- 
distinction to the odd-shaped pieces. 

Yuan Pao. The Chinese name for “Or- 
iginal coin.” This inscription has been 
found on Chinese coins, as well as Tung 
Pao ( q.v .) since the seventh century A.D. 

Yuan Pao. These words have been used 
as a name for Chinese paper money and 
the silver ingots. See Ting and Sycee. 

Yu Chia Ch'ien, or Chia Ch‘ien. The 
Chinese expression for Elm Seed Vessel 
money, and which is applied by Chinese 
writers to certain small Cash of three tchu 
weight, which were also termed Wu Fen 
Ch'ien, issued at the beginning of the Han 
dynasty, B.C. 206. 

Yuzlik, or Pataque. The largest of the 
silver coins of the Ottoman Empire. It 
was originally equal to two and one half 
Piastres, or one hundred Paras, and its 
weight at, first was nine hundred grains, 
but in the reign of Selim III (1789-1807) 
it was little more than a billon coin of 
about five hundred grains. The name is 
derived from yuz, i.e., hundred. 


[ 263 ] 


Zahlthaler 


Zer-mahbub 


Zahlthaler. See Thaler. 

Zahlpfennig, from Zahl, a number, is 
another name for the Rechenpfennig 
(q.v.). 

Zahrah. A name given to the copper 
twenty Cash piece of Mysore, by Tipu Sul- 
tan, in 1792, after the adoption of his new 
system of reckoning. This system was be- 
gun in 1786, and was based on the Muludi, 
i.e., dating from the birth of the Prophet. 
The name is the Persian designation of the 
planet Venus. 

Marsden (ii. 722) cites Buchanan, who 
calls this coin Jora, “perhaps according 
to the vulgar pronunciation of the first 
consonant in the Mysore country.” 

Zamoscia. A name given to the silver 
coins of two Gulden, struck in Poland in 
1813. See Noback (p. 1347). 

Zanetfa. A name given to the silver 
half Carlino, struck by Philip II of Spain, 
as King of Naples and Sicily, and con- 
tinued by his successor, Philip III. 

Zanobio. See Zecchino Zanobio. 

Zar-mahbub. See Zer-mahbub. 

Zecchino. An Italian gold coin, corre- 
sponding in size to the Ducat. Some writ- 
ers trace the origin of the name to la 
Zeccha or Giudecca, the mint in Venice. 
But a more probable etymology is that it 
was a corruption of Cyzicenus, i.e., a gold 
coin of Cyzicus. This Mysian city was 
famous for its electrum or pale gold Staters, 
which circulated under the name of 
Cyziceni. 

The Zecchino was first struck by the 
Venetians about 1280, and bore on one 
side a standing figure of Christ, and on 
the other the Doge receiving the standard 
(gonf alone) from St. Mark. The motto 
was the same as on the Ducat. 

Modena, Mirandola, Savoy, and many 
other Italian principalities issued Zec- 
chini, all more or less modifications of the 
original type. The multiples run as high 


as the piece of one hundred Zecchini, 
struck by the Doge Lodovico Manin (1789- 
1797). 

The coin was very popular, and is al- 
luded to by contemporary writers by the 
names of Sequin, Checkin, Checquin, Che- 
kin, Chequin, Cecchine, Chickino, Chikino, 
Chicquin, Chiquiney, etc. All of these 
corruptions are referred to passim. 

Zecchino Zanobio, also called Zanobio. 
A variety of the Zecchino struck at Flor- 
ence in 1805 for the Zurich banker, Lam- 
pronti. It was copied from the Venetian 
type, and was to be employed in the Le- 
vantine trade. The obverse has a kneeling 
figure of San Zanobio, Bishop of Florence, 
and on the reverse is Saint John the 
Baptist. 

Zehnbaetzner. See Baetzner. 

Zehner. A name given to any coin that 
represents the tenth multiple of some 
standard. It was applied to the pieces of 
ten Kreuzer, which appeared in southern 
Germany in the sixteenth century, and 
which bore the figure 10. The same term 
was given to the Austrian pieces of ten 
Kreuzer, and to the Swiss coins of ten 
Batzen. 

Zelagh. A copper coin of Morocco, in- 
troduced early in the sixteenth century, 
and of half the size of the Fels. 

Zembi. A money of account, formerly 
used in Sierra Leone. Two thousand Zem- 
bis were equal to one Macuta. 

Zeni. Another pronunciation of Sen 
(q.v.). 

Zeraphin. A silver coin of Goa. See 
Xeraphin. 

Zer-mahbub, also called Zar-mahbub. 

A gold coin of the Ottoman Empire, weigh- 
ing variously from thirty-seven to forty 
grains. Marsden _(i. 372) states that “such 
of these as are coined in the mint of Con- 
stantinople are commonly named Stambul, 
as those of Cairo are named Misri. ” 


[ 264 ] 


Zesthalven 


Zwarte Penning 


Zesthalven. By a Placaat of the States 
General of the Netherlands dated April 
10, 1693, the Statenschellinge (q.v.) were 
struck on a smaller planchet, and reduced 
to the value of five and one half Stuivers. 
These new coins received the name of 
Zesthalven. By a decree of November 22, 
1823, they were still further reduced to 
the value of five Stuivers. 

Zevenstuiver. See Guilder. 

Zewant. See Wampum. 

Ziato, or Zuliato. A coin of Tortona, 
mentioned in ordinances of 1325 and 1329 
as being equal to nineteen and one half 
Danari of Genoa. 

Zilveren Vlies. See Vlies. 

Zimmer. A money of account, consist- 
ing of forty pelts. See Skins of Animals. 

Zinc. This metal, on account of its soft- 
ness, is not adapted for coinage purposes, 
but it has been used for necessity money 
during the European war of 1915, and 
pieces were struck for Ghent in Belgium 
and for Luxemburg. 

Zingirli. See Toghrali. 

Zinnenthurmheller. A base silver coin 
of Freistadt in Silesia, issued during the 
sixteenth century. It has on the obverse 
the letter M, generally supposed to stand 
for the princess Mechtildis, and on the re- 
verse a tower, from which it obtains its 
name. See Friedensburg, Schlesien’s Neu- 
ere Munzgeschichte, 1899 (No. 638). 

Zinsgroschen. The name given to a 
variety of silver coins, issued in Saxony 
under the Elector Frederick III (1486- 
1525), in conjunction with the Dukes Al- 
brecht and Johann. They were struck at 
Schneeberg and Zwickau, and twenty-one 
were equal to the gold Gulden. 

Zloty (plural Zlote). A name given to 
the silver Gulden of Poland, introduced 
under August III (1733-1763), and orig- 
inally of a value of four Groscher, but 
later subdivided into thirty Groszy. 

The name is derived from Zloto, the 
Polish word for gold. 

Of the later issues of this coin, the best 
known are the two Zlote, struck during the 
siege of Zamosc in 1913; the ten Zlote is- 
sued from 1820 to 1825, with the portrait 
of Alexander I of Russia ; the Zloty of 
fifteen Kopecks, struck from 1832 to 1840, 


with inscriptions in Russian and Polish ; 
and the piece of five Zloty, issued during 
the Polish revolution of 1831. 

Zodiacal Coins. A name given to a set 
of twelve Mohurs and Rupees, struck by 
Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1605- 
1627), at Agrah, Alnnadabad, and Lahore 
from A.H. 1019 to A.H. 1035. The ob- 
verse of each of these coins bears one of 
the twelve signs of the zodiac, and the 
reverse has a Persian inscription, frequent- 
ly indicating the place of issue. 

For a detailed account of these pieces 
see the contributions by J. Gibbs, in the 
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the 
Royal Asiatic Society, 1878, and Howland 
Wood, in the American Journal of Numis- 
matics, 1909. 

Zolota. See Utuzlik. 

Zonnekroon, also called Keizerskroon. 

A gold coin of Brabant, struck in 1544 by 
the Emperor Charles V, pursuant to the 
Ordonnantie of October 29, 1540. It re- 
ceives its name from the poorly executed 
figure of the sun on the obverse at the 
edge of the armorial shield. 

Zontle. See Sicca. 

Zopf Dukat, or Schwanz Dukat. A 

nickname given to a variety of Ducat 
struck by Frederick William I of Prus- 
sia, on account of the arrangement of the 
hair on the king ’s head ; the hair re- 
sembling a queue, or pig-tail. 

Zudi Budschu. See Budschu. 

Zuliato. See Ziato. 

Zwainziger. A name given to an early 
type of the Kreuzer of Tyrol on account 
of its value, which was twenty Berner. 
These coins are without date, and bear on 
one side an eagle, and on the reverse a 
cross. 

Zwanziger. A name applied to the sil- 
ver pieces of twenty Kreuzer, or one third 
of a Gulden, formerly in circulation in 
Bavaria, Salzburg, Austria, etc. The peas- 
antry frequently soldered a loop to them 
and used them as buttons, hence the nick- 
name “ Knopfzwanziger. ” 

Zwarte Penning. A billon coin of Bra- 
bant, issued 1385-1387, and of the value 
of one twelfth of a Groot. See Revue 
Beige, 1844 (ii. pi. 2). 


[ 265 ] 


Zwei Drittel 


Zwolfgroscher 


In 1482 and later Zwarte Penninge were 
struck of two kinds, having a respective 
value of four and two Myten. See Kor- 
ten, and Black Money. 

Zwei Drittel. A popular expression for 
any coin, the value of which is two thirds 
of some accepted standard. Common ex- 
amples are those of Prussia, 1796, and 
later ; Hanover under George I, II, and 
III, etc. 


Zweier. The name given to the copper 
coin of two Pfennige, i.e., half a Kreuzer, 
chiefly struck at Vienna at the beginning 
of the sixteenth century, and common 
throughout Tyrol, Styria, and other parts 
of the Holy Roman Empire. 

Zwittermiinzen. See Mule. 

Zwolfer. See Pfundner. 

Zwolfgroscher. See Dreigroscher. 


[ 266 ] 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Aalborg 

Korsvide 

Abyssinia 

Aboudjidid 

Agod 

Arnolds 

Argenteus 

Ashrafi 

Ber 

Besa 

Borjookes 

Dahab 

Divini 

Ekaba 

Emol 

Enest 

Guerche 

Harf 

Kebar 

Kharf 

Kibear 

Levant Dollar 
Mak 

Mahallak 

Menelik 

Pataca 

Roob 

Salt 

Talari 

Tenan 

Wakea 

Wand 

Achaia 

Eilippone 

Aegina 

Chelonai 

Pacheia 

Tartemorion 

Testudo 

Tortoises 


Afghanistan 

Abaze 

Misqal 

Quran 

Sanar 

Taka 

Tilla 

Agen 

Arnaldes 

Agrah 

Zodiacal Coins 
Agramont 
Acrimontana 
Agrigentum 
Pentoncion 
Tetras 
Ahmadabad 

Zodiacal Coins 
Aix-la-Chapelle 
Adler-pfennig 
Busch 

Rathspraesentger 
Schlecht Thaler 
Alabanda 
Tridrachin 
Albania 
Galeazzo 
Albi 

Raimondine 
Aleppo 
Siani 
| Algiers 

Budschu 
Funduk 
Muzuna 
Pataca Chica 
Saime 

I Alvarado 

Cuartilla 


Amiens 

Salute 

Amsterdam 

Ducaton 

Escalin 

Ancona 

Anconitano 

Baiocliella 

Bussignarfi 

Navicella 

Paolino 

Andros 

Nesiaca Drachma 

Anduse 

Bernardin 

Angers 

Monnaies Angevines 
Angola 
Equipaga 
Lebongo 
Macuta 
Pano 
Angouleme 
Petragordin 
Anhalt 

Ascanische Pfennige 
Convention Money 
Seniorats-Dukat 
Anjou 

Robertino 

Annaberg 

Annenpfennig 

Annam 

Bo 

Chuc 

Chulon 

Dong 

Duk 

Mach 


268 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Annam (continued) 
Man 
Nen Bac 
Phan 
Pliuoc 
Quail 

Quan Tien 
Sao 

Sapfeque 
Tambac-tron 
T hie n 
Tien 
Van 
Anninsk 
Piatak 
Antioch 

Pieces of Silver 
Antwerp 
Artesienne 
Palken Schild 
Gigot 
Maille 
Souverain 
Aosta 
Pert 

Appenzell 

Angster 

Apulia 

Ducato d’Argento 
Aquila 
Aquilino 
Bolognino 
Celia 
Aquileja 
Frignacco 
Aquitaine 

Anglo-Gallic Coins 
Arnaldes 
Hardi 
Mediacula 
Poitevin 
Arabia 
Baisa 
Carat 
Divini 
Fels 
Franzi 
Gass 
Kabir 
Kommassi 
Kufic Coins 


Arabia (continued) 
Mankush 
Mogrebi 
Nasch 
Sequin 
Toweelali 
Aragon 

Acrimontana 
Aguila de Oro 
Alfonsino 

Dobla de los Excelentes 
Doblengo 
Duplo 
Grueso 
Jaquesa 
Arboga 
Fyrk 
Ardebil 

Sahebqiran 
Argentine Republic 
Argentino 
Cuartino 
Decimo 
Argos 

Tartemorion 

Arles 

Saiga 

Armenia 

Khori 

Pogli 

Tacolin 

Tahdgan 

Tang 

Tenar 

Tram 

Arnhem 

Myte 

Arquata 

Luigino 

Artois 

Artesienne 

Ascoli 

Madonnina 

Aschersleben 

Ascanische Pfennige 
Assam 
Rupee 
Assyria 
Aplus 
Talent 


Asti 

Cavallotto 

Mistura 

Parpagliola 

Terlina 

Athens 

Heniiobol 
Henii tartemorion 
Kore 
Lepton 

Myshemitetarte 
Obol 
Owls 
Paclieia 
Pallades 
Parthenoi 
Pentobolon 
Tartemorion 
Stater 
Tetrobolon 
Trihemiobolion 
Triliemite tartemorion 
Trikollybon 
Tritemorion 
Atjeh 
Kou 
Koupan 
Mace 
Mas 
Pardaw 
Pi tie 
Tail 
Tayell 
Augsburg 
Augustos 
Batzen 

Jubileums Thaler 
St. Afra Dukaten 
Aurich 

Heymannchen 

Australia 

Florin 

Holey Dollar 
Austria 
Corona 
Ducat 
Florin 
Forint 
Franc 

Fiinfzehner 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


269 


Austria (continued) 
Gulden 
Heller 

Kaisergroschen 

Kasperle 

Kopfstiick 

Kreuzer 

Krone 

Kronenthaler 
Leather Money 
Levant Dollar 
Noble 
Novcic 
Pattacona 
Regiments Thaler 
Scliinderling 
Schiitzenthaler 
Schusterthaler 
Siebzehner 
Soldo 
Sovran o 
Speciesthaler 
Steinbock Pfennige 
Thaler 
Viannare 
Yiererplatten 
Weibemiinzen 
Wiener Pfennige 
Zehner 
Zwanziger 
Zweier 
Auvergne 
Durantingi 
Auxonne 
Angroigne 
Avesta 

Plate Money 
Avignon 
Argento 
Barberine 
Giulio 
Mdreau 
Mistura 
Moucbes 
Paparini 
Babylonia 

Alexandrine Coinage 
Mina 
Talent 
Bactria 
Stater 


Baden 

Eintrachtsthaler 

Karolin 

Basinge 

Plate Money 
Bahia 
Pataca 
Peca 
Bamberg 
Fiinfer 

Gnadenpfennig 

Bangkok 

Porcelain Tokens 
Tical 
Bantam 
Bahar 
Catty 
Laxsan 
Peccoe 
LTta 
Bar 

Beguinette 
Denier d’Or 
Masson 
Tallard 
Barbadoes 
Crimbal 

Neptune’s Car Penny 
Pineapple Penny 
Barcelona 
Ardite 
Bossonaya 
Croat 
Dinerillo 
Doblengo 
Duplo 
Malla 
Mancoso 
Menudo 
Ochavo 
Quart 
Quarterne 
Realito 
Reaux 
Seisino 
Sixain 
Tern 
Unetos 
Basle 
Assis 
Brabeon 


Basle (continued) 

Gluckhennen Thaler 
Plancus Thaler 
Bassein 
Bazarucco 
Roda 
Xerapbin 
Bassorah 
Mahmfuli 
Batavia 
Sateleer 
Batembourg 
Pfundner 
Pistolet 

St. Victor Daalder 
Battambang 
Prak Pe 
Sleng 
Bavaria 
Batzen 

Charta Magna Thaler 
Isargold Dukat 
Karolin 
Kopfstiick 
Kronenthaler 
Marienthaler 
Maximilian d’Or 
Schinderling 
Speciesthaler 
V erfassungsthaler 
Weckenpfennige 
Weihemiinzen 
Zwanziger 
Bayeux 
Baiocco 
Bearn 
Baquette 
Douzain 
Quart d’Ecu 
Vacquette 
Beauvais 
Anvoire 
Belgium 
Centime 
Franc 
Frank 

Leopold d’Or 
Permische Schilling 
Plak 
Bellac 
Marques 


270 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Bellinzona 
Tirolino 
Beneventum 
Danaro 
Mancoso 
Tremissis 
Bengal 
Anna 
Badam 
Duddu 
Mohur 
Pice 
Pie 
Poni 
Rupee 
Sicca Rupee 
Bentheim 

Adler-pfennig 

Malschilling 

Berg 

Cassa Thaler 
Engelthaler 
Raderalbus 
Stiiber 

Wappenturnose 
Bergamo 
Grossello 
Marchetto 
Bermuda Islands 
Hog Money 
Tobacco 
Berne 

Bar Pfennige 
Batzen 
Blaffert 
Dicken 
Laubthaler 
Berri 

Baviardus 

Besanpon 

Carolus 

Estevenante 

Bijapur 

Larin 

Blois 

Blesensis 

Boeotia 

League Coinage 

Bohemia 

Breite Groschen 
Dick Thaler 


Bohemia (continued) 
Gros 

Jagdthaler 
Judeninedaillen 
Kattersinken 
Kopy 
Krejcar 
Maly Groszy 
Piefort 
Putschanel 
Thaler 
Bois-le-Duc 
Gigot 
Bokhara 
Tenga 
Bolivia 
Boliviano 
Sueldo 
Tomin 
Toston 
Bologna 
Bagarone 
Baiocco 
Bianco 
Biancone 
Bolognino 
Bononenus 
Carlino 
Doblone 
Doppia 
Gabella 
Gobbi 
Graici 
Gregorio 
Hongre 
Madonnina 
Murajola 
Paolino 
Pepulea 
Quattrinello 
Quattrino 
Ragno 
Sanpetronio 
Sisto 

Tredesino 

Bombay 

Bazarucco 

Budgrook 

Carival 

Dorea 


Bombay (continued) 
Duggani 
Fanam 
Fuddea 
Mohur 
Paunchea 
Pice 
Rupee 
Tola 
Urdee 
Bonn 

Cassiusgroschen 

Bordeaux 

Chitopense 

Fort 

Pavilion d’Or 
Talbot 
Borneo 
Cent 
Bosnia 
Noveic 
Bourges 
Baliardus 
Bourbonnais 
Brabant 
Albertin 
Angelot 
Blamiiser 
Botdrager 
Brabandsch Schild 
Brabant 
Braspenning 
Briquet 
Brymann 
Daalder 
Double 
Dreilander 
Drielatider 
Engel 
Esterlin 
Filips Gulden 
Franc a Clieval 
Gigot 

Gouden Kroon 
Gouden Lam 
Griffon 
Grootken 
Gros au Chatel 
Gros au Lion 
Guillemin 
Korten 


Brabant (continued) 
Krabbelaar 
Kromstaart 
Kruisdaalder 
Labay 
Leeuw 
Lovenaar 
Mechelaar 
Myte 

Negenmenneke 

Oirtken 

Patagon 

Patard 

Penning 

Peter 

Philippus 

Philippus Daalder 

Plak 

Poy 

Priesken 

Reaal 

Recheupfennige 

Robustus Daalder 

Roosebeker 

Rozenobel 

Schaelgy 

Schild 

Schiisselpfennige 

Schuitken 

Schurmann 

Souverain 

Tarelares 

Torentje 

Tourelle 

Tuin 

Urchin 

Yierlander 

Ylieguyt 

Vlies 

Witten 

Zonnekroon 

Zwarte Penning 

Brandenburg 

Albertusthaler 

Dreigroscher 

Palkendukat 

Ilohlpfennige 

Kehlpfennig 

Kippermiinzen 

Kreisobristen Thaler 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Brandenburg (continued) 
Okelpenning 
Ort 
Scherf 

Sechsgroscher 

Souveranitatsthaler 

Thaler 

Yierchen 

Yinkenauge 

Zvvolfgroscher 

Brazil 

Balastraca 

Conto 

Cruzadinho 

Milreis 

Moidore 

Pataca 

Peca 

Breda 

Yelddaalder 
Brederode 
Angelot 
Bremen 
Diitchen 
Flinderke 
Gold Thaler 
Grote 
Kopfstiick 
Sell ware n 
Brescia 
Pianetto 
Breslau 

Pest Thaler 
Rempel Heller 
Bressa 

Borgesi Neri 
Bretagne 
Barbarin 
Carolus 
Douzain 
Lemocia 
Targa 
Brindisi 
Apuliense 
Augustalis 
Follaro 

British East India 
(See Indian States) 
British Guiana 
Bit 

I Cent 


271 

British Guiana (continued) 
Groat 
Guilder 
Joe 
Stiver 

British Honduras 

Cent 

Macquina 
British West Indies 
Dobra 
Fond 
Groat 
Joe 
Moco 
Pistareen 
Sheedy 
Sou Mark 
Spanish Sixpence 
Three Halfpence 
Threepence 
Tobacco 
Brittany 

(See Bretagne) 

Bromberg 
B rummer 
Bruges 
Bourgeois 
Brunswick 
Achtelthaler 
Achter 

Albertusthaler 
Aloe thaler 
Andreas Thaler 
Annengroschen 
Ausbeutemiinzen 
Carl d’or 
E i n tr ac li t s th al e r 
Fortuna Thaler 
Ge burtstagsthaler 
Glockenthaler 
Gute Groschen 
Harzgold Dukat 
Jakobsthaler 
Licht Thaler 
Loserthaler 
Liigenthaler 
Mariengroschen 
Matthiasgroschen 
Miickenpfennig 
Ort 


272 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Brunswick (continued) 
Pelikanthaler 
Rebellenthaler 
Rossgulden 
Schil'fsthaler 

Schmalkaldisclier Bundes- 
thaler 

Spruchtlialer 
Stockfisch thaler 
Usualmark 
Wahrlieits thaler 
Wespenthaler 
Wildemannsthaler 

Brussels 

Artesienne 

Brusselaar 

Maille 

Buchhorn 

Hirtenpfennig 
Buenos Aires 
Decimo 
Bulgaria 
Alexander 
Canteim 
Centime 
Kantem 
Leu 

Stotinka 

Burgos 

Agnus Dei 
Blanca 
Noveno 
Pdpion 
Real 
Burgundy 
Albertin 
Albertusthaler 
Angroigne 
Briquet 

Burgunderthaler 

Divionensis 

Dblpelthaler 

Estevenante 

Erelucques 

Gouden Kroon 

Gros a la Marie 

Kreuzthaler 

Kruisdaalder 

Niquet 

Noble 


Burgundy (continued) 
Patard 
Plak 

St. Andries Gulden 
Stuiver 
Burma 

Brick Tea 
Daing ■ 

Dinga 

Ganza 

Kabean 

Keiat 

Tical 

Tjentai 

Viss 

Byzantium 

Concave Coins 

Constantinati 

Follis 

Globular Coins 
Mancoso 
Michalati 
Romanati 
Romano 
Solidus 
Tetarteron 
Tremissis 
Tricephalus 
Triens 
Trimisium 
Turchifarus 
Cagliari 

Cagliaresco 

Cagliarese 

Frazione 

Minuto 

Calabria 

Robertino 

Calais 

Noble 

Salute 

Calcutta 

Tola 

Calicut 

Tard 

Camarina 

Pentoncion 

Cambodia 

Att 

Fuang 


Cambodia (continued) 

Gall 
Nen 
Prak Pe 
Quan 
Sleng 

Cambrai 

Coquibus 

Maille 

On-le-vault 

Patard 

Yaltan 

Camerino 

Giulio 

Paolino 

Campen 

Butgen 
Souverain 
Stichtsche Stuiver 
Stooter 

Canada 

Anchor Pieces 

Blacksmith Tokens 

Bouquet Series 

Bout de L’lsle Tokens 

Card Money 

Cent 

Chelin 

Communion Tokens 
George 

Habitant Tokens 
Harps 

Hudson’s Bay Tokens 
Marqud 
Mousquetaire 
Papineau 
Rebellion Token 
Repentigny Tokens 
Ships, Colonies, and Com- 
merce Tokens 
Side View Tokens 
Skins of Animals 
Sous 

Sou Tokens 
Tiffins 

Yexator Canadinsis 
Wellington Tokens 

Canary Islands 

Fisca 


Candia 

(See also Crete) 
Cavallina 
Drachma 
Gazzetta 

Canton 

Hsien 

Cape of Good Hope 
Good Tors 
Capo d’Istria 
Lepton 
Phoenix 
Capua 
Follaro 
Caria 

Myshemihecte 

Carinthia 

Pfundner 

Carlberg 

Plate Money 
Carmagnola 
Cavallotto 
Cornabo 
Rollbatzen 
Caroline Islands 
Stone Money 
Carpentrasso 
Argento 
Carthage 

Hexadrachm 
Leather Money 
Triobol 
Casale 
Azzalino 
Bianchetto 
Cervette 
Cervia 
Cornabo 
Cornone 
Maglio 
Parpagliola 
Rollbatzen 
Cashmere 

(See Kaschmir) 
Castel san Angelo 
Plagauner 
Castile 

Agnus Dei 
Aguila de Oro 
Blanco 
Castellauo 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Castile (continued) 

Cornado 

Dobla de la Banda 
Dobla de los Excelentes 
Marabotin Alfonsin 
Morisca 
Pdpion 
Tarja 
Castro 

Baiochetto 

Castroni 

Catalonia 

Acrimontana 

Ochavo 

Quart 

Catania 

Pentoncion 

Cattaro 

Follaro 

Cayenne 

Black Dogs 
Noirs 
Stampee 
Tampe 
Ceilao 

Xeraphin 

Celebes 

Benggolo 

Doewi 

Dschingara 

Koupa 

Central America 

Centavo 

Centimo 

Colon 

Cordoba 

Cuartino 

Decimo 

Real 

Sun Dollar 
Centuripae 
Deconcion 
Ceuta 
Ceitil 
Ceylon 
Blob 
Cent 
Challies 
Duit 
Dump 
Farthing 


273 

Ceylon (continued) 

Kamsa 

Larin 

Masaka 

Massa 

Pana 

Ridi 

Rix Dollar 

Rupee 

Stiver 

Suku 

Tang 

Tanga 

Three Halfpence 
Threepence 
Chalcidice 

League Coinage 
Chandergerry 
Pagoda 
Chandernagor 
Fanam 
Chaul 

Bazarucco 
Chihuahua 
Cuartilla 
Sand Dollar 
Chile 
Condor 
Doblon 
Escudo 
Peso 
Toston 
China 
Amulets 

Ants’ Xose Coins 

Arrow Head Money 

Bamboo Money 

Bell Money 

Brick Tea 

Bridge Money 

Candareen 

Carapace Money 

Cash 

Catty 

Cent 

Ch’ao 

Chiao 

Ch’ien 

Ch’ien Fan 

Chih Pi 

Chih-tsien 


274 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


China (continued) 
Chin 

Chin Tao 

Chu 

Ch’uan 

Chung Pao 

Cicada Money 

Clean Dollars 

Cowries 

Eiraku Sen 

Elm Seed Money 

Fen 

Flying Money 
Eu 

Goose Eye Coins 
Hao 

IIo Pu 
Hsien 
II ua 
Hu an 
II no 

Kangtang 

Kiao-tze 

Kia-tseh-ma 

Kin 

Kit-tao 

Kiu-Ma 

Knife Money 

Kuan 

Kua teng Ch’ien 
Ku Pu 
Lai Tzu 
Li 

Liang 

Lily Root Money 

Lo-han Cash 

Mace 

Maradoe 

Mil 

Mu Ch’ien 

Nan Ch’ien 

Pan Liang 

Pao 

Pei 

Pi 

Pi Cli’an 

Pi Tch’eng Ma. 

Pu 

Pu Ch’uan 

Salt 

Sjen 


China (continued) 
Spade Money 
Sycee Silver 
Tael 

Ta-mig-ma 

Temple Money 

Tiao 

Ting 

Tseh Ma 

Tso-tao 

Tung 

Tung Pi 

Wan-yin 

Weight Money 

Wen 

Wu Tchu 
Yak-mig-ma 
Yang Ch’ien 
Yh 

Ying Ting 
Yin Kwan 
Yuan 
Yuan Fa 
Yuan Pao 
Yu Cilia Ch’ien 
Chios 

League Coinage 
Tetrachalk 
Tri chalk 
Chivasso 
Russino 
Chur 

Rluzger 

Bocksthaler 

Circars 

Faluce 

Civita-Vecchia 

Raiocco 

Madonnina 

Menudo 

Clazomence 

League Coinage 
Clermont-Ferrand 
Duran tingi 
Cleve 

Blam unsen 
Engelthaler 
Fettmannchen 
Stern Groschen 
Cluny 

Mediacula 


Cnidus 

Alliance Coins 
Cochin 
Bazarucco 
Clou 
Puttan 
Coimbra 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 
Colditz 

Horngroschen 

Cologne 

Albus 

Appelgulden 
Convention Money 
Fettmannchen 
Hitarc Pfennige 
Mark 
Morchen 
Petrus Schilling 
Raderalbus 
Ursula Thaler 
Wappenturnose 
Colombia 
Colombiauo 
Condor Doblado 
Cuartino 
Grenadino 
Peso 
Toston 
Colophon 

League Coinage 
Tarteniorion 
Como 
Obolino 
Constance 
Blaffert 

Ewiger Pfennig 

o o 

Rollbatzen 

Copiapo 

Peso 

Corcyra 

Korkuraioi Stateres 
Cordova 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 
Corea 

(See Korea) 

Corinth 

Colts 

Decalitron 

Didrachm 

Pegasi 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


275 


Corinth (continued) 
Stater 

Trihemiobolion 

Correggio 

Camillino 

Cavallotto 

Murajola 

Parpagliola 

Quirino 

San Giovannino 
Trellino 
Ungaro 
Corsica 
Yintina 
Cortemiglia 
Carrettini 
Corvey 

Kippermiinzen 
Costa Rica 
Centimo 
Colon 
Sun Dollar 
Courland 

Gnadenpfennig 

Cracow 

Granas 

Cranium 

Trihemiobolion 

Cremieu 

Ecu du Dauphind 
Moreau 
Cremona 
Cremonese 
Mistura 
Crete 

(See also Candia) 
Drachma 
Lebetes 
Crevacuore 
Tirolino 
Crimea 
Kyrmis 
Tscbal 
Crotona 

Incuse Coins 
Cuba 
Cent 
Cuarenta 
Marti 
Viente 


Cuenca 

Ptspion 

Cumae 

Myshemihecte 

Curajao 

Escalin 

Reaal 

Cutch 

Adhada 

Ardpanchio 

Dhingalo 

Dokdo 

Ibramee 

Kori 

Panchia 

Tambio 

Cyme 

Tridrachm 
Cyprus (Ancient) 
Anchors 
Cyprus (Modern) 
Caitne 
Carzia 
Florin 
Kharrubeh 
Piastre 
Shilling 
Sixpence 
Sizinia 
Cyrene 

Hemichrysos 
Hemihect^ 
Kyranaion 
Cyzicus 
Cyzicenes 
Trite 
Dalmatia 
Galeazzo 
Grossetto 
Perpero 
Damao 
Roda 
San Joao 
Danish West Indies 
Bit 
Cent 
Daler 
Franc 
Danzig 
Solidus 
Ternar 


Danzig (continued) 
Tympf 

Tysschen Thaler 
Dauphiny 
Cadifere 
Carlin 
Carolus 
Dauphin 

Ecu dn Dauphin^ 
Gminar 
Quart d’Ecu 
Redotatos 
Sol Coronat 
Deccan 
Alamgiri 
Dhabbu 
Pice 
Shalii 
Tukkuh 
Dehli 
Adli 
Buhloli 
Dam 
Nash 
Tan kali 
Delphi 
Odelos 
Denmark 
Attesaal 
Brillen Dukat 
Christian d’Or 
Ebenezer 
Ebraer 
Engelsk 
Fanam 

Firleyoe Mont 

Fortuna Thaler 

Fredericks d’Or 

H ebraer 

Hvid 

Ivas 

Klippe 

Kopfstiick 

Korsvide 

Krone 

Mark 

Ordensthaler 

Penge 

Pumphosen Krone 
Reisedaler 


276 

Denmark (continued) 
Rigsdaler 
Royalin 
Skilling 
Soesling 
Stykke 
Deventer 
Butgen 
Deventergans 
Flabbe 

Gehelmdeschelling 
Gosseler 
Snaphaan 
Stichtsche Stuiver 
Dezana 
Cornone 
Moraglia 
Didyma 

Temple Coins 
Dijon 

Divionensis 

Salute 

Dinant 

Gros k l’Aigle 

Diu 

Atia 

Bazarucco 

Rupia 

Xeraphin 

Djambi 

Pitje 

Dominica 

Moco 

Dominican Republic 

Centimo 

Cinco 

Franco 

Dorpat 

Artig 

Ferding 

Dortmund 

Blamuser 

Dreizehner 

Reinoldigroschen 

Dresden 

Hosenband Thaler 

Diiren 

Herzogsgroschen 

Durango 

Cuartilla 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Durazzo 

Gigliato 

Duurstede 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 

Dutch Indies 
Bahar 
Benggolo 
Bonk 
Cash 
Catty 
Doewi 
Double Key 
Dubbeltje 
Dschingara 
Ducaton 
Duit 
Escalin 
Gobog 
Guilder 
Kangtang 
Kedjer 
Kentkl 
Kktkng 
Ketip 
Kou 
Koupa 
Koupan 
Krishnala 
Kroon 
Laxsan 
Mas 
Pagoda 
Pardaw 
Pitje 
Puttau 
Sateleer 
Segeloh 
Soekoe 
Stuiver 
Suku 

Sycee Silver 
Tali 
Tang 
Tanga 
Ecuador 
Condor 
Doblado 
Sucre 
Toston 


Eferding 

Leather Money 

Egypt (Ancient) 
Alexandreion 
Alexandrian Coinage 
Aryandic Coinage 
Decachalk 
Glass Coins 
Heptobol 
Hexadrachm 
Hexobol 
Mnaieion 
Octachalk 
Octadrachm 
Pentadrachm 
Pentastater 
Pentecontradrachm 
Pentobolon 
Porcelain Coins 
Ptolomaici 
Ring Money 
Triobol 

Egypt (Modern) 
Abu-Cinco 
| Abu-Mafta 
Abuquelp 
Abu-tera 
Aqdscheh 
Arbaa 
Aschera 
Bedidlik 
Beshlik 
Beutel 
Borbi 

Cataa Harnsie 
Chamsi 
Ducatello 
Forli 
Funduk 
Ghrush 
Glass Coins 
Guersh 
Kairien 
| Mangir 
Medino 
Millieme 
Miscal 
Nusflik 
Onlik 
Piastre 

Pound Turkish 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


277 


Egypt (continued) 

Rsch 

Ruba 

Sequin 

Zer-mahbub 

Eimbeck 

Kortling 

Usualmark 

Eisleben 

Lutherthaler 

Ekaterinburg 

Piatak 

Elberfeld 

Bread Tokens 
Elbing 

Trepolcher 

Elis 

Tartemorion 

Emden 

Kromstaart 

Schaap 

Schlecht Thaler 
Schuppen 
Witten 
England 
Alderman 
Ale-silver 
Angel 
Angelet 
Angelot 

Anglo-Gallic Coins 

Annulet Coinage 

Awpenny 

Bean 

Bender 

Bener Dener 

Bit 

Black Dogs 

Black Money 

Blacksmith Half Groat 

Blunt 

Bob 

Bonnet Type 
Boulton’s Twopence 
Bowed Money 
Brass 

Breeches Money 
Briot’s Crown 
Britain Crown 
Britannia Groat 
Broad 


England (continued) 
Brockage 
Brown 
Bull 

Butchers’ Half-pence 

Canaries 

Canopy Type 

Cartwheel 

Carucage 

Cash 

Chany 

Chequin 

Chesle Money 

Chimney Money 

Chinker 

Coal Money 

Copper 

Copper Hoses 

Counter 

Couter 

Crocard 

Crown 

Crown of the Rose 

Cunnetti Type 

Dagger Money 

Dandiprat 

Danegelt 

Darby 

Decus 

Deuce 

Devil’s Bit 

Dibs 

Dinders 

Disk 

Dodkin 

Doit 

Dollar 

Drake 

Dripmy Bit 

Ducats 

Duffer 

Dump 

Dust 

Earnest 

Ecclesiastical Coins 
Esterlin 
Exurgat Money 
Eadge 

Falconer’s Half Crown 
Farthing 


England (continued) 
Ferling Noble 
Festing Penny 
Fiddle 
Fiddler 
Fitpence 
Fiver 
Flag 
Flimsy 
Florin 

Galley Halfpence 
George 
George Noble 
Georgius Triumpho 
Glove Money 
Godless Florin 
Goldy 

Gothic Crown 
Graceless Florin 
Gray 

Green Silver 

Groat 

Grocery 

Guinea 

Halfling 

Half Penny 

Hanover Sovereign 

Harington 

Harry Groat 

Harry Sovereign 

Hat Money 

Head Silver 

Heregeld 

Herring Silver 

Hock Money • 

Hock Tuesday Money 
Hog 

Hoppers’ Money 

Horse and Jockey 

Jack 

Jacobus 

Jane 

Jingle Boy 
Joey 

Jubilee Money 
King George 
King’s Picture 
King’s Silver 
Kite 

Larding Money 


278 

England (continued) 
Laurel 
Leopard 
Lima Coinage 
Lion 

Lion Shilling 

Long Cross Type 

Lord Lucas Farthings 

Lundrenses 

Lundress 

Lushburger 

Maerra Peninga 

Mag 

Magpie 

Maille Noble 

Make 

Mancus 

Marigold 

Maundy Money 

Megg 

Meke 

Military Guinea 
Milled Money 
Mise Money 
Mite 

Moneyage 
Money Batterer 
Monkey 
Mopus 
Mule 

Ninepence 

Nippence 

Noble 

Noble Angels 
Norman Penny 
Offering Pieces 
Old Milk Penny 
Onion Penny 
Oof 
Ora 

Oxford Crown 
Oxford Unite 
Paul 

Pax Type 

Pelf 

Penny 

Penny Poize 

Penny Yard Pence 

Pentecostals 

Perkin Warbeck Groat 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

England (continued) 

Peter’s Pence 
Petition Crown 
Pig 

Pin Money 
Pistole 
Pistolet 
Pitching Pence 
Plough Alms 
Plough Silver 
Plum 
Pollard 
Poney 

Porcelain Tokens 
Porpyne 

Portcullis Money 
Pound 

Prestation Money 
Proclamation Money 
Pudsey Sixpence 

Q 

Quakers’ Money 

Queen Anne Farthing 

Queen Gold 

Quid 

Rag 

Ready 

Red 

Reddite Crown 

Rigmarie 

Ring Money 

Rosa Americana 

Rosary 

Rose Crown 

Rose Pennies 

Rose Ryal 

Ruddock 

Ryal 

Salding 

Salt Silver 

Salute 

Sceat 

Scilling 

Scimminger 

Scrat 

Scriddick 

Scute 

Scuttick 

Senage 

Sheep Silver 


England (continued) 

Sheriff Geld 

Shilling 

Shiner 

Ship Money 

Short Cross Type 

Shovel Board 

Simon 

Sixpence 

Sleeping 

Slip 

Smasher 

Smelt 

Smoke Farthings 

Sola Coinage 

Sovereign 

Spade Guinea 

Spanker 

Sprat 

Spur Ryal 

Squiddish 

Stag 

Steenie 

Sterling 

Stickamstam 

Styca 

Suit Silver 

Suskin 

Swarf Money 

Swine Pennies 

Tanner 

Tenner 

Testoon 

Thick ’un 

Thirteener 

Thirteen-pence-half-penny 

Thistle Crown 

Three Farthings 

Three Halfpence 

Threepence 

Thrymsa 

Tin 

Tinker 

Tithing Penny 

Tizzy 

Tokens 

Touch-piece 

Trophy Money 

Tumbling Tams 

Unite 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


279 


England (continued) 
Veal Money 
Vigo Coinage 
Ward Penny 
Whistler 
Whiteliart Silver 
White Money 
Wire Money 
Wolsey’s Groat 
Wooden Money 
■Wood Geld 
Wyn 

Yellow Boy 
Yellow George 
Entella 

Hemilitrion 

Ephesus 

Alliance Coins 
League Coinage 
Thibronian Money 
Tridrachm 
Eretria 

League Coinage 

Erfurt 

Bettlerthaler 
Horngroschen 
Pest Thaler 
Streitpfennige 
Eritrea 
Tallero 
Erythrae 

League Coinage 
Essen 

Fettmannchen 
Essequibo and Demerara 
Guilder 
Joe 
Stiver 
Esthonia 
Livonese 
Balia 

Skins of Animals 

Ethiopia 

(See also Abyssinia) 

Arnolds 

Pedgat 

Euboea 

League Coinage 

Evora 

Cruzado 


Faenza 

Leather Money 

Fano 

Biaochella 

Mistura 

Fermo 

Madonnina 

Ferrara 

Alicorno 

Bagarone 

Bolognino 

Cavalitti 

Diamante 

Ferrarino 

Idra 

Marchesino 
Masenetta 
Murajola 
Paolo 
Quattrino 
Testone 
Fiji 
Cent 
Finland 
Markka 
Penni 
Fiume 
Flicca 
Flanders 
Albertin 
Aydans 
Botdrager 
Brabant 
Carambole 
Cavalier 
Clinckaert 
Croondaalder 
Denier d’Or 
Escoufle 
Esterlin 
Gewere 
Guillemin 
Ilaies d’Or 
Heaume 
Korten 
Leeuw 
Lion d’Or 
Lion Heaume 
Maille 

Monnaies Angevines 
Myte 


Flanders (continued) 
Patard 

Pliilippus Daalder 

P°y 

Koosebeker 

Vierlander 

Florence 

Bargellino 

Barile 

Carliuo 

Cosimo 

Cotale 

Duetto 

Florin 

Francescone 

Gigliato 

Grazia 

Grossone 

Guelfo 

Moneta di Coppella 

Moneta Lunga 

Pezza 

Piastre 

Piastrino 

Picciolino 

Popolino 

Quattrino 

Quinto 

Biccio 

Bosalino 

Buspone 

Sancto Zoanne 

Stellino 

Tallero 

Ungaro 

Zecchiuo Zanobio 
Fosdinovo 
Luigino 
France 
Abenge 

Absolutionsthaler 

Acrimontana 

Agnel 

Albertin 

Ange d’Or 

Angelot 

Angevin 

Anglo-Gallic Coins 
An voire 
Appoints 


280 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


France (continued) 
Argent le Roy 
Arnaldes 
Arrhes 
Assignat 
Baquette 
Barbarin 
Baudequin 
Baviardus 
Bille 
Blanc 
Bon Gros 
Bourbonnais 
Bourgeois 
Braise 
Brassage 
Cadidre 
Carle 
Carlin 
Carolus 
Cavalier 
Centime 
Cercle 
Chaise 
Chienes 
Chiqua 
Chitopense 
Compagnon 
Coupure 
Couronne d’Or 
Couronne du Soleil 
Couronnelle 
Dardenne 
Dauphin 
Decime 
Denier 
Denier d’Or 
Denier Palatin 
Denier Parisis 
Divionensis 
Dixain 
Double 

Double Lorrain 

Doublon 

Douzain 

Durantingi 

Ecu 

Esterlin 

Face 

Fleur de Lis 


France (continued) 
Florette 
Florin 

Florin-Georges 

Fort 

Franc 

Fretin 

Fruste 

Gloriam Regni 

Gourde 

Gros 

Gudnar 

Guillot 

Guinnois 

Hardi 

Heaume 

Henri d’Or 

Jaunet 

Jeton 

Laubthaler 

Leather Money 

Leinocia 

Leopard 

Leopoldino 

Leopoldo 

Liard 

Lingot 

Lion 

Lion d’Or 
Lis d’Argent 
Lis d’Or 
Livre 

Livre Tournois 
Louis 

Louis aux Lunettes 

Louis aux Palmes 

Louis d’Or 

Luigino 

Maille 

Mansois 

Mantelet d’Or 

Marc 

Marqud 

Masse d’Or 

Masson 

Medaillon 

Mdreau 

Millards 

Mirliton 

Monarque 


France (continued) 
Moneta Palatina 
Monnaies 
Monneron Tokens 
Morveux 
Mouton 
Napoleon 
Niquet 
Noailles 
Noble 
Obole 
On-le-vault 
Ottene 
Parisis 
Passir 
Patacchina 
Patard 
Patte d’oie 
Pavilion d’Or 
Philippe 
Pidce de Plaisir 
Pied-Guailloux 
Piefort 
Pignatelle 
Pile 

Pimpion 

Pinpennellos 

Pistole 

Plated Coins 

Pogesia 

Poid 

Poillevillain 

Poinqon 

Points Secrets 

Poitevin 

Poupon 

Provinois 

Quart d’Ecu 

Raimondine 

Reaux 

Rechenpfennige 

Redotatos 

Refrappd 

Reine 

Rond 

Roue 

Rouleau 

Roupie 

Royal Coronat 
Royal d’Or 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


281 


France (continued) 
Royal Parisis Double 
Saiga 
Salute 
Side 
Sixain 
Sol 

Sol Coronat 

Soldo 

Sol-sanar 

Sonnette 

Sou 

Sou d’Or 

Spadin 

Sueldo 

Talbot 

Tamp6 

Terlina 

Teston 

Tournois 

Tranche Cordonde 

Tremissis 

Tresin 

Trou£ 

Trouvaille 

Yacquette 

Yertugadin 

Frankfort a. M. 

Bolette 

Engel 

Impierans Golt 
Janauschek Thaler 
Jeneuoser 
Judenpfennige 
Katzen Gulden 
Kolhasen Gulden 
Reichsalbus 

Freiberg 

Horngroschen 

Freiburg (Breisgau) 
Denarii Corvorum 
Rappen 

Freiburg (Switzerland) 
Fiinfer 
Piecette 
Tir Federal 
Tr^sel 

Freistadt 

Zinnenthurmheller 


French Colonies 

Marqud 

Marqu^ Blanc 

Noirs 

Quadruble 

Rouleau 

Sol 

Stampee 

Tampd 

Friesland 

Arends-Rijksdaalder 

Bankschelling 

Bezemstuiver 

Braspenning 

Flindrich 

Guilder 

Hvid 

Koggerdaalder 

Leijcesterdaalder 

Oertchen 

Oord 

Pietje 

Rijder 

Scheepjeschelling 

Schubbe 

Snaphaan 

Stiiber 

Stuiver 

Upstalsboom Thaler 
Witten 
Frinco 

Chiavarino 

Dozzeno 

Friuli 

Bagattino 
Mancoso 
Fulda 
Bluzger 
Gaeta 
Follaro 
Garpenberg 
Plate Money 
Gelderland 

(See Gueldres) 

Geneva 

Ecu Pistolet 

Genevoise 

Gringalet 

Huitain 

Pignatelle 

Pistole 


Geneva (continued) 
Pistole Forte 
Quart 
Sol 
Genoa 
Asper 
Crosazzo 
Doppia 
Genovino 
Giannino 
Giustino 
Januini 
Ligurino 
Luigino 
Madonnina 
Minuto 
Novini 
Ottavetti 
Patacchina 
Pite 

Quartaro 
Quartarola 
Realone 
San Giovannino 
Scudo di Oro 
Sesino 
Terzarola 
j Georgia 
Abbasi 
Asper 
Bisti 
Botinat 
Chauri 
Drakani 
Phoul 
Pul 

Schauri 

Thetri 

German East Africa 
Heller 
Paisd 
Rupie 

German States and Cities 
Achtbriiderthaler 
Aclitelthaler 
Achter 
Adler 

Albansgulden 

Albertusthaler 

Albus 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


282 

German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Aloethaler 
Andreas Thaler 
Annengroschen 
Appelgulden 
Arenkopf 

Ascanische Pfennige 

August d’Or 

Augustos 

Ausbeutemiinzen 

Auswurf Miiuzen 

Baetzner 

Banco 

Bauugeld 

Batzen 

Bauerngroschen 

Baueru Thaler 

Beichtthaler 

Bernhardsgrosclieu 

Bettlerthaler 

Beutgroschen 

Blaffert 

Blaniiiser 

Blechmiinzen 

Blutpi'ennig 

Bolette 

Bracteates 

Bread Tokens 

Breite Groschen 

Brenisenthaler 

Buudesthaler 

Bursarienzeichen 

Busch 

Carl d’or 

Cassa Thaler 

Cassius Groschen 

Catechismusthaler 

Cliarta Magna Thaler 

Christfest Thaler 

Christkindl Dukat 

Church Tokens 

Convention Money 

Coronation Coins 

Cosel Gulden 

Creutzer 

Cruitzer 

Cyrillus Thaler 

Danielsthaler 

Davidsthaler 


German States and Cities 
(continued) 

Denar 

Denarii Corvorum 
Denkmiinze 
Dick Thaler 
Dreier 

Dreigroscher 

Dreikaiserthaler 

Dreiling 

Dreipolker 

Dreissiger 

Dreizehner 

Driittainer 

Dukat 

Eckige Pfennige 
Edelrost 
Eintrachtsthaler 
Engel 

Engelsgroschen 

Engelthaler 

Ephraimiten 

Ernst d’Or 

Esterlin 

Etschkreuzer 

Falkendukat 

Falsche Miiuzen 

Federn Thaler 

Feingoldgulden 

Feinsilberthaler 

Feldthaler 

Fettmannchen 

Fewreysen 

Fledermaus 

Flinderke 

Flindrich 

Flitter 

Florin 

Fortuna Thaler 
Fuchs 

Fiirstengroschen 

Geburtstagsthaler 

Gedachtnismiinzen 

Gelbvogel 

Geld 

Gelegenheitsmiinzen 

Georgsthaler 

Gerlacus 

Glaubensthaler 

Glockenthaler 


German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Gnadenpfennig 
Gosgen 
Gold Fuchs 
Gold Thaler 
Gontzen Pfennig 
Gottesfreund Thaler 
Groschel 
Groschen 
Grote 
Gulden 

Guldetigroschen 
Gute Groschen 
Hacksilber 
Halbling 
Handel heller 
Hahnrei Thaler 
Halb 
Ilalber 

Harzgold Dukat 

Hausgroschen 

Heckniiinzen 

Heilandsmiinzen 

Helbling 

Heller 

Hellier 

Helmarc 

Helnipfennig 

Herrengroschen 

Herzogsgroscheu 

Heymannchen 

Hirschgulden 

Hirtenpfennig 

Hitarc Pfennige 

Hohlpfennige 

Horngrosclien 

Hosenband Thaler 

Hubertusthaler 

Huldigungs Miinzen 

Hussthaler 

Inpierans Golt 

Interimsthaler 

Iriden 

Isargold Dukat 
Jakobsthaler 
Janauschek Thaler 
Jeneuoser 
Jesus Thaler 
Joachimstlialer 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


283 


German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Jubileums Thaler 
Judenkopfgroschen 
Judenpfennige 
Juliusloser 
Kaisertbaler 
Kammerherrentlialer 
Karolin 

Kassenmannchen 

Kassenthaler 

Katherinengroschen 

Ivatzen Gulden 

Kehlpfennig 

Kippermiinzen 

Kirclienpfennige 

Klappmiitzenthaler 

Klotergeld 

Kolnische Mark 

Kortling 

Kolhasen Gulden 
Kometenthaler 
Kopfstiick 
Korn 

Kosel Gulden 

Kreditmiinzen 

Kreisobristen Thaler 

Kreuzer 

Kreuzgroschen 

Kronungs Miinzen 

Kronenthaler 

Kronigte 

Kiirassier Thaler 

Kugildi 

Landmiinze 

Landsberger Pfennige 

Lappen 

Laubthaler 

Laurentiusgulden 

Legierung 

Leicht Geld 

Licht Thaler 

Linsen Dukaten 

Locumtenensthaler 

Loserthaler 

Losungs Dukat 

Lowenpfennige 

Lot 

Lotterie Dukat 
Ltigenthaler 


German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Lutherthaler 
Madonnenthaler 
Magister Thaler 
Malschilling 
Margaretengroschen 
Mariengroschen 
Marien thaler 
Mark 

Martinsgulden 

Martinsthaler 

Marzellen 

Matthiasgroschen 

Maximilian d’Or 

Metzblanken 

Mimigardeford Deniers 

Mise 

Morchen 

Moritzpfennige 

Miickenpfennig 

Miinze 

Miinzfuiul 

Miinz Zeichen 

Myte 

Kapgen Heller 

Notmiinzen 

Oertchen 

Orterer 

Okelpenning 

Ordens thaler 

Ort 

Ortelin 

Ortsthaler 

Ottenpfennige 

Passir 

Pathenmiinzen 

Patriotenthaler 

Pelikanthaler 

Pest Thaler 

Petermannclien 

Petrus Schilling 

Pfaffenfeind Thaler 

Pfennig 

Pistole 

Plated Coins 

Polonaise 

Poltora 

Portugaloser 

Pramienthaler 


German States and Cities 
(continued) 

Pyramiden Thaler 

Raderalbus 

Raitpfennige 

Rath Zeichen 

Rautengroschen 

Rebellenthaler 

Rechenpfennige 

Regenbogenscliiissel 

Regensburger 

Reiclisalbus 

Reichsguldeu 

Rheingold Dukat 

Rheinischer Albus 

Robotmarken 

Rossgulden 

St. Afra Dukaten 

Sargpfennig 

Saulen Piastre 

Schaap 

Schauthaler 

Scheidemiinzen 

Scherf 

Schiffs Dukaten 
Schiffsthaler 
Schild Groschen 
Schilling 
Schilling Liibsk 
Schlafrock Thaler 
Schmalkaldiscber Bundes- 
thaler 

Schnepfenpfennige 

Schraubthaler 

Schrot 

Schiisselpfennige 

Schiitzen Thaler 

Schuppen 

Schwaren 

Schwertgroschen 

Sebaldus Thaler 

Sechser 

Sechsling 

Sechstel 

Seligkeitsthaler 

Semissis 

Seniorats Dukat 

Seufzer 

Sieges Thaler 

Silbergroschen 


284 

German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Slegelpenninge 
Sonnenkrone 
Sophiendukat 
Sortengulden 
Souveranitatstlialer 
Speciesthaler 
Spielmarken 
Spitzgroschen 
Spottmiinzen 
Spruchthaler 
Stabler 

Stern Groschen 

Stockfishthaler 

Streitpfennige 

Strohthaler 

Stiiber 

Stuiver 

Suitenmedaillen 

Talar 

Talisman Thaler 
Tauf Thaler 
Thaler 

Thiiringer Groschen 
Tippelgroschen 
Triumph Thaler 
Tympf 

Tysschen Thaler 
Unecht 

Upstalsboom Thaler 

Ursula Thaler 

Usualmark 

Venusthaler 

V erfassungsthaler 

Vermahlungsthaler 

Yierchen 

Vierer 

Yierling 

Vierschildheller 

Vikariats Thaler 

Vinkenauge 

Wahrheitsthaler 

Wappenturnose 

W eckenpf ennige 

Weidenbaum Thaler 

Weihemiinzen 

Weihnachts Thaler 

Wendenpfennige 

Wespenthaler 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

German States and Cities 
(continued) 
Wewelinghofer 
Wiedertaiifer Thaler 
Wildemannsthaler 
Wilhelm d’Or 
Witten 
Zahlpfennig 
Zehner 

Zinnenthurmheller 
Zinsgroschen 
Zopf Dukat 
Zvvanziger 
Zwei Drittel 
Germany (Empire) 
Kriegsfiinfer 
Krone 
Lappen 
Mark 
Pfennig 
Reichsmiinzen 
Gerona 
Duro 
Sixain 
Ghent 

Roosebeker 

Gibraltar 

Half Shiner 
Quart 
Gliickstadt 

Fortuna Thaler 
Goa 

Bastiao 

Bazarucco 

Chazza 

Cherafin 

Esphera 

Pardao 

Pequenino 

Real Branco 

Roda 

Rupia 

S&nar-Kdsu 

San Felipe 

San Joao 

Santo Thomd 

Seratin 

Tanga 

Tutenag 

Xeraphin 

Zeraphin 


Gottingen 

Kortling 

Ort 

Gold Coast 

Ackey 
Boss 
Cabes 
Cowries 
Damba 
Stone Money 
Tabo 
Takoe 
Gombroon 
Besorg 
Gorcum 
Noble 
Goslar 

Arenkopf 

Bauerngroschen 

Berling 

Brillenthaler 

Flitter 

Kreuzgroschen 

Mariengroschen 

Marienthaler 

Matthiasgroschen 

Scherf 

Usualmark 

Gowa 

Dschingara 

Koupa 

. Grand Bassam 
Manilla 
Graubiinden 
Bluzger 
Graz 
Vierer 

Greece (Ancient) 
Alexanders 
Alexandrine Coinage 
Alliance Coins 
Animals 
Archaic Coinage 
Argurion 
Assarion 

Autonomous Coins 

Chalcus 

Charon’s Obol 

Chelonai 

Chrysos 

Cistophorus 


Greece (Ancient : continued) 
Citharephori 
Collybos 
Colts 

Convention Money 
Daric 

Decadrachm 

Decalitron 

Decobol 

Demareteion 

Dichalkon 

Didrachm 

Dikollybon 

Dilitron 

Dinomos 

Dioblon 

Di-Stater 

Dodecadrachm 

Drachm 

Enneobol 

Glaukes 

Gorgoneion 

Hectd 

Hemiassarion 

Hemichalk 

Hemichrysos 

Hemidanake 

Hemidaric 

Hemidrachm 

Hemihectd 

Hemilitrion 

Hemiobol 

Hemistater 

Hemitartemorion 

Hemitetarte 

Heptadrachm 

Heptobol 

Hexadraclim 

Hexas 

Hexastater 

Hexobol 

Histialka 

Incuse Coins 

Karkadona 

Kerma 

Kersa 

Kikkabos 

Kistophoros 

Kitharephoroi 

Kodrantes 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Greece (Ancient : continued) 
Kore 

Korkuraisi Stateres 

Krapatalos 

Krysus 

Kyraneion 

League Coinage 

Lepton 

Lucullei 

Mikron 

Mill-sail Type 

Mina 

Mnaieion 

Morplie 

Myshemihecte 

Myshemitetarte 

Naulum 

Nesiaca Drachma 

Noctua 

N omisma 

Nomos 

Obol 

Octobol 

Odelos 

Odolke 

Owls 

Facheia 

Pallades 

Parthenoi 

Pegasi 

Pelanor 

Pentad rachm 

Pentalitron 

Pentanummion 

Pentastater 

Pentechalkon 

Pentecontadrachm 

Pentecontalitra 

Pentobolon 

Pesson 

Petalon 

Philippi 

Phocaides 

Phokikoi 

Plated Coins 

Plinthos 

Psephos 

Sema 

Semision 

Stater 


285 

Greece (Ancient : continued) 
Talent 
Tartemorion 
Temple Coins 
Testudo 
Tetarte 
Tetartemorion 
Tetrachalk 
Tetradrachm 
Tetranommos 
Tetras 
Tetrastater 
Tetrobolon 
Tettigia 

Thibronian Money 

Tortoises 

Toxotai 

Trias 

Trichalk 

Tridrachm 

Trihemiobolion 

Trihemitartemorion 

Trihemitetartemorion 

Trikollybon 

Triobol 

Triquetra 

Trite 

Tritemorion 

Trochiskos 

Xunistron 

Greece (Modern) 

Drachma 
Icossad rachmon 
Lepton 
Obolos 

Grenoble 

Chiqua 

Ecu du Dauphine 
Moreau 

Groningen 

Butgen 

Cnapcock 

Flabbe 

Jager 

Langrok 

Peerdeke 

Plak 

St. Jans Bijksdaalder 
Statenschelling 


286 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Guadeloupe 

Hainaut (continued) 

Hawaiian Islands 

Collot 

Plaisant 

Akahi Dala 

Doublon 

Tiercelin 

Cent 

Escalin 

Haiti 

Heinrichstadt 

Gourde 

Centime 

Loserthaler 

Guam 

Gourde 

Helvetian Republic 

Cent 

Halberstadt 

(See Switzerland) 

Guanaxuato 

Pfaffenfeind Thaler 

Henneberg 

Cuartilla 

Sargpfennig 

Eiinfer 

Guastalla 

Haldenstein 

Hennegau 

Annunciata 

Bluzger 

Dreilander 

Barbarina 

Hall 

Drielander 

Giulio 

Handelheller 

Yierlander 

Murajola 

Heller 

Herford 

Pezzetta Imperiale 

Hamburg 

Abbey-Pieces 

San Paolo 

Banco 

Hermosillo 

Selmino 

Dreiling 

Cuartilla 

Guatemala 

Leicht Geld 

Hessen 

Cuartino 

Madonnenthaler 

Albus 

Gubbio 

Mariengroschen 

Beutgroschen 

Madonnina 

Mark 

Eiirstengroschen 

Gueldres 

Pest Thaler 

Karolin 

Arnoldus 

Portugaloser 

Schmalkaldischer Bundes 

Briquet 

Scliilling 

thaler 

Clemmergulden 

Sechsling 

Sortengulden 

Ecu d’Or 

Stockfisch thaler 

Wappenturnose 

Gouden Lain 

Witten 

Weidenbaum Thaler 

Kopfstuck 

Hameln 

Wilhelm d’Or 

Leijcestertlialer 

Flitter 

Hildesheim 

Mouton 

Gosgen 

Annengroschen 

Oord 

Kortling 

Bernhardsgroschen 

Pronkdaalder 

Hanau 

Marienthaler 

Rijder 

Reich salbus 

Matthiasgroschen 

Rynsgulden 

Hanover 

Usualmark 

Scheepjeschelling 

Achter 

Hindustan 

Schild 

Annengroschen 

(See also Indian States) 

Snaphaan 

Ernst d’Or 

AdhOah 

Statendaalder 

Feinsilberthaler 

Adi Gutkah 

Stooter 

Georgsthaler 

Adli 

Stuiver 

Gute Groschen 

Aftaby 

Guernsey 

Heaume 

Atm ah 

Double 

Ilelmpfennig 

Bacchanalian Coins 

Gujarat 

Kortling 

Binsat 

Bad am 

Mariengroschen 

Cliahar Goshah 

Gustafsberg 

Silbergroschen 

Chugul 

Plate Money 

Upstalsboom Thaler 

Dam 

Hainaut 

Usualmark 

Damri 

Cavalier 

Witten 

Dehliwala 

Coquibus 

Zwei Drittel 

Hun 

Haies d’Or 

Hasa 

Ilahi 

Petros 

Toweelah 

Jalalah 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


287 


Hindustan (continued) 
Jilaleh 
L’al Jalali 
Milirabi 
Muini 
Nisar 
Pagoda 
Paisa 
Paulah 
Pice 
Ralia 

Sicca Rupee 
Sihansah 
Tukkuh 
Zodiacal Coins 
Histiaea 
Histiaika 
Hohnstein 

Andreas Thaler 
Holland 

(See Netherlands) 
Holstein 

Albertusthaler 

Dreiling 

Diitchen 

Mark 

Schilling 

Witten 

Holy Roman Empire 

Apostel Thaler 

Dreikaiserthaler 

Eulendukaten 

Filips Gulden 

Groschel 

Pfundner 

St. Jans Rijksdaalder 
Schauthaler 
Thaler 
Yierer 
Zweier 
Hong Kong 
Cent 
Dollar 
Hao 
Hsien 
Mil 
Sjen 
Yuan 
Hornes 
Sprenger 


Hungary 

Duarius 

Egisthaler 

Filler 

Florin 

Forint 

Franc 

Georgsthaler 

Gralosken 

Gulden 

Hongre 

Korona 

Krajczar 

Kreuzer 

Malkontentengulden 
Marienthaler 
Marjase 
Obole 
Pataz 
Pattacona 
Pfauenthaler 
Poltura 
Schusterthaler 
Yiererplatten 
Yonds Gulden 
Hyderabad 
Malibubia 
Iceland 
Aur 
Krone 
Illyria 

Grossetto 
Indian States 

(See also Hindustan) 

Abidi 

Adha 

Adhada 

Adheeda 

Adli 

Ahmadi 

Akhtar 

Alamgiri 

Anandaramen 

Ang-tuk 

Ani 

Anna 

Ardha 

Ardpanchio 

Asht 

Asm ani 


Indian States (continued) 
Badam 
Bahram 
Bakiri 

Bakla Asarfi 

Biche 

Budgrook 

Buhloli 

Carival 

Cash 

Chakram 

Charn 

Chopped Dollars 

Crore 

Darb 

Dasa 

Dhabbu 

Dharana 

Dhingalo 

Doddane 

Dorea 

Dramma 

Dub 

Duddu 

Duggdni 

Faluce 

Fan am 

Fanon 

Faruki 

Fuddea 

Glibber 

Haidari 

Heideri 

Imami 

Jafari 

Jettal 

Ivala 

Kaltis 

Karsha 

Kas 

Kasu 

Kazrni 

Khizri 

Kona 

Kutb 

Lac 

Lakshmi Pagoda 

Larin 

Mada 

Mahbubia 


288 

Indian States (continued) 
Mohur 
Mushtari 
Nasfi 
Nishka 
Pad a 
Padaka 
Padika 

Padma Tanka 

Pagoda 

Pala 

Pan a 

Panam 

Panchia 

Pandu 

Paunchea 

Pavali 

Phetang 

Pice 

Pie 

Pon 

Poni 

Portcullis Money 

Pratapa 

Purana 

Purnya 

Raal Lakria 

Rama- tanka 

Rasi 

Rati Seed 
Real 

Real Branco 

Ropaka 

Rupee 

San Rupee 

Satamana 

Shahi 

Shroffed Money 

Sicca Rupee 

Siddiki 

Soolakie 

Sovereign 

Star Pagoda 

Suki 

Suvarna 

Swami Pagoda 

Tang-ka 

Tankah 

Tenga 

Tola 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Indian States (continued) 
Tulabhara Kasu 
Urdee 
Usmani 
Yaraha 
Varahan 
Yodri 
Zahrah 
Indo-China 
Nen 

Piastre de Commerce 
Ionia 

Plated Coins 
Stater 

Ionian Islands 
Ditto Bolo 
Gazzetta 
Lepton 
Miobolo 
Obolos 
Tripenon 
Ireland 
Airgead 

Blacksmith Half Crown 
Bonn 

Cammacks 

Cianog 

Cob Money 

Eagle 

Feorlainn 

Groat 

Gun Money 

Harp 

Hibernias 

Inchquin Money 

Irlandes d’ Argent 

Jack 

Mitre 

Northumberland Shilling 

Ormond Money 

Patricius Farthing 

Patrick 

Penny 

Pistole 

Pollard 

Quadrant 

Rap 

Rebel Money 
Red Harp 
Ring Money 


Ireland (continued) 

Rosary 

Rose Pennies 

Saint Patrick’s Money 

Salding 

Sixpence 

Smulkyn 

Teastun 

Thirteener 

Three Crowns Money 
Three Farthings 
Three Halfpence 
Threepence 
Tinker 
Turney 
Union Penny 
Yoce Populi Coinage 
White Shilling 
Wood’s Coinage 
Yellow Boy 
Isle of Man 
Triquetra 
Isles du Vent 

(See Windward Islands) 
Isles of France 
Marqud 
Isny 
Batzen 
Istria 

Pattacona 

Italian States and Cities 
Aguila de Oro 
Albulo 
Alfonsino 
Alicorno 
Ambrosino 
Amedeo d’Oro 
Anconitano 
Anepigrafa 
Annunciata 
Anselmino 
Apuliense 
Aquilino 
Argento 
Armellino 
Artilucco 
Asper 
Asprione 
Augustalis 
Aureola 
Azzalino 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Bacca 

Bagarone 

Bagattino 

Baggiani 

Bagni 

Baiarda 

Baiocco 

Baioccone 

Baiochella 

Baiochetto 

Baiotta 

Baldacchino 

Banco 

Banderuola 

Barbarina 

Barberine 

Barbonaccio 

Barbone 

Bargellino 

Barile 

Battezone 

Beato Amedeo 

Beato Luigi 

Berlinga 

Besante 

Bezzo 

Bezzone 

Bianchetto 

Bianco 

Biancone 

Biglione 

Bissolo 

Bissona 

Bizzichini 

Bolognino 

Bononenus 

Bordata 

Borgesi 

Bragone 

Bronzo 

BruneJti 

Budata 

Burigozzo 

Bussignarfi 

Bussola 

Bussoloto 

Buttala 

Cagliaresco 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Cagliarese 

Cagnolo 

Cagnone 

Camera 

Camillino 

Capellone 

Carantano 

Caratto 

Carlino 

Carranino 

Carrettini 

Carzia 

Castroni 

Castruccino 

Catanesi 

Cauci 

Cavalitti 

Cavalla 

Cavallina 

Cavallo 

Cavallotto 

Cecchine 

Cenoglego 

Centesimo 

Cervette 

Cervia 

Checquin 

Chiappe di Forte 

Chiavarino 

Chickino 

Chikino 

Cianfrone 

Cinquina 

Clementi 

Colombina 

Cornabo 

Cornone 

Cornu to 

Corona 

Cosimo 

Cotale 

Cremonese 

Croce o Testa 

Crocione 

Crosazzo 

Danaro 

Decenario 

Dena. 


289 

Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Denaretto 

Denarino 

Diamante 

Dicciottino 

Dobla 

Doblone 

Dodicesimo 

Doppia 

Dozzeno 

Ducato 

Ducato d’Argento 

Ducato di Banco 

Ducato di Camera 

Duetto 

Enrici 

Fernandino 

Ferrari no 

Fert 

Filiberto 

Filippo 

Filippone 

Flicca 

Florin 

Foghetti 

Follaro 

Francescone 

Francbi 

Frazione 

Frignacco 

Gabella 

Galeazzo 

Gazzetta 

Gelso 

Genovino 

Gettone 

Gianuino 

Gigliato 

Ginocchiello 

Giorgino 

Girasoli 

Giulio 

Gius tina 

Giustino 

Gobbi 

Graici 

Grano 

Grazia 

Gregorina 


290 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Gregorio 

Grolla 

Grosello 

Grossetto 

Grosso 

Grossone 

Guelfo 

Idra 

Imbiamcate 

Imperiale 

Infortiati 

Januini 

Leather Money 

Leone 

Leonina 

Leonzino 

Libertini 

Ligurino 

Lira 

Lirazza 

Liretta 

Lirona 

Livornino 

Lucati 

Lucchese Nuovo 

Luigino 

Madonnina 

Maglia 

Mancanza 

Mancoso 

Marc 

Marcello 

Marchesino 

Marchetto 

Marengo 

Marmussini 

Matapan 

Medaglia 

Mediacula 

Mediano 

Mediatino 

Mezza 

Mezzanino 

Michieletta 

Minuto 

Mistura 

Mocenigo 

Moneta 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Moneta Spezzata 

Moraglia 

Murajola 

Navicella 

Nichelino 

Nov ini 

Obolino 

Oncetta 

Oncia 

Osella 

Ottavetti 

Ottavo 

Ottino 

Padiglione 

Paduans 

Palanca 

Palpa 

Paolino 

Paolo 

Paparini 

Paparoni 

Papetto 

Parpagliola 

Partenope 

Pataca 

Patacchina 

Pegione 

Pepulea 

Pereale 

Petizza 

Pezza 

Pezzetta Imperiale 

Phoenix 

Piastre 

Piastrino 

Picaillon 

Picciolino 

Picciolo 

Picureddu 

Pistacchio 

Pistolet 

Pite 

Plagauner 

Poillevillain 

Ponti 

Popolano 

Popolino 

Provisino 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Quadrupla 

Quarantano 

Q uar taro 

Quartarolo 

Q uar tin o 

Quattrinello 

Quattrino 

Quindicino 

Quinto 

Quintuplo 

Quirino 

Rag no 

Ragusino 

Realone 

Renaissance Medals 

Riccio 

Rodioti 

Rogati 

Rolino 

Rollbatzen 

Romdsine 

Rosalino 

Roverino 

Rovetti 

Iluspone 

Russino 

Saluto d’Oro 

Sampietrino 

San Carlo 

Sancto Zoanne 

Sanese d’Oro 

San Giovannino 

San Martino 

San Mauricio 

San Paolo 

Sanpetronio 

Saupierino 

Santa Croce 

Saraceno 

Scaggia 

Scudino 

Scudo 

Scudo della Croce 

Scudo di Oro 

Sede V acante Coinage 

Sedicina 

Selmino 

Semprevivo 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


291 


Italian States and Cities (con- 
tinued) 

Seueselli 

Sequin 

Sesino 

Settimo 

Sirena 

Siseni 

Sis to 

Solarus 

Sol Coronat 

Soldino 

Soldo 

Soldone 

Solz 

Sovrano 

Spadaccino 

Spadino 

Stagnate 

Stellino 

Svanzica 

Tallero 

Tarin 

Tercia Apuliensis 

Terzarola 

Testone 

Tir Federal 

Tirolino 

Titolo 

Tollero 

Tondino 

Torellino 

Tornese 

Tornesello 

Traiaro 

Trapezeta 

Traro 

Tredesino 

Trilliua 

Trino 

Trionfo 

Triquetra 

Tronetto 

Ungaro 

Yerga 

Viannare 

Yigintenario 

Vitalino 

Zanetta 

Zecchino 

Ziato 


Jalisco 
Octavo 
Jamaica 
Macquina 
Maundy Money 
Quat-tie 

Spanish Sixpence 

Japan 

Ana Ichi Sen 
Arrow Head Money 
Ban Sen 
Bita Sen 
Bu 

Bun Sen 
Charms 
Cho Gin 
Do Sen 
Eirakn Sen 
E Sen 
Gin Kwan 
Go 

Go Yo Sen 
Haha Sen 
Han 

Hana Furi Kin 
Hansatsu 
Hayaki 
Ho 

Ho Ei Sen 
Hori Tand Sen 
Ichi Bu 
.Tin Ni Zene 
Kagami Sen 
Kin Kwan 
Kinsatsu 
Kiri Kodama 
Koban 
Kudatama 
Kwacho 
Kwan 

Kwanei Sen 
Magatama 
Matsuri Sen 
Mom me 
Mon 

Mu-mon Gin Sen 
Kami Sen 
Ni Bu 
O Ashi 
Oban 


Japan (continued) 

Ogata Sen 
Baku Sen 
Bice 
Bin 

Bing Money 

Byo 

Sabi 

Seed Sen 
Sen 
Shi ken 
Shima Sen 
Shi Mon Sen 
Shin Koban 
Shu 

Tanuma Go Momme Gin 
Tand 
Tempo 
Trade Dollar 
Tsu Ho 
Yeda 
Yen 
Jaunpur 
Dramma 
Java 
Bahar 
Bonk 
Catty 
Duit 
Escalin 
Gobog 
Ivangtang 
Kedir 
Kentfel 
Kfeteng 
Ketip 
Krishnala 
Kroon 
Pitje 
Sateleer 
Segeloh 
Soekoe 

Stuk van Achten 
Tali 
Jever 

Danielsthaler 

Grote 

.Todocus Thaler 

Judea 

(See Palestine) 


292 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Juliers 

Clemniergulden 
Engelthaler 
Fettmannchen 
Raderalbus 
Rosen Groschen 
Rynsgulden 
Stern Groschen 
Stiiber 
Junkseylon 
Putta 
Kabul 
Tankali 
Karikal 
Cache 
Duddu 
Kaschin 
Pul 

Kaschmir 
Pad aka 
Kashgar 
Fen 
Tilla 

Kathiawar 

Ad had a 
Ardpanchio 
Dhingalo 
Dokdo 
Ibramee 
Kori 
Panchia 
Tambio 
Kermanschaban 
Sahebqiran 
Khwarizm 
Aruzzeh 
Panik 
Habbeh 
Tamunah 
Tassug 
Tilla 
Keda 
Tiinnia 
Tra 
Kiev 
Denga 
Grivna 
Pul 

Konigsberg 

Tympf 


Kolbarga 

Dam 

Kolywan 

Piatak 

Kordofan 

Hashshah 

Kesme 

Korea 

Amulets 

Arrow Head Money 
Charms 
Chon 
Chun Pei 
Daidong Chun 
Fun 
Mon 
Mun 
Niang 
Umpyo 
Un Byong 
Warn 
Won 
Yang 
Labuan 
Cent 

Laccadive Islands 
Cowries 
Lahore 
Dam 

Zodiacal Coins 
Languedoc 

Florin-Georges 

Laon 

Chalongia 
Scuferus 
Lao States 
Chulon 
Xgim Tawk 
Shan Baw 
Tamlung 
Lausanne 
Fiini'er 
Parpagliola 
Seseu 

Tir Federal 
Trdsel 
Lautenthal 
Jakobsthaler 
Lebedus 

League Coinage 


Leghorn 

Livornino 

Pezza 

Leipzig 

August d’Or 
Horngroschen 
Lemgo 
Myte 
Leon 

Aguila de Oro 
Blanco 

Dobla de los Excelentes 
Noveno 
Pdpion 
Leontini 

Hemilitrion 
Pentoncion 
Le Puy 
Pogesia 
Lerida 
Escudo 
Leucas 

Trihemiobolion 

Leyden 

Leather Money 
Paper 

Liberia 

Cent 

Lich 

Schnepfenpfennige 
Liege 
Ay dans 
Blamiiser 
Boddiferus 
Bruld 
Electron 
Ernestus 
Fusil 
Heaume 
Patard 
Peter 
Plak 

Sp renger 

Liegnitz 

Gutfreitagsgroschel 

Ligny 

Franc a Pied 
Liguria 
Palanca 

Lille 

Artesienne 

Maille 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


‘293 


Lima 

Peso 

Limoges 

Lemocia 

Lippe 

Flitter 

Kippermunzen 

Myte 

Lippstadt 

Pfaffenfeind Thaler 
Lisbon 
Barbuda 
Ceitil 
Chimfram 
Cruzadinho 
Cruzado 
Grave 
Lisbonino 
Pilarte 
Tostao 
Lithuania 

Dreigrosclier 

Tyrhpf 

Livonia 

Artig 

Ferding 

Livonese 

Mark 

Solidus 

Ljusnedal 

Plate Money 
Lobsenz 
Ternar 
Lombardy 
Centesimo 
Gulden 
Lira 
Pettine 
Soldo 
Sovrano 
London 

(See England) 

Loos 

Kopfstiick 

Lorraine 

Aubonne 

Bourgeois 

Bugne 

Dolcbe 

Francois d’Or 
Leopoldino 


Lorraine (continued) 
Leopoldo 
Masson 
Plak 
Spadin 
Tallard 
Louvain 

Roosebeker 
Torentje 
Tourelle 
Low Countries 

(See Netherlands) 
Lucca 
Albulo 
Barbonaccio 
Barbone 
Bolognino 
Castruccino 
Duetto 
Enrici 
Grazia 
Infortiati 
Lucati 

Lucchese Nuovo 
Mancoso 
San Martino 
Santa Croce 
Scudo di Oro 
Soldo 

Lu Chu Islands 

Hatome Sen 
Shu 

Lucknow 

San Rupee 
Liibeck 
Blaffert 
Bremsentbaler 
Firleyoe Mont 
Mark 
Schilling 
Soesling 
Thaler 
Witten 
Liineburg 
Blaffert 
Liittich 

(See Liege) 

Lugano 

Tir Federal 
Luxemburg 
Angelot 


Luxemburg (continued) 
Assis 
Centime 
Franc 
Sol 

Luzerne 

Angster 

Baetzner 

Frank 

Michaels Gulden 
Miinz Gulden 
Spagiirli 
Lycia 

League Coinage 
Lydia 

Gygeades 

Kroiseioi 

Lyons 

Ecu a la Croisette 
Mdreau 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 
Macao 
Sapdque 
Macedonia 
Alexanders 
Alexandrine Coinage 
Chalcus 
Di-Stater 
Octadraclun 
Pentadrachni 
Pentecontradrachm 
Philippi 
Stater 
Macerata 
Madonnina 
Madagascar 
Levant Dollar 
Madras 
Dub 
Duddu 
Faluce 
Fanam 
Jettal 
Mohur 
Pagoda 
Star Pagoda 
Swami Pagoda 
Tola 
Madrid 

(See Spain) 


294 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Maestricht 

Tuin 

Magdeburg 

Bettlerthaler 

Furstengroschen 

Interimsthaler 

Moritzpfennige 

Venusthaler 

Magnesia 

Plated Coins 
Mahe 
Bic he 
Fan a m 
Mainz 

Albansgulden 

Albus 

Bettlerthaler 

Convention Money 

Gerlacus 

Martinsgulden 

Raderalbus 

Reichsalbus 

Sol 

Sortengulden 

Majorca 

Dobler 

Maiorchino 

Malla 

Sueldo 

Treseta 

Makassar 

Ivoupa 

Malabar Coast 
Biclie 
Duniare 
Fanam 
Rasi 
Tard 
Malacca 
Bastardo 
Caixa 
Catholico 
Challaine 
Chazza 
Malaque 
Malay Peninsula 
Buaya 
Caixa 
Djampel 
Doewi 
Dubbeltje 


Malay Peninsula (continued) 
Kenderi 
Kepeng 
Ketip 
Pitje 
Putta 
Ringgit 
Sata 
Sen 
Suku 
Tampang 
Timm a 
Tra 
Tsi 

Maidive Islands 
Burrie 
Cawne 
Cowries 
Gunda 
Kalian 
Lari 
Poon 
Malines 

(See Mechlin) 

Malmo 
Korsvide 
Malpur 
Dam 
Malta 
Carlino 
Doppia 
Farthing 
Gigliato 
Grain 
Grano 
Luigi 
Oncia 
Picciolo 
T a rin 

Threepence 

Mansfeld 

Ausbeutemiinzen 
Davidsthaler 
Georgsthaler 
Kippermiinzen 
Spitzgrosclien 
Spruchthaler 
Talisman Thaler 
Mantua 
Anselmino 
Aquilino 


Mantua (continued) 
Barbarina 
Beato Luigi 
Bianco 
Bussola 
Cagnolo 
Cornabo 
Doppia 
Girasoli 
Giulio 
Grossone 
Marcello 
Quadrupla 
Scudo 

Scudo di Oro 
Sesino 
Solarus 
Soldo 
Soldone 
Tallero 
Testone 
Traiaro 
Marseilles 

Ecu a la Croisette 
Royal Coronat 
Saiga 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 
Maskat 
Baisa 
Gass 

Malimudi 
Maskat Pice 
Massa di Lunigiana 
Cervia 
Quadrupla 
Massa Lombarda 
Spadaccino 
Matelica 
Madonnina 
Mauritius 

Anchor Pieces 
Cent 
Mayence 

(See Mainz) 
Mechlin 
Leeuw 
Roosebeker 
Mecklenburg 
Blaffert 
Dreiling 
Fortuna Thaler 


Mecklenburg (continued) 
Hohlpfennige 
Mark 
Schilling 
Vinkenauge 
Witten 
Megalopolis 

League Coinage 
Megara 
Odelos 
Meissen 

Fiirstengroschen 
J udenkopfgroschen 
Katharinengroschen 
Kreuzgroschen 
Kronigte 

Landsberger Pfennige 
Margaretengroschen 
Schild Groschen 
Thiii'inger Groschen 

Melle 

Denier d’Or 

Melos 

Nesiaca Drachma 
Menaenum 
Tetras 
Merano 
Decenario 
Yigintenario 
Merida 

Tiers de Sou d’Or 
Messerano 
Cornone 
Forte 
Rollbatzen 
Tallero 
Messina 
Bronzo 
Follaro 
Pereale 
Metapontum 
Dinomos 
Incuse Coins 
Metz 
Bugne 

Metzblanken 
Monnaies Angevin es 
Spadin 
Mexico 

Axe Money 
Carasco Dollar 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Mexico (continued) 

Centavo 

Chopped Dollars 

Cob Money 

Cuartilla 

Dobla 

Doblon 

Doubloon 

Mexican Dollar 

Morelos Dollars 

Octavo 

Patlaclitd 

Patolquachtli 

Peso 

Real 

Sand Dollar 

Sicca 

Yales 

Yargas Dollar 
Xiquipili 

Milan 

Ambrosino 

Berlinga 

Bissolo 

Bissona 

Burigozzo 

Cagnone 

Carlino Papale 

Crocione 

Dicciottino 

Doppia 

Ducaton 

Ecu au Porc-epic 

Enrici 

Filippo 

Grosso 

Imperiale 

Marin ussini 

Mediano 

Obolino 

Ottino 

Palpa 

Parpagliola 

Patard 

Pegione 

Popolano 

Quadrupla 

Quattri no 

Quindicino 

Semprevivo 


295 

Milan (continued) 

Sesino 
Siliqua 
Soldo 
Sovrano 
Svanzica 
Terzarola 
Te stone 
Trillina 
Mileto 
Follaro 
Miletus 

League Coinage 
Temple Coins 
Minas 

Cruzadinho 

Escudo 

Miranda 

Barbuda 

Mirandola 

Baggiane 

Parpagliola 

Solz 

Testone 

Zecchino 

Mocha 

Kabir 

Kommassi 

Modena 

Bagarone 

Baggiane 

Baiarda 

Biancone 

Bolognino 

Capellone 

Denarino 

Doblone 

Giorgino 

Giustina 

Leonzino 

Marcello 

Moraglia 

Murajola 

Paolo 

Quaran tano 

Scudino 

Soldo 

Ungaro 

Zecchino 


296 

Moldavia 

Denga 

Para 

Mombasa 

Paisa 

Rupee 

Monaco 

Cavalla 

Centime 

Danaro 

Decime 

Franc 

Liardo 

Pataccho 

Pezzetta 

Mons 

Gigot 

Montalcino 

Parpagliola 

Montalto 

Baiochella 

Madonnina 

Montanaro 

Cornabo 

Montefcrrato 

Bianchetto 

Biancone 

Pistolet 

Rollbatzen 

Russino 

Montefiascone 

Paparini 

Montenegro 

Novcic 

Para 

Perper 

Montpellier 

Ecu k la Croisette 
Morocco 
Benduqi 
Blanquillo 
Butaca 
Centimo 
Dinar 
Dirhem 
Duro 
Fels 
Kirat 
Mad rid ja 
Marabotin 
Mathbu 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Morocco (ontinued) 

Miscal 

Muzuna 

Nusflik 

Rial 

Ukkia 

Uqijeh 

Zelagh 

Moskow 

Denga 

Novgorodka 

Mozambique 

Barrinha 

Canella 

Matica 

Onqa 

Miihlheim 

Hubertusthaler 

Munich 

Regensburger 

Munster 

Blamiiser 

Bursarienzeichen 

Driittainer 

Mimigardeford Deniers 
Myte 

Slegelpenniuge 
Wiedertaiifer Thaler 
Muscat 

(See Maskat) 

Mysia 

Cyzicenes 
Mysore 
Abidi 
Ahmadi 
Akhtar 
Asmani 
Bahram 
Bakiri 
Cash 
Doddane 
Duggan i 
Faruki 
Haidari 
Heideri 
Imami 
Jafari 
Kasu 
Kazmi 
Khizri 
Kutb 


Mysore (continued) 
Mayili 
Mushtari 
Paisa 
Pavali 
Purnya 
Siddiki 
Usmani 
Zahrah 
Mytilene 
Hectd 
Phocaides 
Trite 
Myus 

League Coinage 

Namur 

Gros k l’Aigle 
Scuferus 
Nantes 
Douzain 
Naples 
Alton si no 
Armellino 
Augustalis 
Carlino 
Cavallo 
Cianfrone 
Cinquina 
Corona 
Coronato 
Dobla 
Ducato 

Ducato d’Argento 

Fernandino 

Follaro 

Gigliato 

Grano 

Grosso ne 

Mancanza 

Oncetta 

Partenope 

Pataca 

Piastre 

Picciolo 

Picureddu 

Pistacchio 

Publica 

Quadrupla 

Saluto d’Oro 

Scudo 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Naples (continued) 
Scudo di Oro 
Sequin 
Sesino 
Sirena 
Sol Coronat 
Tar in 
Testone 
Tornese 
Zanetta. 

Narva 

Rundstiicke 
Navarre 
Caveria 
Dinero 
Douzain 
Grueso 
Quart d’Ecu 
Sancheti 
Naxos 

Nesiaca Drachma 
Nemausus 
Hams 
Nepal 
Ad ha 
Adha-ani 
Adheeda 
Ang-tuk 
Ani 

Bakla Asarfi 
Chiin Dam 
Dam 
Dhebua 
Do-am 

Duitole-Asarfi 

Dyak 

Ek-ani 

Majhawala 

Mehnder-Mulie 

Mohar 

Patla 

Phoka Dam 
Suka 
Takka 
Tang-Ka 
Nesle 

Gros de Neste 
Netherlands 
Achterwiel 
Albertin 
Albertusthaler 


Netherlands (continued) 
Albus 

Arends-Rijksdaalder 

Arnoldus 

Bankje 

Bezemstuiver 

Blank 

Botdrager 

Brabant 

Braspenning 

Briquet 

Butgen 

Carolus 

Cavalier 

Cent 

Christus Gulden 

Clinckaert 

Croondaalder 

Daalder 

Davidstuiver 

Deventergans 

Dolpelthaler 

Dog Dollar 

Douzain 

Dreilander 

Drielander 

Dubbeltje 

Ducaton 

Duit 

Escalin 

Escudo 

Flab be 

Florin 

Franc k Cheval 
Franc k Pied 
Geeltje 

Gehelmdeschelling 

Geusenpfennige 

Gildepenningen 

Gosseler 

Gouden Kroon 

Gouden Lam 

Groot 

Grootken 

Guilder 

Halfje 

Heitje 

Hip 

Hoedjesschelling 

Jager 


Netherlands (continued) 
Klomp 
Knaak 

Koggerdaalder 

OO 

Kopfstiick 

Kromstaart 

Kronenthaler 

Kruisdaalder 

Kwart 

Langrolt 

Leather Money 

Leeuw 

Leg Dollar 

Leijcesterdaalder 

Lion d’Or 

Monnaies Angevines 
Myte 

Negenmenneke 

Negotiepenning 

Noble 

Oord 

Patagon 

Patard 

Peerdeke 

Penning 

Peter 

Philippus Daalder 

Piefort 

Plak 

Poen 

Pop 

Postulatsgulden 

Pronkdaalder 

Reaal 

Rechenpfennige 

Rijder 

Rijksdaalder 

Roosschelling 

Roosstuiver 

Rozenobel 

St. Andries Gulden 

Scheepjesclielling 

Scheepsnobel 

Schelling 

Schild 

Schubbe 

Schuitken 

Sesthalf 

Snaphaan 

Souverain 


298 

Netherlands (continued) 
Spie 

Statendaalder 
Statenschelling 
Stichtsche Stuiver 
Stooter 
Stuiver 

Stuk van Achten 

Suku 

Tientje 

Turn 

Velddaalder 
Vier Duitstuk 
Vierlander 
Vlies 
Willem 
Witje 
Witten 
Zesthalven 
Neuchatel 
Lausannais 
Livre Faible 
Piecette 

New South Wales 
Holey Dollar 
Nicaragua 
Cordoba 
Cuartino 
Nicosia 
Carzia 
Nigeria 
Manilla 
Penny 
Niniegue 
Cnapcock 
Peerdeke 
Stephanusdaalder 
Nizza 
Fert 

Nordlingen 

Batzen 

Northeim 

Flitter 

Kortling 

Norway 

Krone 

Reisedaler 

Skef 

Skilling 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Novgorod 

Denga 

Grivna 

Kovgorodka 

Novotorjok 

Grivna 

Nubia 

Kesme 

Nuremberg 

Bread Tokens 
Ilandelheller 
Hobby Horse 
Lauren tiusgulden 
Linsen Dukaten 
Rathausthaler 
Rechenpfennige 
Schraubthaler 
Sebaldus Thaler 
Nykbping 
Fyrk 
Oaxaca 

Morelos Dollars 

Olbia 

Fish Money 
Gorgoneion 
Oldenburg 
Flindrich 
Grote 
Hvid 

Malschilling 
Schwaren 
S tuber 

Olmiitz 

Cyrillus Thaler 
Olynthus 

League Coinage 
Oman 
Baisa 
Oran 
Reaux 
Orleans 
Morveux 
Orvieto 
Paparoni 
Osca 

Denarius Oscensis 
Osnabruck 
Myte 
Osterode 
Usualmark 


Ottoman Empire , 

Abukash 

Akcheh 

Altilik 

Altmishlik 

Altun 

Asadi Ghrush 

Ash rail 

Asper 

Besh 

Beshlik 

Beutel 

Caime 

Chise 

Dinar 

Dirhem 

Ekilik 

Ellilik 

Funduk 

Ghrush 

Hongre 

Ikilik 

Jihadiyeh Beshlik 

Juik 

Keser 

Kirat 

Kitze 

Mangir 

Medjedie 

Messir 

Metallik 

Nisfiah 

Onbeshlik 

Onlik 

Para 

Pataque 

Piastre 

Pound Turkish 
Rebia 
Sehim 
Sequin 
Siani 
Timmin 
Tsentez 
Utuzlik 
Yigirmlik 
Y uzlik 
Zer-mahbub 
Overysel 

Bezemstuiver 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


299 


Overysel (continued) 
Oord 
Plak 

Statendaalder 

Stooter 

Paderborn 

Bread Tokens 
Bursarienzeichen 
Gnadenpfennig 
Padua 
Aquilino 
Carrarino 
Grosso Aquilino 
Paduans 
Rogati 
Saraceno 
Pahang 
Tampang 
Palatinate 
Albus 

Convention Money 

Ilubertusthaler 

Karolin 

Lotterie Dukat 
Pistole 
Reichsalbus 
Schtisselpfennige 
Yikariats Thaler 
Weckenpfennige 
Palembang 
Pitje 
Palermo 
Apuliense 
Budata 
Oncetta 
Oncia 
Phoenix 
Palestine 
Bekah 
Drachm 
Garah 
Kesitali 
Kikkar 
Lepton 
Man eh 
Mina 

Pieces of Silver 
Rebah 
Ring Money 
Shekel 


Palestine (continued) 
Silverling 
Skins of Animals 
Talent 

Tribute Money 
Widow’s Mite 

Paliakate 

Pagoda 

Pamphylia 

Philippi 

Panama 

Balboa 

Peso 

Papal States 

Absolution sthaler 

Baiocco 

Baioccone 

Baiochella 

Carliuo Papale 

dementi 

Doblone 

Doppia 

Ducato di Camera 

Follaro 

Giulio 

Gregorina 

Gregorio 

Joanninus 

Kalenderthaler 

Leonina 

Madonnina 

Mancoso 

Mistura 

Mouclies 

Murajola 

ISTavicella 

Paolino 

Paolo 

Paparini 

Papetto 

Plagauner 

Provisino 

Quadrupla 

Quartino 

Quattrinello 

Quattrino 

Roverino 

Sampietrino 

Sanpetronio 

Scudo 


Papal States (continued) 
Scudo di Oro 
Sede Vacante Coinage 
Settimo 
Sisto 
Testone 
Paraguay 
Peso 
Paramo 
Grano 
Paris 

(See France) 

Parma 
Bagarone 
Bussolotto 
Dicciottino 
Ducato n 
Follaro 
Paolino 
Quarantano 
Soldo 
Trellino 
U ngaro 
Vitalino 
Paros 

Nesiaca Drachma 
Pergamos 
Cistophorus 
Perigord 
Heliens 
Petragordin 
Pernambuco 
Pataca 
Perpignan 
Douzain 
Patard 
Sannar 
Sol-sanar 
Sueldo 

Persia (Ancient) 
Adarkonim 
Archer 
Danake 
Daric 

Hemidanake 

Mina 

Sagittarii 

Satrapal Coins 

Siglos 

Toxotai 


800 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 


Persia (Modern) 
Abbasi 
Bisti 
Cherassi 
Dangli 
Dinar 
Dfib 

Hazardinar 

Kasbegi 

Kran 

Larin 

Mahmudi 

Mildinar 

Miscal 

Nadiri 

Penabad 

Pul 

Punsad-Dinar 

Rijjal 

Rupi 

Sahebqiran 

Senar 

Shahi 

Sherify 

Sisad-Dinar 

Toman 

Peru 

Dinero 

Libra 

Peseta 

Peso 

Sol 

Toston 

Perugia 

Biancone 

Madonnina 

Paolino 

Trino 

Pesaro 

Sedicina 

Philippine Islands 

Cent 

Conant 

Milesimo 

Peso 

Phocaea 

Ileetd 

League Coinage 

Phocaides 

Trite 


Phocis 

Phokikoi 

Phoenicia 

Octadraclnn 

Piacenza 

Baiochetto 

Banderuola 

Buttala 

Murajola 

Piedmont 

Bacca 

Baiotta 

Bianchetto 

Gigliato 

Moriziotti 

Mozzi 

Petizza 

Scaggia 

Piombino 

Grazia 

Pisa 

Francescone 

Grazia 

Grossone 

Poictiers 

Poitevin 

Poland 

Beichlingscher Thaler 

Bracata 

Brandthaler 

Brummer 

Cosel Gulden 

Courant 

Czvorak 

Dalar 

Dreigroscher 

Dvoiak 

Groz 

Kronentbaler 

Krucier 

Kwartnik 

Orty 

Peter’s Pence 

Polonaise 

Poltora 

Portugaloser 

Schmetterlings Thaler 

Sexagiua 

Solidus 

Szelag 

Szelong 


Poland (continued) 
Ternar 
Trojack 
Tschetwertak 
Tympf 
Zamoscia 
Zloty 

Pommerania 

Bugslaver 

Gnadenpfennig 

Heller 

Hohlpfennige 
Okelpenning 
Sell erf 
Vinkenauge 
Witten 
Pondichery 
Biche 
Cache 
Duddu 
Fanam 
Pagoda 
Royalin 
Populonia 
Gorgoneion 
Porbandar 
Kori 
Porto 
Barbuda 
Ceitil 
Chimfram 
Cruzado 
Grave 
Pilarte 
Tostao 
Porto Novo 

Porto Xovo Pagoda 
Porto Rico 
Cent 
Chavo 
Portugal 

Affonso de Ouro 

Aparas 

Barbuda 

Branca Moeda 

Bravuda 

Ceitil 

Chimfram 

Cinquinho 

Conceiqao 

Coroa 


Portugal (continued) 
Corda de Prata 
Co trim 
Crusade 
Cruzadiulio 
Cruzado 

Cruzado Calvario 

Dinheiro 

Dobra 

Dobra Gentil 

Engenhoso 

Equipaga 

Escudo 

Espadim 

Esphera 

Forte 

Grave 

Grosso Affonsim 

Indio 

Joannes 

Joe 

Justo 

Leal 

Lisboniuo 

Macuta 

Mansel 

Mealha 

Milreis 

Moidore 

Morabitino 

Morisca 

Pataca 

Pataco 

Peca 

Pilarte 

Portuguez 

Quartinho 

Real Portuguez 

San Vicente 

Soberano 

Tornez 

Tostao 

Vintem 

Portuguese India 

Abacis 

Abraemos 

Atia 

Razarucco 

Esphera 

Pardao 


GEOGRAPHIC Al/ INDEX 

Portuguese India (continued) 
Pataca 
Pequenino 
Porto Novo Pagoda 
Roda 
Rupia 
Sanar-Kasu 
San Felipe 
San Joao 
Santo Thomd 
Serafin 
Tanga 
Tutenag 
Vintem 
Xeraphin 
Zeraphin 
Prague 
Boh men 
Eulendukaten 
Judenmedaillen 
Piefort 
Prenzlau 
Vierchen 
Priene 

League Coinage 
Provence 
Dardenne 
Franc a Pied 
Guillemin 
Magdalon 
Patard 
Provins 
Provinois 
Prussia 

Achtehalber 

Dreigroscher 

Dreipolker 

Driittainer 

Diitchen 

Fledermaus 

Friedrichsdor 

Gute Groschen 

Ilausgroschen 

Ileymannchen 

K am m e rh e rr e n thal e r 

Kiirassier Thaler 

Laubthaler 

Levant Dollar 

Ordensthaler 

Sechser 


301 

Prussia (continued) 
Sechsgroscher 
Sechsling 
Silbergroschen 
Skoter 

Souveranitatsthaler 
Tippelgroschen 
Tysschen Thaler 
Zoirf Dukat 
Zwei Drittel 
Zwolfgroscher 
Pskof 
Denga 
Grivna 
Quedlinburg 
Abbey-Pieces 
Pfennig 
Ragusa 
Artilucco 
Capuciae 
Ducato 
Follaro 
Libertina 
Mezzanino 
Perpero 
Ragusino 
Soldo 
Vislino 
Ratisbon 

(See Regensburg) 

Ravenna 

Asprione 

Bronzo 

Siliqua 

Ravensburg 

Matthiasgroschen 

Reckheim 

Gigot 

Regensburg 

Linsen Dukaten 
Regensburger 
Reggio 
Biancone 
Colombina 
Rennes 
Douzain 
Rethel 

Denier d’Or 

Reunion Islands 
Caron 


802 

Reuss 

Kippermunzen 

Reval 

Ferding 

Rundstiicke 

Rhegium 

Pentoncion 

Tetras 

Rhodes (Ancient) 

Alliance Coins 
Rodioti 

Rhodes (Modern) 

Asper 

Joanninus 

Riga 

Artig 

Denarius Novus Argenteus 

Donario 

Donativ 

Fiinfer 

Schilling Liibsk 
Trepolcher 
Trojack 
Rio 

Escudo 

Peca 

Rio Grande do Sul 

Balastraca 
Roermond 
Peerdeke 
Rogoredo 
Rollbatzen 
Rome (Ancient) 

Aes 

Aes Grave 
Aes Signatum 
Antoninianus 
Argenteus 
As 

Assarius 

Assis 

Aurelianus 

Aureus 

Autonomous Coins 

Bes 

Bigati 

Brass 

Castoriati 

Centenariae 

Centenionalis 

Centussis 


GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 

Rome (Ancient: continued) 
Cingus 

Consecration Coins 

Consular Coins 

Contorniates 

Decargyrus 

Deconcion 

Decunx 

Decussis 

Dekanummion 

Denarius 

Deunx 

Dextans 

Dodrans 

Duodeciaere 

Dupondius 

Exagium 

Excoctum 

Follis 

Grand Bronze 

Iabus 

Lateres 

Latrones 

Legionary Coins 

Lenticular Coins 

Lepton 

Libella 

Litra 

Majorina 

Medallion 

Miliarensis 

Minutulus 

Moneta 

Navis 

Noumia 

Nunmii 

N ummus 

Obryzum 

Octas 

Octussis 

Oncia 

Paduans 

Pecunia 

Pentoncion 

Philippi 

Plated Coins 

Pondo 

Potin 

Pustulatum 

Quadrans 


Rome (Ancient: continued) 
Quadrant 
Quadrigati 
Quadrilateral Pieces 
Quadriissis 
Quartarii 

Quarternariae Formae 

Quaternis 

Quinarius 

Quincunx 

Quincussis 

Quiniones 

Restitution Coins 

Scripulum 

Sembella 

Semis 

Semissis 

Semistertius 

Semuncia 

Senatorial Coins 

Senio 

Septunx 

Serrated Coins 

Sescunx 

Sestertius 

Sexcunx 

Sextans 

Siliqua 

Sitarion 

Solidus 

Spintriae 

Sportula 

Stagnate 

Stips 

Talent 

Tartar on 

Ternariae formae 

Terniones 

Teruncia 

Tesserae 

Tetras 

Tetrassariou 

Trias 

Triens 

Trimisium 

Tripondius 

U ncia 

Yicessis 

Victoriatus 

Votive Coins 























GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 



